Trakia University – Stara Zagora
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Biology and Aquaculture
Affirm:
Dean: .............
(Proff. M. Lyutskanov, PhD)
Syllabus
Discipline
Specialty
Department of Higher Education
Professional field
Course Status
Course
Term
Educational
degree
Form Assessment
Обсъдена на заседание на
Катедрен съвет
Приета на заседание на Комисия
по учебната дейност (Методичен
съвет на специалността)
Утвърдена на заседание на
Факултетен съвет
Veterinary botany
Veterinary medicine, 04.03.06.
6.0. Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary
Medicine
Veterinary Medicine
Required
I
ІІ
master
written examination
26.04.2012 г. /Протокол № 49
Stara Zagora, 2013 г.
Syllabus
CODE COURSE – 01.01.09
Forms of
auditory
performance
Lectures
Labs
Seminar &
poster session
Summary
Auditory
Performance
Selftraining for
current control
and exams
Summary
Regular training - Hours
auditorium
Lectures
Practical
classes
Seminars
30
30
2
2
30
30
extracurricular
Learning Other forms
practices
15
15
Summary
Credits
30
30
COURSE PRESENTER: Silviya Radanova, assoc. prof. PHD
Leading exercises /seminars/ : Silviya Radanova, assoc. prof. PHD
1. ANNOTATION
As a fundamental theoretical discipline, Botany gives theoretical background on a range of
other biological and specific subjects (microbiology, genetics, pharmacology, toxicology, nutrition),
playing an important role in the preparation of highly qualified personnel in the veterinary field.
Determining role of botany stems from the place, which the plants take in the cycle of substances
and energy in the biosphere and the lifestyle of the people.
As a science, botany studied external and internal construction and vital functions of the
plants, their great diversity and spread across the globe. This diversity is the product of a long
evolution, as a result of plant unicellular organisms grow today dominating flower plants. As
evolutionary lines today are supported considerably more simply constructed forms - mosses, and
groups, that are in bloom in past geological times - horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms. Study of their
history of the emergence and development is also an integral task of botany.
The planned volume of information is included in the three sections - „Plant histology ”,
„Plant morphology ” и „Plant Taxonomy and Systematics ”.
In the section „Plant histology ” students are introduced to the basic types of plant cells and tissues,
which they create. Emphasis is on typical plant cell organelles, functions, which they performed, as
well as the deposition of reserve nutrients and excretion products.
In the section „Plant morphology” is looking at the structure and function of the vegetative and
generative organs, their diversity and metamorphosis changes and devices, providing continuity of
the species and its distribution.
The section „Plant Taxonomy and Systematics” include information on taxonomic and systematic
principles, volume and content of the various taxonomic categories and imposed rules for taxa
naming. Give a brief morphological, environmental and chorological characteristic of the most
important species groups from Bulgarian and foreign flora, related to veterinary practice. For easier
understanding the information in the section, plant diversity is distributed in the larger systematic
units (Subclasses), as indicated in the synonymy names (allowing free handling on the Internet
space). The specific ingredients are given for each family to the cell sap (biologically active substances
- alkaloids, glucosids, essential oils etc.) and their effects on animals and man.
Acquired during the course „Medical botany ” theoretical knowledge and practical training provide
the minimum required of knowledge and skills, associated with the use of plants in the veterinary
practice.
2. Syllabus
2.1. Lectures
Number
Topic
1
Introduction - origin and development of botany. Branches of
botany - Morphology, Palynology, Taxonomy, Ecology, Genetics
etc. Structure and function of the plant cell. Principles of the
Cell Theory. Cell Diversity. Characteristics of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell. Internal Cell Structure & Organelles of
Eukaryotes.
2
I. Plant histology - tissues. Meristems - features, types.
Permanent Tissues (Mature Tissues) - characteristic, types.
Simple permanent tissues - types, structure, function; Complex
Permanent Tissues - types, structure, function; Ground tissue
system and Vascular tissue system - function and structure;
vascular bundles - types. Secretory tissues or secretory
structures.
3
II. Plant morphology - vegetative organs. Root - function,
types, modification; root system - types, structure of the root
apex.
4
Stem - function, parts of the plant stem - nodes, internodes;
buds - floral and vegetative; buds scales; bundle scars; lenticels;
pith; corky ridges. Stem anatomy, growth form, duration,
divergence, modifications.
5
Leaf - function, parts; types of leaves - with respect to the
number of leaf blades, apices and bases, leaf texture; diversity
of simple and compound leaves, leaf arrangement, leaf shapes,
lobing, leaf venation; modifications.
6
Plant morphology - reproductive organs. Flower - function,
parts: floral envelope and essential floral parts - perfect and
imperfect flower types; floral arrangement; type of perianths;
flower types - with respect to the number of floral parts,
Hours
1
1
1
2
2
2
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
number of floral rings, by sexuality; simple, complete,
incomplete flowers; synoecious, monoecious, dioecious plants;
distinct and connate flower parts, adnate and free; flower
symmetry; hypanthium; gynoecium types - monocarpous,
apocarpous, syncarpous; types of placentation; ovary position;
types of insertion. Inflorescens - main types.
Fruit - function, formation, fruit parts. Functions of Fruits in
Plant Propagation. Fruit Types According to Origin of
Development - simple, aggregate, multiple, accessory; types of
fruit by the texture - Dehiscent vs. Indehiscent Fruits; Dry vs.
Fleshy
Plant Seed. The Parts of a Seed (embryo, storage tissues, seed
covering), their Functions and Plant Development.
III. Plant Taxonomy and Systematics - main periods, aims,
history and principles of plant classification (Identification,
Nomenclature and Classification); taxonomic keys, main
taxonomic categories, scientific and common name, binomial
system of classification.
Kingdom Plantae. Seedless Nonvascular Plants - mosses,
liverworts, hornworts. Division Bryophyta (Mosses) characteristic features, life cycle, types of reproduction, uses,
main groups. Division Hepatophyta (Liverworts), Division
Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) - specific features, species.
Seedless Vascular Plants - club mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails,
& ferns - characteristics. Division Psilotophyta (Whisk Ferns),
Division Lycopodiophyta (Club Mosses), Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails), Division Pterophyta ( Ferns) - specific features,
examples, life cycle, uses.
Vascular (seed - bearing) plants - history, structure features,
consequences of the Terrestrial Adaptations, reproductive
features. Classification - two main groups - Gymnosperms &
Angiosperms; Plant life cycle; Gymnosperms - the cycads
(Division Cycadophyta), the ginkgo (Division Gingkophyta), the
gnetophytes (Division Gnetophyta), the conifers (Division
Coniferophyta) - characteristics, main species.
Division Anthophyta (Angiosperms, Flowering plants) - specific
features; Types of Classification - ancient and modern;
controversial moments; APG system; Flowering plant diversity Monocotyledons (Monocots) & Dicotyledons (Dicots) comparative characteristics. Cronquist hierarchical system of
Angiosperms.
Dicots - Subclass Magnoliidae - characterization, main families;
Magnoliaceae Family, Lauraceae Family, Ranunculaceae Family,
Papaveraceae Family.
Subclass Hamamelidae - specific features, main families Betulaceae Family, Fagaceae Family, Juglandaceae Family,
Cannabaceae Family, Urticaceae Family, Moraceae Family. The
Subclass Caryophyllidae - Phytolacaceae Family, Cactaceae
Family, Chenopodiaceae Family, Amaranthaceae Family,
Caryophyllaceae Family Polygonaceae Family.
Subclass Dilleniidae - specific features, family list:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
14
15
16
Hypericaceae Family, Malvaceae Family, Nepenthaceae Family
(and others carnivorous plants), Cucurbitaceae Family,
Salicaceae Family, Brassicaceae Family, Ericaceae Family,
Primulaceae Family, Violaceae Family, Tiliaceae Family.
Subclass Rosidae - Rosaceae Family, Fabaceae Family,
Euphorbiaceae Family, Apiaceae Family.
Subclass Asteridae - specific features, main families:
Solanaceae Family, Convolvulaceae Family, Cuscutaceae Family,
Scrophulariaceae Family, Boraginaceae Family, Lamiaceae
Family, Rubiaceae Family, Asteraceae Family.
Other families with important part:
Sapindaceae Family, Rutaceae Family, Anacardiaceae Family,
Linaceae Family, Geraniaceae Family, Rhamnaceae Family,
Vitaceae Family, Cornaceae Family, Araliaceae Family,
Caprifoliaceae Family, Valerianaceae Family, Gentianaceae
Family,Oleaceae Family, Orobanchaceae Family, Plantaginaceae
Family, Campanulaceae Family.
Monocots - main features, specific families.
Subclass Alismatidae - specific features, main families: Araceae
Family;
Subclass Commelinidae specific features, family list: Juncaceae
Family, Cyperaceae Family, Poaceae Family, Typhaceae Family;
Subclass Liliidae - specific features, the main families: Liliaceae
Family, Iridaceae Family, Agavaceae Family, Orchidaceae
Family, Amaryllidaceae Family, Musaceae Family. Seminar
Poster session
Total
3
2
2
30
2.2. Labs
Number
Topic
1
Introduction to the Microscope Lab Activity. Parts of the
Microscope. Microscope type slides. Preparation of the wet
mount - necessary tools and materials. Plant cell structure features, plant organelles. Plant wall and cell membrane. Shape
and dimensions of plant cells. Plant cell structure - specific plant
organoids . Test I.
2
I. Plant tissues - meristems - types , examples. Permanent
Tissues (Mature Tissues) - types, examples. Simple and Complex
Permanent Tissues - types, examples; , Ground and Vascular
tissue system - types, examples . Secretory tissues - features.
Test II.
3
II. Plant organs - vegetative organs. Root - function, types,
examples; types of root system ; Root anatomy , modifications Observation of herbarium specimens.
4
Stem - function, characteristics of the stem - nodes, internodes,
buds , buds scales, bundle scars, lenticels, pith, corky ridges.
Stem anatomy, growth form, duration, divergence,
modifications - examples, observation of samples.
5
Leaf - function, parts; types of leaves - with respect to the
Hours
2
2
2
2
2
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
number of leaf blades, leaf texture; simple and compound
leaves; leaf placement; leaf venation; modifications - examples,
observation of herbarium specimens.
Reproductive organs - Flower - structure, types, function, parts;
Type of perianths; floral arrangement; floral symmetry;
hypanthium; gynoecium types; types of placentation ; ovary
situation. Inflorescens - main types. Observation of herbarium
specimens.
Fruit - function, formation, fruit parts. Functions of Fruits in
Plant Propagation. Fruit Types According to Origin of
Development - simple, aggregate, multiple, accessory; types of
fruit by the texture - Dehiscent vs. Indehiscent Fruits; Dry vs.
Fleshy
Plant Seed. The Parts of a Seed (embryo, storage tissues, seed
covering), their Functions and Plant Development - observation
of herbarium specimens.
Test III.
III. Plant Taxonomy and Systematics - main periods, aims,
history and principles of plant classification (Identification,
Nomenclature and Classification); taxonomic keys, main
taxonomic categories, scientific and common name, binomial
system of classification.
Kingdom Plantae. Seedless Nonvascular Plants - mosses,
liverworts, hornworts. Division Bryophyta (Mosses)
characteristic features, life cycle, types of reproduction, uses,
main groups. Division Hepatophyta (Liverworts), Division
Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) - specific features, species observation of herbarium specimens.
Seedless Vascular Plants - club mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails,
& ferns - characteristics. Division Psilotophyta (Whisk Ferns),
Division Lycopodiophyta (Club Mosses), Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails), Division Pterophyta ( Ferns) - specific features,
examples, life cycle, uses - observation of samples.
Vascular (seed - bearing) plants - Plant life cycle; Gymnosperms
- the cycads (Division Cycadophyta), the ginkgo (Division
Gingkophyta), the gnetophytes (Division Gnetophyta), the
conifers (Division Coniferophyta) - characteristics, main species observation of herbarium specimens.
Division Anthophyta (Angiosperms, Flowering plants) - specific
features; Comparative characteristic of Dicots vs Monocots;
DICOTS - Subclass Magnoliidae - characterization, main
families;
Magnoliaceae
Family,
Lauraceae
Family,
Ranunculaceae Family, Papaveraceae Family - observation of
samples.
Subclass Hamamelidae - specific features, main families:
Betulaceae Family, Fagaceae Family, Juglandaceae Family,
Cannabaceae Family, Urticaceae Family, Moraceae Family. The
Subclass Caryophyllidae - Phytolacaceae Family, Cactaceae
Family,
Chenopodiaceae Family, Amaranthaceae Family,
Caryophyllaceae Family Polygonaceae Family - observation of
samples.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
13
14
15
Subclass Dilleniidae
- specific
features, family list:
Hypericaceae Family, Malvaceae Family, Nepenthaceae Family
(and others carnivorous plants), Cucurbitaceae Family,
Salicaceae Family, Brassicaceae Family, Ericaceae Family,
Primulaceae Family, Violaceae Family, Tiliaceae Family observation of herbarium specimens.
Subclass Rosidae - specific features, main families: Rosaceae
Family, Fabaceae Family, Euphorbiaceae Family, Apiaceae Family
- observation of herbarium specimens.
Subclass Asteridae - specific features, family list: Solanaceae
Family,
Convolvulaceae
Family,
Cuscutaceae
Family,
Scrophulariaceae Family, Boraginaceae Family, Lamiaceae
Family, Rubiaceae Family, Asteraceae Family - observation of
herbarium specimens.
Other families with important part:
Sapindaceae Family, Rutaceae Family, Anacardiaceae Family,
Linaceae Family, Geraniaceae Family, Rhamnaceae Family,
Vitaceae Family, Cornaceae Family, Araliaceae Family,
Caprifoliaceae Family, Valerianaceae Family, Gentianaceae
Family, Oleaceae Family,
Orobanchaceae Family,
Plantaginaceae Family, Campanulaceae Family - observation of
herbarium specimens.
MONOCOTS - main features, specific families.
Subclass Alismatidae - specific features, family list: Araceae
Family;
Subclass Commelinidae - specific features, main families:
Juncaceae Family, Cyperaceae Family,
Poaceae Family,
Typhaceae Family - observation of herbarium specimens.
Subclass Liliidae - specific features, family list : Liliaceae Family,
Iridaceae Family, Agavaceae Family, Orchidaceae Family,
Amaryllidaceae Family, Musaceae Family - observation of
samples.
Total
2
2
2
30
3. Goals and objectives
The Lectures aim to teach students to Identification and formulation of botanically relevant
problems; to develop the ability to form reasonable hypotheses as the first step to analysis and
ability to extend the scientific approach from familiar to novel problems and situations; to work and
present in teams.
From a scientific point, they learn to recognize the specific features of the plant cell, structure and
function of plant tissues and organs, their modifications, specific biologically active ingredients and
their use for treatment of humans and animals; features, that identify some important plant families,
structure of the plant kingdom and characteristics of major species groups, historical development of
plant knowledge and the science of Botany. The lectures are accompanied by guiding questions,that
enables students to understand the nature of botanical matter. The utilization rate of any major
thematic unit was determined by tests. The course ends with poster session and seminar, in which
students selected topics related to the issue in the course.
The labs learn to recognize and name different plant parts and functions, they perform; their
modifications, life forms; become familiar with dissection techniques of plant organs and tissues; be
able to identify structures, present in preserved or fresh floral material.
Subject and observed objects in each exercise reflects in lab report, which express individual
approach to each student to plant material, observed in the lab. Features of observed histological
preparations and anatomical parts of the plant specimens illustrates with scientific sketches.
The utilization of knowledge is verified by Tests I - III, assessment of which proved crucial in the final
grade - in assessing Very good (4,5) of each students are exempt from the first two parts of course.
The aim of poster session and seminar is to study students on plant terminology, to know the
composition of the main plant families and plant species, to handle scientific literature and methods.
The description of the species takes place by the following scheme: 1) Latin name for the species, 2)
who described it, 3) general morphology, 4) which family it belongs to today, 5) image of plant (check
copyright!),6) natural distribution (provide a map), 7) interesting ecology (habitat, pollinator,
dispersal, etc.) and 8) References (all sources of data and images must be cited!). Cite at least six
references (books or journal articles) as sources for information. Powerpoint poster and individual
essay for the seminar includes one family or one genus from the native Bulgarian flora.
Course in botany ends with herbarium collection from 50 plant species, most characteristic of the
Bulgarian flora. With its preparation students learn to collect, identify, and prepare plant specimens.
The specimens need to be Angiosperms - flowering plants, non-cultivated species. All plants should
be fertile (have flowers and/or fruits) and have proper collection labels.
Some of the practical exercises are conducted on a field - “Ayazmoto” forestpark , “Starozagorski
Bani” resort, “Bedechka”park - to collect material for herbarium of common medical, honey, feed,
weed and poisonous species. Each student prepares personal herbarium collection from 60 species,
which used for the exam preparation and presented on the day of the exam.
4. ASSESSING KNOWLEDGE - CRITERIA
System for students assessing knowledge on discipline "Medical Botany ”
Mark is formed of the following components:
I. Current control (Attending lectures, labs, tests ) - 20%
If the score of the current control is low, the students are not allowed to take exam.
II. Practical exam - 30% - held on the day of the theory test end includes identify and morphological
describe of plant species from his own herbarium collection. Take into account the quality of
herbarium material and compliance in preparing herbarium collection.
III. Theoretical examination - 50%. Finalizes the final score. Held in writing, lasts 2 hours and includes
2 questions from the questionnaire - the first from the sections „Plant histology ” and „Plant
morphology ”, and the second - from the section „Plant Taxonomy and Systematics ”.
Each question is evaluated separately, as the final result is the average . If the mark of one of the
questions is low, examination is considered for untaken.
Rating Scale:
FX, F - Weak (2) - Failing grade 0 - 49% knowledge of the matter
D, E - Average (3) - Lowest passing grade 50 - 58%
C - Good (4) - Indicates average performance 59 - 74%
B - Very good (5) - Next highest 75 - 91%
A - Excellent (6) - Best possible grade 92 - 100% (knowledge of the matter)
The final assessment is six-point scale, minimum score for successful completion of training is the
average (3)”. Correlated with the European system of credit transfer comparability of scores is as
follows:
excellent (6)
Very good (5) Good (4)
Average ( 3)
A
B
C
D
E
Awarded to the credits provided by curriculum
Weak (2)
FX
F
Credits not awarded
5. Questionnary
1 Origin and development of botany. Branches of botany. Present state of botanical knowledge.
2. Structure and function of the plant cell. Principles of the Cell Theory. Cell Diversity. Characteristics
of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
3. Internal Cell Structure & Organelles of Eukaryotes.
4. Plant histology (I) - tissues. Meristems - features, types.
5. Permanent Tissues (Mature Tissues) - characteristic, types. Simple permanent tissues - types,
structure, function;
6. Complex Permanent Tissues - types, structure, function; Ground tissue system and Vascular tissue
system - function and structure; vascular bundles - types.
7. Secretory tissues or secretory structures.
8. Plant morphology (II) - vegetative organs. Root - function, types, modification; root system types, structure of the root apex. Primary and secondary structure of the root.
9. Stem - function, parts of the plant stem - nodes, internodes; buds - floral and vegetative; buds
scales; bundle scars; lenticels; pith; corky ridges. Stem anatomy, growth form, duration, divergence,
modifications. Primary and secondary structure of the stem.
10. Leaf - function, structure, parts; types of leaves - with respect to the number of leaf blades,
apices and bases, leaf texture; diversity of simple and compound leaves, leaf arrangement, leaf
shapes, lobing, leaf venation; modifications.
11. Plant morphology - reproductive organs. Flower - function, parts: floral envelope and essential
floral parts - perfect and imperfect flower types; floral arrangement; type of perianths; flower types ;
simple, complete, incomplete flowers; synoecious, monoecious, dioecious plants; distinct and
connate flower parts, adnate and free; flower symmetry; hypanthium; gynoecium types monocarpous, apocarpous, syncarpous; types of placentation; ovary position; types of insertion.
Floral formula. Inflorescens - main types.
12. Fruit - function, formation, fruit parts. Functions of Fruits in Plant Propagation. Fruit Types
According to Origin of Development - simple, aggregate, multiple, accessory; types of fruit by the
texture - Dehiscent vs. Indehiscent Fruits; Dry vs. Fleshy.
13. Plant Seed. The Parts of a Seed (embryo, storage tissues, seed covering), their Functions and
Plant Development.
14. Plant Taxonomy and Systematics (III) - main periods, aims, history and principles of plant
classification (Identification, Nomenclature and Classification); taxonomic keys, main taxonomic
categories, scientific and common name, binomial system of classification.
15. KINGDOM PLANTAE. Seedless Nonvascular Plants - mosses, liverworts, hornworts. Division
Bryophyta (Mosses) - specific features, life cycle, types of reproduction, uses, main groups.
Division Hepatophyta (Liverworts), Division Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) - specific features,
species.
16. Seedless Vascular Plants - club mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails, & ferns - characteristics. Division
Psilotophyta (Whisk Ferns), Division Lycopodiophyta (Club Mosses).
17. Division Sphenophyta (Horsetails), Division Pterophyta ( Ferns) - specific features, examples,
life cycle, uses.
18. Vascular (seed - bearing) plants - history, structure features, consequences of the Terrestrial
Adaptations, reproductive features. Classification - two main groups - Gymnosperms & Angiosperms;
Plant life cycle; Gymnosperms - the cycads (Division Cycadophyta).
19. The ginkgo (Division Gingkophyta), the gnetophytes (Division Gnetophyta), the conifers
(Division Coniferophyta) - characteristics, main species.
20. Division Anthophyta (Angiosperms, Flowering plants) - specific features; Types of Classification ancient and modern; controversial moments; APG system;
Flowering plant diversity Monocotyledons (Monocots) & Dicotyledons (Dicots) - comparative characteristics. Cronquist
hierarchical system of Angiosperms.
21. DICOTS - Subclass Magnoliidae - characterization, main families; Magnoliaceae Family, Lauraceae
Family, Ranunculaceae Family, Papaveraceae Family.
22.Subclass Hamamelidae - specific features, main families - Betulaceae Family, Fagaceae Family,
Juglandaceae Family, Cannabaceae Family, Urticaceae Family, Moraceae Family.
23. Subclass Caryophyllidae - Phytolacaceae Family, Cactaceae Family, Chenopodiaceae Family,
Amaranthaceae Family, Caryophyllaceae Family, Polygonaceae Family.
24.Subclass Dilleniidae - specific features, family list: Hypericaceae Family, Malvaceae Family,
Nepenthaceae Family (and others carnivorous plants), Cucurbitaceae Family, Salicaceae Family,
25. Brassicaceae Family, Ericaceae Family, Primulaceae Family, Violaceae Family, Tiliaceae Family.
26. Subclass Rosidae - Rosaceae Family, Fabaceae Family,
27. Euphorbiaceae Family, Apiaceae Family.
28. Subclass Asteridae - specific features, main families: Solanaceae Family, Convolvulaceae Family,
Cuscutaceae Family, Scrophulariaceae Family, Boraginaceae Family,
29. Lamiaceae Family, Rubiaceae Family, Asteraceae Family.
30. Other families with important part (from Subclass Asteridae) :
31. Sapindaceae Family, Rutaceae Family, Anacardiaceae Family, Linaceae Family, Geraniaceae
Family,
32. Rhamnaceae Family, Vitaceae Family, Cornaceae Family, Araliaceae Family, Caprifoliaceae Family,
33.
Valerianaceae Family, Gentianaceae Family,Oleaceae Family,
Plantaginaceae Family, Campanulaceae Family.
Orobanchaceae Family,
34. MONOCOTS - main features, specific families. Subclass Alismatidae - specific features, main
families: Araceae Family;
35. Subclass Commelinidae - specific features, family list: Juncaceae Family, Cyperaceae Family,
Poaceae Family, Typhaceae Family;
36. Subclass Liliidae - specific features, the main families: Liliaceae Family, Iridaceae Family,
Agavaceae Family, Orchidaceae Family, Amaryllidaceae Family, Musaceae Family.
6. LIterature
AICHELE, D., H.-W. SCHWEGLER. 1994. Die Blütenpflanzen Mitteleuropas (5 Bände). Stuttgart:
Frankh.- Kosmos.
ALLEN, N. S., R. D. ALLEN. 1940. Cytoplasmic streaming in green plants. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng.
7, 497-526.
ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
classification for the orders and families of the flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the
Linnaean Society 141: 399-436.
ANDREEV, N., ANCHEV, M. 1993. The guide of higher plants of Bulgaria. BAN, S., 724.
ASSENOV, I., BENSABAT, I. 1989. Botany. “Naouka and izkoustvo”, S.
BAILEY, I. W. 1954. Contributions to plant anatomy. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica Botanica Comp.
BAUCH, J., W. LIESE, R. SCHULTZE. 1972.The morphological variability of the boarded pit membranes
in gymnosperms. Wood Sci. and Technol. 6, 165-184.
BECKER, W.M., KLEINSMITH, L.J., HARDIN. J. AND BERTONI, G. P. 2009. The World of the Cell. 7th
Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.
BECK, C. B., R. SCHMID, G. W. ROTHWELL. 1982. Stelar morphology and the primary vascular system
of seed plants. Bot. Rev. 48, 691-815.
BEHNKE, H. D. 1981. Sieve-element characters. Nord. J. Bot. 1, 381-400.
BERGER, R. & H. E. SUESS (eds.). 1979. Radiocarbon dating. Berkeley: University of California Press.
BRAUN, H. J.1959. Die Vernetzung der Gefäße bei Populus. Zeitschr. Bot. 47, 421-434.
BOJILOVA, E., KOEVA, I., TONKOV, S. 1992. Systematics of higher plants . Univ. publ. “St. Kliment
Ohridski”, S.
BOWEN, W. R. 1969. Experimental Cell Biology. New York: The Macmillan Comp.
CARLQUIST, S. 1961. Comparative plant anatomy. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
CAMPBELL H.D. 1978. The Evolution of land plants (Embryophyta), Univ. Press, Stanford.
CASPARI, R. 1865/66. Bemerkungen über die Schutzscheide und die Bildung des Stammes und der
Wurzel. Jahrb. f. Wiss. Bot. 4, 101-124.
CHEADLE, V. I. 1937. Secondary growth by means of a thickening ring in certain monocotyledones.
Bot. Gaz. 98, 535-555.
CHEADLE, V. I., and N. W. UHL. 1984. Types of vasoular bundles in the Monocotyledonae and their
relation to the late metaxylem conducting elements. Amer. J. Bot. 35, 486-496.
CHEADLE, V. T. 1956. Research on xylem and phloem. - Progress in fifty years. Amer. J. Bot. 43, 719731.
CUTTLER, E.G. 1971. Plant Anatomy, Part III Organs Edward Arnold Ltd., London.
CUTTLER, E.G. 1969. Plant Anatomy Part I Cells & Tissue. Edward Arnold Ltd., London.
CRAWFORD, D.J. 2003. Plant Molecular Systematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
CRONQUIST, A. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University
Press, New York.
DE ROBERTIS, E.D.P. AND DE ROBERTIS, E.M.F. 2006. Cell and Molecular Biology 8th edition,
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
DE BARY, A. 1877. Vergleichende Anatomie der Vegetatationsorgane der Phanerogamen und Farne.
Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelhard.
DIMITROV, S., DELIPAVLOV, D. 1988. Botany. Земиздат, София.
DORETY, H. A. 1919. Embryo and seedling of Dioon spinulosum. Bot. Gaz. 67, 251-257.
DAVIS, P.H. & V.H. HEYWOOD. 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver & Boyd Ltd., London.
EAMES A. J. 1981. Morphology of Angiosperms - McGraw Hill, New York.
ESAU, K. 1943. Origin and development of the primary vascular tissues in seed plants. Bot. Rev. 9,
125-206.
ESAU, K. 1969. Pflanzenanatomie. Stuttgart: G. Fischer Verlag.
FOSTER, A. S. 1959. Comparative morphology of vascular plants. San Francisco: W. H. Freemen and
Comp.
FROST, F. H. 1931. Specializalization in secondary xylem of dicotyledons. Bot. Gaz. 89, 67-94 (1930).
Bot. Gaz. 91, 88-96.
FORMAN, L. & D. BRIDSON. 1989. The herbarium Hand Book. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew .
FREY-WYSSLING, A., K. MÜHLETHALER . 1965. Ultrastructural plant cytology. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Publ. Comp.
GEORGE, H.M. LAWRENCE. 1951. Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Mac Millan comp. Ltd., New York.
GEORGIEV, G., TCHAKALOVA, E . 2000. Anatomy and morphology of plants. Univ. publ . “St. Kliment
Ohridski , S.
GUNNING, B. E. S., M. W. STEERE. 1975. Ultrastructure and the biology of plant cells. London: Edward
Arnold Publ. Ltd. (dt. Übers.: Biologie der Pflanzenzelle. Stuttgart: G. Fischer Verlag, 1977)
GIFFORD E.M. & FOSTER A.S. 1989. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants W.H.Freeman, New
York.
GROSSER, D. and W. LIESE. 1973. Present status and problems of bamboo classification. J. Arnold
Arboretum 54, 293-308.
GLICK, B.R., PASTERNAK, J.J. 2003. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of
recombinant DNA. ASM Press, WashinPTon.
v. GUTTENBERG, H. 1968. Der primäre Bau der Angiospermenwurzel. in "Handbuch der
Pflanzenanatomie" Bd. 8 (K. LINSBAUER, Herausg.) Berlin, Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger (2. Aufl.).
HALL, J. L. (ed.). 1978. Electron microscopy and cytochemistry of plant cells. Amsterdam: Elsevier /
North Holland.
HEYWOOD, V. H. (ed.). 1978. Flowering plants of the world. Oxford, London: Oxford University Press
(dt. Übersetzung: Blütenpflanzen der Welt. Zürich: Birkhäuser, 1982).
HOPSON, J., WESSELS, N. 1990. Essentials of Biology. Mc Graw Hill Publ. Comp., New York.
JORDANOV, D. (ED.). 1963-1989. Fl. Reipubl. Bulgaricae. Vol.1-10, In Aedibus Acad. Sci. Bulgaricae,
Serdicae (in Bulgarian).
JUDD, W.S., CAMPBELL, C.S., KELLOGG, E.A., STEVENS, P.F. AND DONOGHUE, M.J. 2008. Plant
Systematics - A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinaner Associates Inc, Massachusetts, USA.
JEFFREE, C. E., J. E. DALE, S. C. FRY . 1986. The genesis of intercellular spaces in developing leaves of
Phaseolus vulgaris L. Protoplasma 132, 90-98.
JEFFREY, C. 1968. An introduction to Plant Taxonomy, London.
KARP, G. 2010. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th edition. John Wiley &
Sons. Inc.
KIERMAYER, O (ed.). 1981. Cytomorphogenesis in plants. (Cell Biology Monographs 8) Wien - New
York: Springer Verlag.
KIRYAKOV, I. 1999. Plants systematic. Univ. publ ., Plovdiv.
KOLEV, I., YAKIMOVA, A. 1971. Medical Botany, with bases of feed production . Zemizdat.
KOZHUHAROV, S., (ED.) 1992. Field Guide to the Vascular Plants in Bulgaria. Naouka & Izkoustvo,
Sofia (in Bulgarian), 787.
KUTSCHERA, L., E. LICHTENEGGER. 1988. Wurzelatlas mitteleuropäischer Grünpflanzen. Bd. 2:
Dikotyledonen. Stuttgart: G. Fischer .
LEDBETTER, M. C., PORTER K. R. 1970. Introduction to the fine structure of plant cells. BerlinHeidelberg- New York: Springer Verlag,
LIBBY, W. F. 1969. Altersbestimmung mit der 14-C-Methode. Mannheim: B.T.
Hochschultaschenbücher.
LICHTSCHEIDL, I. K., W. G. URL. 1987. Investigation of the protoplasm of Allium cepa inner epidermal
cells using ultraviolet microscopy. Europ. J. Cell Biol. 43, 93-97.
LICHTSCHEIDL, I. K., D. G. WEISS. 1988. Visualization of submicroscopic structures in the cytoplasm of
Allium cepa inner epidermal cells by video-enhanced contrast light microscopy. Europ. J. Cell Biol. 46,
376-382.
MEYLAN, B. A., B. G. BUTTERFIELD. 1978. The structure of New Zealand woods. Wellington: Science
Information Division DSIR.
MENHARDT, W., J. LOCKHAUSEN, W. J. DALLAS, U. KRISTEN. 1986. An environment for threedimensional shaded perspective display of cell components. Micron and Microscop. Acta 17, 349357.
MIRCHEVA - GACHNIYAN, R. 2003. Phytotherapy in veterinary medicine. Zemizdat,S, 215.
MUHAMMAD, A. F. and R. SATTLER. 1982. Vessel structure of Gnetum and the origin of Angiosperms.
Amer. J. Bot. 69, 1004-1021.
NIKOLOV, J., VALCHEV.,I , JORDANOVA, V., LAZAROV, L.,BINEV, R., RUSINOV, A. 2006. Manual of
clinical veterinary toxicology. Enyovche, S., 3-48.
OGURA, T. 1938. Anatomie der Vegetationsorgane der Pteridophyten. Band VII in "Handbuch der
Pflanzenanatomie" (K. LINSBAUER, Herausg.). Berlin: Gebr. Bornträger.
OBERDORFER, E. 1994. Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Stuttgart: Ulmer.
PARAMESWARAN, N. 1975. Zur Wandstruktur von Sklereiden in einigen Baumrinden. Protoplasma
85: 305-314.
POPOVA, M., CHESCHMEDJIEV, I., TERZIISKI, D. 2001. Plants systematic. Acad. Publ. Agriculture
Univ., Plovdiv.
QUADER, H., E. SCHNEPF. 1986. Endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic streaming: fluorescence
microscopical observations in adaxial epidermis cells of onion bulb scales. Protoplasma 131, 250 252.
RAUH, W. 1937. Beiträge zur Morphologie und Biologie der Holzgewächse. Nova Acta Leopoldina N.F.
5, 287-348.
RAVEN, P. H., R. F. EVERT, H. CURTIS. 1985. Biologie der Pflanzen. Berlin: deGruyter.
ROOM, P., P. PRUSZINKIEWICZ. 1996. Virtual Plants: new perspectives for ecologists, pathologists
and agricultural scientists (software review). Trends in Plant Science 1, 33-38.
ROTHMALER, W. 1990. Exkursionsflora. Berlin: Volk & Wissen Verlag GmbH.
RADFORD, A.E. 1986. Fundamentals of plant systematics. Harper & Row Publishers, New York.
ROBERTS, L. W. 1969. The initiation of xylem differentiation. Bot. Rev. 35: 201-250.
REINERT, J. AND BAJAJ, Y.P.S. 1997. Applied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ
Culture. Narosa Publishing House.
RUSSELL, P.J. 2009. Genetics - A Molecular Approach. 3rd Edition. Benjamin Co.
SANIO, K. 1873/74. Anatomie der gemeinen Kiefer (Pinus silvestris L.). Jahrb. f. Wiss. Bot. 9, 50 126.
SKIPWORTH, J. P. 1962. The primary vascular system and phyllotaxis in Hectorella caespitosa. New
Zeal. J. Sci. 5, 253-258.
SLIWINSKI, J. E., F. B. SALISBURY. 1984. Gravitropism in higher plant shoots. Plant Physiol. 76, 10001008.
STRASBURGER, E. 1891. Über den Bau und die Verrichtungen der Leitungsbahnen in den Pflanzen.
Histologische Beiträge 3. Jena: G. Fischer Verlag.
SUESS, H. E. 1970. Bristlecone-pine calibration of the radiocarbon time-scale 5200 B. C. to the
present, S. 303-311 in: "Radiocarbon variation and absolute chronology" (I. U. OLSON ed.) Nobel
Symp. 12, Stockholm: Almkvist and Wiksell.
SIMPSON, M.G. 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press, London.
STRESSY, T.F. 1990. Plant Taxonomy - The systematic evaluation of Comparative data. Columbia
University Press, New York.
SHAW.J.A. & GOFFINET B. 2000. Bryophyte Biology, Cambridge University Press.
SLATER, A., SCOTT, N.W. & FOWLER, M.R. 2008. Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic Manipulation of
Plants, Oxford University Press.
SMITH G.M. 1938. Crytogramic Botany Vol.II. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, London.
SIMPSON, M.C. 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
SPORNE K.R.1967. The Morphology of Bryophytes. Hutchinson University Library, London.
SPORNE, K.R. 1974. Morphology of Angiosperms. Hutchinson University Press, London.
SCHNEPF, E. 1983. The structure of cells (Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes) in: "Biophysics" (W. HOPPE, W.
LOHMANN, H. MARKL, H. ZIEGLER eds.) Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer Verlag.
STOEVA, М., GEORGIEV, G. 1998. Botany. IPKU - PB, Stara Zagora.
STOEVA, M., GEORGIEV, G., GROZEVA, N. 2010. Botany. CD ”Kontrast”, Stara Zagora, 295.
TER WELLE, B. J. H., J. KOEK-NOORMAN. 1981. Wood anatomy of the neotropical Melastomataceae.
Blumea 27, 335-394.
TAKHTAJAN, A. 1969. Flowering Plants, Origin and Dispersal. 32 Abb., 13 Tafeln, Oliver & Boyd,
Edinburg, Preis, 310.
THAIR, B. W., A. B. WARDROP. 1971. The structure and arrangement of nuclear pores in plant cells.
Planta 100, 1-17.
TONKOV, S., BOJILOVA, E., KOEVA J., PAVLOVA, D. 2005. Systematics of higher plants. PENSOFT, S.,
283.
ZIMMERMANN, M. H., P. B. TOMLINSON. 1972. The vascular system of monocotyledoneous stems.
Bot. Gaz., 133, 141-155.
ZIMMERMANN, M. H., K. F. McCUE and J. S. SPERRY. 1982. Anatomy of the palm Rhapis excelsea,
VIII. Vessel network and vessellength distribution in the stem. J. Arnold Arboretum 63, 83-95.
ZIMMERMANN, W. 1959. Die Phylogenie der Pflanzen. Stuttgart: G. Fischer Verlag, (2. Aufl.)
VALEV, S. 1972. Botany for pharmacists. Med. And Fizkult., S, 470.
VODENICHAROV, D., PETROV, A. 2001. Poisonous plants and poisoning with them. PENSOFT, S., 203.
WATSON E.V. 1971. The structure and life of Bryophytes. Hutchinson University Library,
London.
WATSON, J. D., BAKER T.A., BELL, S. P., GANN, A., LEVINE, M., AND LOSICK, R., 2008. Molecular
Biology of the Gene 6th Edition. Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press, Pearson Pub.
WEBERLING, F. 1981. Morphologie der Blüte und der Blütenstände. Stuttgart: E. Ulmer Verlag.
WILSON K AND J. WALKER. 2005. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
6th edition, Cambridge University Press, USA
WALTER, H. 1960. Grundlagen der Pflanzenverbreitung. I. Standortlehre. Stuttgart: E. Ulmer Verlag,
195I,