Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction...................................................................................................
1
1.1.
Thesis Statement
2
1.2.
Theoretical Framework
3
1.3.
Delimitation
4
1.4.
Thesis Structure
5
Theory of Science..........................................................................................
8
2.1.
Critical Realism
9
2.2.
Application of Critical Realism
11
Research Methodology................................................................................
13
3.1.
Design and Analysis
13
3.2.
Research Questions and Objectives
17
Literature Review and Theoretical Concepts.............................................
19
4.1.
Stakeholder Theory
19
4.1.1.
The Nature of Stakeholder Theory
20
4.1.2.
Defining Stakeholders and a Stake
20
4.1.3.
Visual Development of Freeman’s Traditional Stakeholder Model
22
4.1.4.
Lépineux and Social Cohesion
23
4.1.5.
Lépineux’s Society and Stakeholder Theory
24
4.1.6.
Lépineux’s Extension of the Stakeholder Classification System
25
4.1.7.
Section Summary
27
4.2.
4.3.
Corporate Citizenship
28
4.2.1.
The Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Citizenship Debate
28
4.2.2.
The Rationale Behind Corporate Citizenship
29
4.2.3.
The New Development Perspective
30
4.2.4.
Section Summary
31
The Third Sector
32
4.3.1.
The Third Sector
32
4.3.2.
United Nations and Shadow Communities
33
Shadow Communities
34
Section Summary
34
4.3.3.
4.4.
Sub-conclusion
35
i
5.
Analysis….....................................................................................................
37
5.1.
The Structural Foundation of Stakeholders
37
5.1.1.
Structural Foundation
38
5.1.2.
Stakeholder Maps and the 21st Century
39
5.1.3.
Section Summary
40
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
Ethical Development - Corporate Citizenship
41
5.2.1.
Ethical Considerations and Implications of Corporate Citizenship
41
5.2.2.
The Role of Responsibility in Corporate Citizenship
42
5.2.3.
Section Summary
44
Redefining Stakeholders
45
5.3.1.
Community vs Civil Society in a Stakeholder Context
45
5.3.2.
Traditional Stakeholders vs Lépineux’s Social Cohesion
47
5.3.3.
Section Summary
47
The Potential for a Change in Mindset
49
5.4.1.
Conceptualising a Contemporary Stakeholder Mapping Process
49
5.4.2.
Guiding Principles of a Contemporary Stakeholder Mapping Process
50
5.4.3.
Section Summary
52
The Applicability of a Change in Mindset
53
5.5.1.
53
Acknowledgement of the Dynamic Environmental Factors and Social
Structures
5.6.
6.
5.5.2.
Collaboration and Gatekeeper
56
5.5.3.
Section Summary
57
Sub-conclusion
58
Discussion......................................................................................................... 59
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
Structural Synthesis vs a Change in Mindset
59
6.1.1.
62
Section Summary
Significance of a Change in Mindset
63
6.1.1.
64
Section Summary
Benefits of a Contemporary Stakeholder Mapping Process
65
6.1.1.
The Role of Trust
65
6.1.2.
Trust and Measurability
65
6.1.3.
Contemporary Stakeholder Mapping Process’s Convergence with a
67
Business-Society Relationship
6.1.4.
6.4.
7.
Section Summary
Sub-conclusion
Conclusion....................................................................................................
68
69
70
ii
8.
Future Considerations.................................................................................
72
9.
Bibliography..................................................................................................
73
9.1.
Literature Sources
73
9.2.
Internet Sources
77
10. Appendices
10.1. Attachments - Referenced
1.
General Assembly reviews efforts to combat human trafficking
2.
Statement at the UN General Assembly High Level Meeting on improving the
coordination of efforts against trafficking in persons
3.
Shadow Communities
4.
The EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings (2012-2016)
10.2. Attachments – Additional Information
1.
The Triple Bottom Line
iii
Figures
Chapter 1: Introduction
Fig. 1.
Visual Overview of the Thesis Structure
7
Chapter 2: Theory of Science
Fig. 2.
The Transformational Model of the Society/Person Connection
10
and Social Activity
Fig. 3.
Basic elements of ‘logic of realist explanation’ for critical realism
11
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Fig. 4.
Visual Overview of the Methodological Progression of the Thesis
16
Chapter 4: Literature Review
Fig. 5.
Literature Overview
19
Fig. 6.
The Sociogram
20
Fig. 7.
Freeman’s Traditional Stakeholder Model
22
Fig. 8.
Further Development by Fassin (2009)
22
Fig. 9.
Fassin’s Stake Model
23
Fig. 10.
The Organisation and its Stakeholders (Lépineux 2005)
25
Fig. 11.
Carroll’s Corporate Social Responsibility Model
28
Fig. 12.
Balancing Theory and Application
36
Chapter 5: Analysis
Fig. 13.
Analysis Progression
37
Fig. 14.
Organisational Sphere of Activity
43
Fig. 15.
Traditional Community Structure
45
Fig. 16.
Visual Representation of Distinction between Community and Society
46
Fig. 17.
Visual Representation of Distinction between National and Global Society
46
Fig. 18.
Organisation and its Stakeholders
47
Fig. 19.
Contemporary Stakeholder Mapping Process
50
Fig. 20.
Society and Structural Aspects
50
Fig. 21.
Spheres of Societal Impact
51
Fig. 22.
Core Focus
51
Fig. 23.
An NGO as a Gatekeeper
57
iv