1
Supplemental Files 3-
2
Meta-analysis of published frequencies of the first decade of field-based mortality and
3
seropositivity in avian species affected by West Nile virus in the United States
4
Claudio Verdugo1,3, Claudio Fuentes2, Maureen T. Long3*§
5
6
1
7
Chile, Valdivia, Chile
8
2
9
3
10
Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de
Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA
Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Florida, Gainesville FL, USA
11
12
§
13
Email addresses:
Corresponding author
14
CV: claudioverdugo@uach.cl
15
CF: fuentesc@stat.oregonstate.edu
16
MTL: longm@ufl.edu
17
18
19
20
-1-
1
Supplemental File 3 – List of articles from which data was extracted for recalculation of the
2
number of seropositive birds analyzed based on article, taxonomic strata, and time.
3
ALLISON AB, MEAD DG, GIBBS SE, HOFFMAN DM, STALLKNECHT DE (2004). West Nile virus
4
viremia in wild rock pigeons. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10: 2252-2255.
5
BELL JA, BREWER CM, MICKELSON NJ, GARMAN GW, VAUGHAN JA (2006). West Nile virus
6
epizootiology, central Red River Valley, North Dakota and Minnesota, 2002-2005. Emerg.
7
Infect. Dis., 12: 1245-1247.
8
BEVEROTH TA, WARD MP, LAMPMAN RL, RINGIA AM, NOVAK RJ (2006). Changes in
9
seroprevalence of West Nile virus across Illinois in free-ranging birds from 2001 through
10
2004. Am J Trop. Med. Hyg., 74: 174-179.
11
BRADLEY CA, GIBBS SEJ, ALTIZER S (2008). Urban land use predicts West Nile Virus exposure
12
in songbirds. Ecological Applications, 18: 1083-1092.
13
DUSEK RJ, MCLEAN RG, KRAMER LD, UBICO SR, DUPUIS AP, EBEL GD, et al. (2009).
14
Prevalence of West Nile virus in migratory birds during spring and fall migration. Am J Trop.
15
Med. Hyg., 81: 1151-1158.
16
DUSEK RJ, RICHARDSON D, EGSTAD KF, HEISEY DM (2006). Evaluating red-cockaded
17
woodpeckers for exposure to West Nile virus and blood parasites. Southeastern Naturalist,
18
5: 561-565.
19
GIBBS SEJ, ALLISON AB, YABSLEY MJ, MEAD DG, WILCOX BR, STALLKNECHT DE (2006). West
20
Nile virus antibodies in avian species of Georgia, USA: 2000-2004. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic
21
Diseases, 6: 57-72.
-2-
1
GODSEY MS, JR., BLACKMORE MS, PANELLA NA, BURKHALTER K, GOTTFRIED K, HALSEY LA, et
2
al. (2005). West Nile virus epizootiology in the southeastern United States, 2001. Vector.
3
Borne. Zoonotic. Dis., 5: 82-89.
4
HULL J, HULL A, REISEN W, FANG Y, ERNEST H (2006). Variation of West Nile virus antibody
5
prevalence in migrating and wintering hawks in central California. Condor, 108: 435-439.
6
HULL JM, KEANE JJ, TELL L, ERNEST HB (2010). West Nile Virus Antibody Surveillance in Three
7
Sierra Nevada Raptors of Conservation Concern. Condor, 112: 168-172.
8
JOZAN M, EVANS R, MCLEAN R, HALL R, TANGREDI B, REED L, et al. (2003). Detection of West
9
Nile Virus Infection in birds in the United States by blocking ELISA and
10
immunohistochemistry. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 3: 99-110.
11
KOMAR N, BURNS J, DEAN C, PANELLA NA, DUSZA S, CHERRY B (2001a). Serologic evidence
12
for West Nile virus infection in birds in Staten Island, New York, after an outbreak in 2000.
13
Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis., 1: 191-196.
14
KOMAR N, PANELLA NA, BURNS JE, DUSZA SW, MASCARENHAS TM, TALBOT TO (2001b).
15
Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during
16
an outbreak in 1999. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 7: 621-625.
17
KOMAR N, PANELLA NA, LANGEVIN SA, BRAULT AC, AMADOR M, EDWARDS E, et al. (2005).
18
Avian hosts for West Nile virus in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, 2002. Am J Trop. Med.
19
Hyg., 73: 1031-1037.
20
LILLIBRIDGE KM, PARSONS R, RANDLE Y, DA ROSA APAT, GUZMAN H, SIIRIN M, et al. (2004).
21
The 2002 introduction of West Nile Virus into Harris County, Texas, an area historically
22
endemic for St. Louis encephalitis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70:
23
676-681.
-3-
1
LOSS SR, HAMER GL, GOLDBERG TL, RUIZ MO, KITRON UD, WALKER ED, et al. (2009a).
2
Nestling Passerines Are Not Important Hosts for Amplification of West Nile Virus in Chicago,
3
Illinois. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 9: 13-17.
4
LOSS SR, HAMER GL, WALKER ED, RUIZ MO, GOLDBERG TL, KITRON UD, et al. (2009b). Avian
5
host community structure and prevalence of West Nile virus in Chicago, Illinois. Oecologia.,
6
159: 415-424.
7
MEDICA DL, CLAUSER R, BILDSTEIN K (2007). Prevalence of west Nile virus antibodies in a
8
breeding population of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in Pennsylvania. J Wildl. Dis., 43:
9
538-541.
10
NASCI RS, KOMAR N, MARFIN AA, LUDWIG GV, KRAMER LD, DANIELS TJ, et al. (2002).
11
Detection of West Nile virus-infected mosquitoes and seropositive juvenile birds in the
12
vicinity of virus-positive dead birds. Am J Trop. Med. Hyg., 67: 492-496.
13
NEMETH N, KRATZ G, EDWARDS E, SCHERPELZ J, BOWEN R, KOMAR N (2007). Surveillance
14
for West Nile virus in clinic-admitted raptors, Colorado. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 13: 305-307.
15
NEMETH NM, DWYER JF, MORRISON JL, FRASER JD (2009). Prevalence of Antibodies to West
16
Nile Virus and Other Arboviruses among Crested Caracaras (Caracara cheriway) in Florida.
17
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 45: 817-822.
18
NEWMAN SH, PADULA VM, CRAY C, KRAMER LD (2007). Health assessment of Black-
19
crowned Night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) of the New York Harbor estuary. Comp
20
Biochem. Physiol B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 148: 363-374.
21
REED LM, JOHANSSON MA, PANELLA N, MCLEAN R, CREEKMORE T, PUELLE R, et al. (2009).
22
Declining mortality in American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) following natural West Nile
23
virus infection. Avian Dis., 53: 458-461.
-4-
1
REISEN WK, BARKER CM, CARNEY R, LOTHROP HD, WHEELER SS, WILSON JL, et al. (2006a).
2
Role of corvids in epidemiology of west Nile virus in southern California. J Med. Entomol., 43:
3
356-367.
4
REISEN WK, CARROLL BD, TAKAHASHI R, FANG Y, GARCIA S, MARTINEZ VM, et al. (2009a).
5
Repeated West Nile Virus Epidemic Transmission in Kern County, California, 2004-2007.
6
Journal of Medical Entomology, 46: 139-157.
7
REISEN WK, MARTINEZ VM, FANG Y, GARCIA S, ASHTARI S, WHEELER SS, et al. (2006b). Role
8
of California (Callipepla californica) and Gambel's (Callipepla gambelii) quail in the ecology of
9
mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses in California, USA. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis., 6: 248-
10
260.
11
REISEN WK, WHEELER S, ARMIJOS MV, FANG Y, GARCIA S, KELLEY K, et al. (2009b). Role of
12
Communally Nesting Ardeid Birds in the Epidemiology of West Nile Virus Revisited. Vector-
13
Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 9: 275-280.
14
REISEN WK, WHEELER SS, YAMAMOTO S, FANG Y, GARCIA S (2005). Nesting ardeid colonies
15
are not a focus of elevated West Nile virus activity in southern California. Vector-Borne and
16
Zoonotic Diseases, 5: 258-266.
17
RINGIA AM, BLITVICH BJ, KOO HY, VAN DE WYNGAERDE M, BRAWN JD, NOVAK RJ (2004).
18
Antibody prevalence of West Nile Virus in birds, Illinois, 2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases,
19
10: 1120-1124.
20
SEBASTIAN MM, STEWART I, WILLIAMS NM, POONACHA KB, SELLS SF, VICKERS ML, et al.
21
(2008). Pathological, entomological, avian and meteorological investigation of a West Nile
22
virus epidemic in a horse farm. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 55: 134-139.
-5-
1
SHELITE TR, ROGERS CM, LITZNER BR, JOHNSON RR, SCHNEEGURT MA (2008). West Nile
2
virus antibodies in permanent resident and overwintering migrant birds in south-central
3
Kansas. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 8: 321-329.
4
STOUT WE, CASSINI AG, MEECE JK, PAPP JM, ROSENFIELD RN, REED KD (2005). Serologic
5
evidence of West Nile virus infection in three wild raptor populations. Avian Dis., 49: 371-
6
375.
7
SULLIVAN H, LINZ G, CLARK L, SALMAN M (2006). West Nile virus antibody prevalence in red-
8
winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) from North Dakota, USA (2003-2004). Vector.
9
Borne. Zoonotic. Dis., 6: 305-309.
10
WALKER BL, NAUGLE DE, DOHERTY KE, CORNISH TE (2007). West Nile virus and greater sage-
11
grouse: estimating infection rate in a wild bird population. Avian Dis., 51: 691-696.
12
WHEELER SS, BARKER CM, FANG Y, ARMIJOS MV, CARROLL BD, HUSTED S, et al. (2009).
13
Differential Impact of West Nile Virus on California Birds. Condor, 111: 1-20.
14
WILCOX BR, YABSLEY MJ, ELLIS AE, STALLKNECHT DE, GIBBS SEJ (2007). West Nile virus
15
antibody prevalence in American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and fish crows (Corvus
16
ossifragus) in Georgia, USA. Avian Diseases, 51: 125-128.
17
YAREMYCH SA, WARNER RE, MANKIN PC, BRAWN JD, RAIM A, NOVAK R (2004). West Nile
18
virus and high death rate in American crows. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10: 709-711.
-6-
1
Supplemental File 4 – List of articles from which data was extracted for recalculation of the
2
number of dead birds testing positive for West Nile virus based on article, taxonomic
3
strata, and time.
4
BECKWITH WH, SIRPENSKI S, FRENCH RA, NELSON R, MAYO D (2002). Isolation of eastern
5
equine encephalitis virus and West Nile virus from crows during increased arbovirus
6
surveillance in Connecticut, 2000. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 66:
7
422-426.
8
BERNARD KA, MAFFEI JG, JONES SA, KAUFFMAN EB, EBEL G, DUPUIS AP, et al. (2001). West
9
Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, New York State, 2000. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 7:
10
679-685.
11
BLACKMORE CGM, STARK LM, JETER WC, OLIVERI RL, BROOKS RG, CONTI LA, et al. (2003).
12
Surveillance results from the first West Nile virus transmission season in Florida, 2001.
13
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 69: 141-150.
14
CAFFREY C, SMITH SCR, WESTON TJ (2005). West Nile virus devastates an American crow
15
population. Condor, 107: 128-132.
16
CROSBIE SP, KOENIG WD, REISEM WK, KRAMER VL, MARCUS L, CARNEY R, et al. (2008). Early
17
impact of West Nile virus on the Yellow-Billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli). Auk, 125: 542-550.
18
DAWSON JR, STONE WB, EBEL GD, YOUNG DS, GALINSKI DS, PENSABENE JP, et al. (2007).
19
Crow deaths caused by West Nile virus during winter. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 13: 1912-1914.
20
ELLIS AE, MEAD DG, ALLISON AB, STALLKNECHT DE, HOWERTH EW (2007). Pathology and
21
epidemiology of natural West Nile viral infection of raptors in Georgia. J Wildl. Dis., 43: 214-
22
223.
-7-
1
GARVIN MC, TARVIN KA, SMITH J, OHAJURUKA OA, GRIMES S (2004). Patterns of West Nile
2
virus infection in Ohio blue jays: Implications for initiation of the annual cycle. American
3
Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70: 566-570.
4
GERHOLD RW, TATE CM, GIBBS SE, MEAD DG, ALLISON AB, FISCHER JR (2007). Necropsy
5
findings and arbovirus surveillance in mourning doves from the southeastern United States. J
6
Wildl. Dis., 43: 129-135.
7
GIBBS SEJ, HOFFMAN DM, STARK LM, MARLENEE NL, BLITVICH BJ, BEATY BJ, et al. (2005).
8
Persistence of antibodies to West Nile virus in naturally infected rock pigeons (Columba
9
livia). Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 12: 665-667.
10
HADLER J, NELSON R, MCCARTHY T, ANDREADIS T, LIS MJ, FRENCH R, et al. (2001). West Nile
11
virus surveillance in Connecticut in 2000: An intense epizootic without high risk for severe
12
human disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7: 636-642.
13
KRAMER LD, BERNARD KA (2001). West Nile virus infection in birds and mammals. Ann. N. Y.
14
Acad. Sci., 951: 84-93.
15
NEMETH NM, BECKETT S, EDWARDS E, KLENK K, KOMAR N (2007). Avian mortality
16
surveillance for West Nile virus in Colorado. Am J Trop. Med. Hyg., 76: 431-437.
17
REISEN WK, BARKER CM, CARNEY R, LOTHROP HD, WHEELER SS, WILSON JL, et al. (2006).
18
Role of corvids in epidemiology of west Nile virus in southern California. J Med. Entomol., 43:
19
356-367.
20
REISEN WK, CARROLL BD, TAKAHASHI R, FANG Y, GARCIA S, MARTINEZ VM, et al. (2009a).
21
Repeated West Nile Virus Epidemic Transmission in Kern County, California, 2004-2007.
22
Journal of Medical Entomology, 46: 139-157.
-8-
1
REISEN WK, WHEELER S, ARMIJOS MV, FANG Y, GARCIA S, KELLEY K, et al. (2009b). Role of
2
Communally Nesting Ardeid Birds in the Epidemiology of West Nile Virus Revisited. Vector-
3
Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 9: 275-280.
4
SAITO EK, SILEO L, GREEN DE, METEYER CU, MCLAUGHLIN GS, CONVERSE KA, et al. (2007).
5
Raptor mortality due to West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. J Wildl. Dis., 43: 206-213.
6
SIIRIN M, SARGENT C, LANGER RC, PARSONS R, VANLANDINGHAM DL, HIGGS S, et al. (2004).
7
Comparative sensitivity of the VecTest antigen-capture assay, reverse transcriptase-PCR, and
8
cell culture for detection of West Nile virus in dead birds. Vector-Borne & Zoonotic Diseases,
9
4: 204-209.
10
SIRIGIREDDY KR, KENNEDY GA, BROCE A, ZUREK L, GANTA RR (2006). High prevalence of
11
West Nile Virus: A continuing risk in acquiring infection from a mosquito bite. Vector-Borne
12
and Zoonotic Diseases, 6: 351-360.
13
STONE WB, OKONIEWSKI JC, THERRIEN JE, KRAMER LD, KAUFFMAN EB, EIDSON M (2004).
14
VecTest as diagnostic and surveillance tool for West Nile virus in dead birds. Emerg. Infect.
15
Dis., 10: 2175-2181.
16
TESH RB, PARSONS R, SIIRIN M, RANDLE Y, SARGENT C, GUZMAN H, et al. (2004). Year-round
17
West Nile virus activity, Gulf Coast region, Texas and Louisiana. Emerging Infectious
18
Diseases, 10: 1649.
19
WALKER BL, NAUGLE DE, DOHERTY KE, CORNISH TE (2007). West Nile virus and greater sage-
20
grouse: estimating infection rate in a wild bird population. Avian Dis., 51: 691-696.
21
WHEELER SS, BARKER CM, FANG Y, ARMIJOS MV, CARROLL BD, HUSTED S, et al. (2009).
22
Differential Impact of West Nile Virus on California Birds. Condor, 111: 1-20.
-9-
1
YAREMYCH SA, WARNER RE, MANKIN PC, BRAWN JD, RAIM A, NOVAK R (2004). West Nile
2
virus and high death rate in American crows. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10: 709-711.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
- 10 -
1
Supplemental file 5 – Species of birds in which data was extracted from publications for
2
recalculation of the number of seropositive birds based on article, taxonomic strata, and
3
time.
Order
Family
Species Name
Common Name
Anseriformes
Anseriformes
Anseriformes
Anseriformes
Ciconiiformes
Ciconiiformes
Ciconiiformes
Ciconiiformes
Ciconiiformes
Columbiformes
Columbiformes
Columbiformes
Columbiformes
Cuculiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Galliformes
Galliformes
Galliformes
Galliformes
Gruiformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Ardeidae
Ardeidae
Ardeidae
Ardeidae
Ardeidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Cuculidae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Falconidae
Falconidae
Odontophoridae
Odontophoridae
Phasianidae
Tetraonidae
Rallidae
Cardinalidae
Cardinalidae
Cardinalidae
Cardinalidae
Cardinalidae
Cardinalidae
Cardinalidae
Cardinalidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Aix sponsa
Anas platyrhynchos
Aythya collaris
Branta canadensis
Ardea alba
Bubulcus ibis
Egretta thula
Ixobrychus exilis
Nycticorax nycticorax
Columba livia
Columbina passerina
Zenaida asiatica
Zenaida macroura
Coccyzus americanus
Accipiter cooperii
Accipiter gentilis
Buteo lineatus
Buteo jamaicensis
Buteo swainsoni
Caracara cheriway
Falco sparverius
Callipepla californica
Callipepla gambelii
Gallus gallus
Centrocercus urophasianus
Fulica americana
Cardinalis cardinalis
Guiraca caerulea
Passerina ciris
Passerina cyanea
Pheucticus ludovicianus
Pheucticus melanocephalus
Piranga olivacea
Piranga rubra
Aphelocoma californica
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Corvus ossifragus
Cyanocitta cristata
Wood Duck
Mallard duck
Ring-necked duck
Canada Goose
Great egret
Cattle egret
Snowy egret
Least Bittern
Black-crowned night heron
Rock pigeon
Common ground dove
White-winged dove
Mourning dove
Yellow-billed cuckoo
Cooper’s Hawk
Northern Goshawk
Red-shouldered Hawk
Red-tailed Hawk
Swainson's hawk
Crested caracara
American kestrel
California quail
Gambel's quail
Chicken
Greater sage-grouse
American coot
Norhtern Cardinal
Blue grosbeak
Painted bunting
Indigo bunting
Rose-breasted grosbeak
Black-headed grosbeak
Scarlet tanager
Summer tanager
Western scrub-jay
American crow
Fish crow
Blue Jay
- 11 -
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Corvidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Fringillidae
Fringillidae
Hirundinidae
Hirundinidae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Lanidae
Mimidae
Mimidae
Mimidae
Mimidae
Paridae
Paridae
Paridae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Pica nuttalli
Chondestes grammacus
Junco hyemalis
Melospiza georgiana
Melospiza lincolnii
Melospiza melodia
Passerculus sandwichensis
Passerella iliaca
Pipilo aberti
Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Spizella arborea
Spizella passerina
Spizella pusilla
Zonotrichia albicollis
Zonotrichia atricapilla
Zonotrichia leucophrys
Zonotrichia querula
Carduelis tristis
Carpodacus mexicanus
Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Tachycineta bicolor
Agelaius phoeniceus
Agelaius tricolor
Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Euphagus cyanocephalus
Icterus bullockii
Icterus galbula
Icterus spurious
Molothrus ater
Quiscalus major
Quiscalus mexicanus
Quiscalus quiscala
Lanius ludovicianus
Dumetella carolinensis
Mimus polyglottos
Toxostoma redivivum
Toxostoma rufum
Baeolophus bicolor
Poecile atricapillus
Poecile carolinensis
Dendroica caerulescens
Dendroica coronata
Dendroica discolor
Dendroica magnolia
- 12 -
Yellow-billed Magpie
Lark sparrow
Dark-eyed junco
Swamp sparrow
Lincoln’s sparrow
Song sparrow
Savannah Sparrow
Fox sparrow
Abert’s towhee
Eastern towhee
American tree sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Field sparrow
White-throated Sparrow
Golden-crowned sparrow
White-crowned sparrow
Harris’ sparrow
American goldfinch
House Finch
Northern rough-winged swallow
Tree swallow
Red-winged blackbird
Tricolored blackbird
Bobolink
Brewer's blackbird
Bullock's oriole
Baltimore oriole
Orchard oriole
Brown-headed cowbird
Boat-tailed grackle
Great-tailed grackle
Common grackle
Loggerhead shrike
Gray catbird
Northern mockingbird
California thrasher
Brown thrasher
Tufted titmouse
Black-capped chickadee
Carolina chickadee
Black-throated blue warbler
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Prairie warbler
Magnolia warbler
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Passeridae
Regulidae
Remizidae
Sittidae
Sturnidae
Thraupidae
Troglodytidae
Troglodytidae
Troglodytidae
Troglodytidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Tyrannidae
Tyrannidae
Tyrannidae
Tyrannidae
Dendroica palmarum
Dendroica pensylvanica
Dendroica petechia
Dendroica pinus
Dendroica striata
Geothlypis trichas
Helmitheros vermivorus
Icteria virens
Mniotilta varia
Oporornis formosus
Oporornis tolmiei
Parula americana
Protonotaria citrea
Seirus noveboracensis
Seiurus aurocapillus
Setophaga ruticilla
Vermivora celata
Vermivora peregrina
Vermivora pinus
Vermivora ruficapilla
Wilsonia canadensis
Wilsonia citrina
Wilsonia pusilla
Passer domesticus
Regulus calendula
Auriparus flaviceps
Sitta carolinensis
Sturnus vulgaris
Piranga ludoviciana
Cistothorus palustris
Thryothorus ludovicianus
Troglodytes aedon
Thryomanes bewickii
Catharus fuscescens
Catharus guttatus
Catharus minimus
Catharus ustulatus
Hylocichla mustelina
Sialia sialis
Turdus migratorius
Contopus virens
Empidonax flaviventris
Empidonax traillii/alnorum
Empidonax virescens
- 13 -
Palm warbler
Chestnut-sided warbler
Yellow warbler
Pine warbler
Blackpoll warbler
Common yellowthroat
Worm-eating warbler
Yellow-breasted chat
Black-and-white warbler
Kentucky warbler
MacGillivray’s warbler
Northern parula
Prothonotary warbler
Northern waterthrush
Ovenbird
American redstart
Orange-crowned warbler
Tennessee warbler
Blue-winged warbler
Nashville warbler
Canada warbler
Hooded warbler
Wilson’s warbler
House sparrow
Ruby-crowned kinglet
Verdin
White-breasted nuthatch
European starling
Western tanager
Marsh wren
Carolina wren
House wren
Bewick's wren
Veery
Hermit thrush
Gray-cheeked thrush
Swainson’s thrush
Wood thrush
Eastern bluebird
American robin
Eastern wood-pewee
Yellow-bellied flycatcher
Traill’s flycatcher
Acadian flycatcher
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Piciformes
Piciformes
Piciformes
Piciformes
Strigiforme
Strigiforme
Strigiforme
Strigiforme
Tyrannidae
Tyrannidae
Tyrannidae
Tyrannidae
Tyrannidae
Vireonidae
Vireonidae
Vireonidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Myiarchus cinerascens
Myiarchus crinitus
Sayornis nigricans
Sayornis phoebe
Tyrannus verticalis
Vireo gilvus
Vireo griseus
Vireo olivaceous
Melanerpes carolinus
Picoides borealis
Picoides pubescens
Picoides villosus
Bubo virginianus
Strix nebulosa
Strix occidentalis
Tyto alba
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
- 14 -
Ash-throated Flycatcher
Great crested flycatcher
Black phoebe
Eastern phoebe
Western Kingbird
Warbling vireo
White-eyed vireo
Red-eyed vireo
Red-bellied woodpecker
Red-cockaded Woodpecker
Downy woodpecker
Hairy woodpecker
Great Horned Owl
Great gray owl
Spotted owl
Barn owl
1
Supplemental File 6 - Species of birds in which data was extracted from publications for
2
recalculation of recalculation of the number of dead birds testing positive for West Nile
3
virus based on article, taxonomic strata, and time.
Order
Anseriformes
Anseriformes
Charadriiformes
Ciconiiformes
Ciconiiformes
Ciconiiformes
Ciconiiformes
Family
Anatidae
Anatidae
Laridae
Ardeidae
Ardeidae
Ardeidae
Ardeidae
Scientific Name
Anas platyrhynchos
Branta canadensis
Larus delawarensis
Ardea herodias
Butorides virescens
Egretta thula
Nycticorax nycticorax
Ciconiiformes
Columbiformes
Columbiformes
Columbiformes
Columbiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Galliformes
Galliformes
Galliformes
Galliformes
Cathartidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Falconidae
Odontophoridae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Tetraonidae
Gruiformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Rallidae
Bombycillidae
Cardinalidae
Cardinalidae
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Emberizidae
Cathartes aura
Columba livia
Columbina inca
Patagioenas fasciata
Zenaida macroura
Accipiter cooperii
Accipiter striatus
Buteo jamaicensis
Buteo lineatus
Falco sparverius
Callipepla californica
Bonasa umbellus
Meleagris gallopavo
Centrocercus
urophasianus
Fulica americana
Bombycilla cedrorum
Cardinalis cardinalis
Pheucticus
melanocephalus
Aphelocoma coerulescens
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Corvus corax
Corvus ossifragus
Cyanocitta cristata
Cyanocitta stelleri
Pica hudsonia
Pica nuttali
Junco hyemalis
Melospiza melodia
Passerella iliaca
Pipilo crissalis
Pipilo maculatus
Zonotrichia atricapilla
- 15 -
Common Name
Mallard duck
Canada goose
Ring-billed gull
Great blue heron
Green Heron
Snowy egret
Black-crowned night
heron
Turkey Vulture
Rock pigeon
Inca Dove
Band tailed pigeon
Mourning dove
Cooper’s Hawk
Sharp-shinned Hawk
Red-tailed hawk
Red-shouldered hawk
American kestrel
California quail
Ruffed grouse
Wild Turkey
Greater sage-grouse
American coot
Cedar Waxwing
Norhtern Cardinal
Black-headed grosbeak
Western scrub-jay
American crow
Common raven
Fish crow
Blue jay
Steller’s Jay
Black-billed magpie
Yellow-billed magpie
Dark-eyed junco
Song sparrow
Fox sparrow
California Towhee
Spotted Towhee
Golden-crowned sparrow
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Piciformes
Piciformes
Piciformes
Strigiforme
Strigiforme
Strigiforme
Strigiforme
Strigiforme
Trochiliformes
Emberizidae
Fringillidae
Fringillidae
Fringillidae
Fringillidae
Fringillidae
Hirundinidae
Hirundinidae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Icteridae
Lanidae
Mimidae
Mimidae
Paridae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Parulidae
Passeridae
Sturnidae
Thraupidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Tyrannidae
Tyrannidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Trochilidae
Zonotrichia leucophrys
Carduelis pinus
Carduelis psaltria
Carduelis tristis
Carpodacus mexicanus
Carpodacus purpureus
Hirundo rustica
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Agelaius phoeniceus
Euphagus cyanocephalus
Icterus bullockii
Molothrus ater
Quiscalus quiscula
Lanius ludovicianus
Dumetella carolinensis
Mimus polyglottos
Baeolophus inornatus
Dendroica coronata
Dendroica petechia
Seiurus aurocapillus
Vermivora celata
Wilsonia pusilla
Passer domesticus
Sturnus vulgaris
Piranga ludoviciana
Catharus guttatus
Catharus ustulatus
Sialia mexicana
Turdus migratorius
Sayornis nigricans
Tyrannus verticalis
Colaptes auratus
Melanerpes formicivorus
Picoides nuttallii
Bubo virginianus
Megascops asio
Megascops kennicottii
Strix varia
Tyto alba
Calypte anna
1
2
- 16 -
White-crowned sparrow
Pine Siskin
Lesser Goldfinch
American goldfinch
House Finch
Purple Finch
Barn Swallow
Cliff Swallow
Red-winged blackbird
Brewer's blackbird
Bullock's oriole
Brown-headed cowbird
Common grackle
Loggerhead shrike
Gray catbird
Northern mockingbird
Oak Titmouse
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Yellow warbler
Ovenbird
Orange-crowned warbler
Wilson’s warbler
House sparrow
European starling
Western tanager
Hermit thrush
Swainson’s thrush
Western Bluebird
American robin
Black phoebe
Western Kingbird
Northern flicker
Acorn Woodpecker
Nuttall’s Woodpecker
Great Horned Owl
Eastern streech owl
Western Screech owl
Barred owl
Barn owl
Anna’s Hummingbird