Subject/Course Title:
Biology
Unit Title/Skill Set: 5. DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis-10 Days
Overview: This unit examines the role of nucleic acids and
cellular organelles in the production of proteins and the
resultant expression of phenotype.
Unit Essential Question(s): How do organisms use DNA and
RNA to make proteins? What factors affect gene expression?
Unit Competencies—What students need to be able to do
(skills) as Do Now’s.
2. Explain the structural relationships between DNA, genes, and
chromosomes.
4. Describe how DNA replication results in the transmission
and/or conservation of the genetic
information.
8. Describe the role of the nucleus, ribosomes, ER, and Golgi
apparatus in the production and processing
of proteins.
9. Describe how genetic mutations alter DNA sequence and may
or may not affect phenotype.
10. Explain the unified process of protein synthesis.
Unit Concepts—What students need to know as Guided
Reading
 Structure of DNA
o Components of a nucleotide
o Base-pair rule (Chargaff’s Rule)
 Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes
 Semi-conservative/DNA replication process
 Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA
 Types of RNA
 Transcription uses DNA to make RNA
 Translation uses RNA to make a protein
 Role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
in assembling, transporting, packaging and modifying different
proteins
 Phenotype as a function of gene expression (DNA to protein to
phenotype)
 Different types of gene mutations
 Possible effect of mutation (change in the DNA sequence) on
phenotype
 Environmental influences on phenotype
NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
SYLLABUS
1. Every reading assignment is expected to be completed
BEFORE you come to class. Confused about the reading?
Prepare questions to ask in class AS YOU READ.
2. Be a Scout and Be Prepared…Reading quizzes may be
given at ANY time.
3. Homework is due ON THE DUE DATE (Sectionals—
Turn in on the due date…Field trips and illnesses—turn
in on your first day back.).
4. Do Now’s are to be completed in class and turned in
THAT BLOCK. (Absent??—Turn in first day back.
Questions on the reading that goes with the Do Now??—
Turn in written question specifying what you don’t
understand. Be specific. Don’t say, “I don’t get it”.)
5. Vocabulary understanding is necessary. Attend to the
words at the beginning of each chapter, or words that you
encounter that are new to you.
6. **In order for you to participate in structured activities
and labs, you must have your Guided Reading up-to-date
as well as your vocabulary.
7. Labs are to be read beforehand.
DA
LESSON
HOMEWORK
/ DUE
Y
Read: 9.2 The
1 Structural relationship
between DNA, genes, and Structure of
chromosomes
DNA,
DNA history, components, Discovering the
function slides
Structure of DNA
Nucleotide cha-cha
Read: 9.3 The
Vocabulary/Reading
Replication of
DNA
2 Vocabulary/Reading
Vocab: 8
Pre-Activity: Chutes and
Words
Ladders—background
3
4
5
6
7
8
questions
Activity: Chutes and
Ladders
DNA replication
W’s of replication slides
Vocabulary/Reading
Vocabulary/Reading
Pre-Activity: Replication
Rock, Paper,
Scissors—background
questions
Activity: Rock, Paper,
Scissors
DNA transcription
W’s of transcription slides
Reading the AA Table
Vocabulary/Reading
Vocabulary/Reading
Pre-Activity:
Transcription Jeopardy—
background questions
Activity: Transcription
Jeopardy
DNA translation to
proteins
W’s of translation and
proteins, ER, Golgi
Vocabulary/Reading
Worksheet-Genetic Code
Vocabulary/Reading
Pre-Activity: Translation
Penny Toss—background
Read: 9.2,
9.3
Read: 10.1 p.
207-11
Transcription
Read: 10.1 p.
121-18
Vocab: 8
Words
Read: 21218
Vocab: 8
Words
Read: Mutations
p. 219-20
Vocab: 8
Words
9
10
11
14
questions
Activity: Translation
Penny Toss
Lab—The Stellar
Thread
Vocabulary/Reading
Genetic mutations and
phenotypic expression
W’s of mistakes in
copying, translation slides
Random Acts of Mutation
activity
Lab—Mutations
Exploring: Animation
websites
Unified theory of protein
synthesis-Putting it all
together
USA Test Prep
Pre-lab: Protein Synthesis
Model—background
questions
Lab—Protein Synthesis
Model--CHNOPS
Read: 219220
DUE:
Vocabulary
DUE:
Guided
Read
DUE:
Protein
Synthesis
CHNOPS
Lab
Test sometime, somewhere, somehow, good luck. TBA
Animation resources:
You may also locate
these on the server in my
distribution box under
Nucleic Acids
http://www.phschool.com/
science/biology_
place/labbench/index.html
http://www.wwnorton.co
m/college/biology/discove
r
bio4/_core/ch/08/animatio
ns.aspx
http://www.bozemanscien
ce.com/
Interactive site
http://www.dnai.org/
Vocabulary
 You must have at least 3 categories of words. Write the
category in the upper right-hand corner of the colored paper.
 Each category of words is on a different color of paper (I’ll
distribute paper).
 The definition on one side, the word on the other.
adenine
amino acids
anticodon
Chargaff’s Rule
chromosomes
codon
complimentary strand
cytosine
deletion
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
deoxyribose
DNA replication
double helix
endoplasmic reticulum
enzymes
frameshift mutation
gene mutation
genes
Golgi apparatus
guanine
hydrogen bond
insertion
missense
nonsense
nucleotide
nucleus
parent strand
phenotype
phosphate group
point mutation
polypeptides
proteins
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
ribosomes
semi-conservative model
silent
thymine
transcription
translation
triplet
uracil
DNA Chutes and Ladders Questions
1. Name three scientists responsible for discovering the
structure of DNA.
2. What are the three components of a nucleotide?
3. What two components of a nucleotide never change?
4. What component of a nucleotide changes?
5. What are the four DNA bases and how do they pair?
6. Wilkins and Franklin are known for…
7. Watson and Crick are known for…
8. Explain the significance of the physical structure of each
DNA base.
9. How can every living thing share the same four bases in their
DNA and still have so much variety?
10.
What is the result of a single error in DNA bases?
REPLICATION ROCK/PAPER/SCISSORS QUESTIONS
1. What is the process called whereby a new copy of DNA is
made?
2. What is the reason that DNA makes a copy of itself?
3. The ending, ‘ase’ refers to any molecule (usually an enzyme)
that breaks bonds. What do you think DNA helicase does?
4. The resulting DNA strand from replication is an exact ___ of
the original strand.
5. An important function of DNA polymerase is to check the
new strand for ____.
6. What kind of bonds are formed between the bases?
7. A gene is a series of bases that code for a single ______?
8. What are replication forks?
9. Explain what a complementary base pair is. Give an example.
10.
A virus that invades bacteria and makes the bacteria
produce more viruses are called…
TRANSCRIPTION JEOPARDY GAME QUESTIONS
1. The process of transcription copies the DNA code onto…
2. Three differences between DNA and mRNA are…
3. Thymine in DNA is replaced by ___ in mRNA.
4. DNA is found ONLY in the nucleus, but mRNA is made in
the nucleus and then goes to the…
5. In the first step of transcription, DNA unwinds, the Hydrogen
bonds between bases break and the DNA separates. Then…
6. What are the base pairing in mRNA?
7. RNA polymerase does what in transcription?
8. Explain how a template works in transcription.
9. How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes during
transcription?
10.
What is the function of mRNA?
Penny Toss Translation
1. A codon is to mRNA as a ______ is to tRNA.
2. Ribosomes function as an ________________________ for
proteins.
3. The role of the ER is to
_________________________________.
4. Golgi apparatus functions in _________________,
__________________,
_____________________, and ________________different
proteins.
5. The ‘essential’ building blocks of proteins are
___________________, and
come from the _____________that you eat.
6. ______________help to form peptide bonds between
adjacent amino acids.
7. After the long chain of aa’s are formed, the chain
____________________ and
____________________which will determine its function.
8. The genetic code for making proteins is described as being
nearly ___________
as all living things use the same series of ___________ in
groups of three known
as a ____________.
9. In order for a ribosome to begin making a protein,
___________must be present
in the codon.
10.
In order for a ribosome to stop making a protein, a
‘stop’ codon is needed. What
disease may occur if there is a missing stop?
LAB – Creating CHNOPS!
Introduction
Name_____________________________
Genes determine inherited characteristics, such as hair color and
blood types. Genes are composed of short segments of DNA,
which “code” for the synthesis of specific _______________. The
sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of
_______________ __________ in a protein, and thus the structure
of a protein.
In the process of transcription, which takes place in the
_______________ of a cell, messenger RNA (mRNA) reads and
copies the DNA’s nucleotide sequences in the form of a
complementary RNA molecule. Then the mRNA carries this
information to the _______________ of a cell, where protein
synthesis takes place. The code, in DNA or mRNA, specifies the
order in which the amino acids are joined together to form a
protein.
However, the mRNA is NOT directly recognized by amino acids.
Another type of RNA called transfer RNA, or _______________,
brings the mRNA and amino acids together at the ribosome
(rRNA). As the code carried by the mRNA is “read” or
“translated” at a ribosome, the proper tRNAs arrive and add the
_______________
__________ they carry to the growing
polypeptide chain. This process is called translation.
In this assignment, you will simulate the mechanism of protein
synthesis and determine the traits inherited by fictitious organisms
called CHNOPS! The cells of a CHNOPS organism only contain
one chromosome with seven genes (Gene A through Gene G), each
of which is responsible for a certain trait.
Procedure
On the next page you will see the complete DNA sequence for a
certain CHNOPS individual. There are six specific genes found
within this individual’s genome. Please do the following for each
gene found on the CHNOPS’s chromosome.
1.
Transcribe the information into the correct mRNA
sequence. When given a complete DNA sequence, the
specific strand that is transcribed is the strand that is said
to run in the 3’ to 5’ direction. Make sure you know
which strand on the DNA sequence – top or bottom – is
the strand that runs in this direction! Write the correct
mRNA sequence in the appropriate box.
2.
Translate this mRNA sequence into the appropriate
amino acid (AA) sequence using the mRNA genetic code.
Use the following irregular abbreviations for the four
selected amino acids below. Write this information in the
appropriate box.
Asparagine (asn)
Glutamine (gln)
Isoleucine
(ile)
Tryptophan (trp)
3.
Using Data Table 1, identify what trait the CHNOPS
organism has based upon the amino acid sequence. Fill in
this information in the correct box.
Activity Analysis
1.
Draw your CHNOPS organism, complete with the 7 traits
that you discovered are coded for in his/her genes.
2.
You are a molecular biologist and have discovered a new
protein in the CHNOPS organism. You are able to analyze
the protein and determine the amino acid sequence. Then
what would you have to do to determine the particular
DNA sequence that coded for this protein?
3.
Complete the following table in your lab notebook to
show how the processes of translation and transcription
differ.
Transcription
Translation
Location in cell?
Molecules
involved?
Products?
4.
Create TWO NEW additional traits for your CHNOPS.
Make sure that your amino acids, RNAs and DNA have
not already been described as different amino acids/traits
in the tables on the other page! For each trait…
a.
What is the new trait? (i.e. eye color, height, etc…)
b.
Create an amino acid sequence with at least four
amino acids that would make up this protein.
c.
What is the mRNA sequence?
d.
What is the DNA sequence?
NAME __________________________________
Mutations Worksheet
(staff.fcps.net/einman/biology/MutationsWS.doc)
Deletion, Insertion & Substitution
There are several types of mutation:
 DELETION (a base is lost/deleted)
 INSERTION (an extra base is added/inserted)
--- Deletion & insertion may cause what’s called a
FRAMESHIFT mutation, meaning the reading “frame"
changes, thus changing the amino acid sequence from
this point forward
 SUBSTITUTION (one base is substituted for
another)
--- If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s
called a MISSENSE mutation
--- If a substitution does not change the amino acid,
it’s called a SILENT mutation
--- If a substitution changes the amino acid to a
“stop,” it’s called a NONSENSE mutation
Complete the boxes below. Classify each as Deletion,
Insertion or Substitution AND as either
frameshift, missense, silent or nonsense (Hint: Deletion
& Insertion will always be frameshift).
Original DNA Sequence:
T A C A C C T
T G G C G A C G A C T…
mRNA Sequence:
Amino Acid Sequence:
Mutated DNA Sequence #1
T A C A T C T
T G G C G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
he chang
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this?
________________________________
Mutated DNA Sequence #2
T A C G A C C
T T G G C G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
chang
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this?
________________________________
Mutated DNA Sequence #3
T A C A C C T
T A G C G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this?
________________________________
chang
Mutated DNA Sequence #4
T A C A C C T
T G G C G A C T A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
chang
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this?
_________________________________
Original DNA Sequence:
T A C A C C T
T G G C G A C G A C T…
mRNA Sequence:
Amino Acid Sequence:
Mutated DNA Sequence #5
T A C A C C T
T G G G A C G A C T…
What’s the mRNA sequence?
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects?
What type of mutation is this?
_________________________________
chang
1. Which type of mutation is responsible for new variations of a
trait?
2. Which type of mutation does not result in an abnormal amino
acid sequence?
3. Which type of mutation stops the translation of an mRNA
molecule?
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is the result of a type of mutation in
the gene that codes for part of the hemoglobin molecule.
Recall that hemoglobin carries oxygen in your red bloods
cells. The mutation causes these red blood cells to
become stiff & sickle-shaped when they release their
oxygen. The sickled cells tend to get stuck in blood
vessels, causing pain and increased risk of stroke,
blindness, damage to the heart & lungs, and other
conditions.
--- Analyze the DNA strands below to determine what
amino acid is changed AND what type of mutation
occurred
Normal hemoglobin DNA
G A G G A C T C…
C A C G T A G A C T
Normal hemoglobin mRNA
Normal hemoglobin AA sequence
---------------------------------------------------------------Sickle cell hemoglobin DNA
G A G G A C A C…
C A C G T A G A C T
Sickle cell hemoglobin mRNA
Sickle cell hemoglobin AA sequence
4. What type of mutation is this? Please explain why.
NUCLEIC ACID GUIDED READINGadptd
_______SCORE NAME____________________________
** Remember to rephrase the question in your answer.
**Write using complete sentences.
**Use punctuation.
Make your answer sheet on lined paper.
For Day 2 :
9.2 After reading the section, The Structure of DNA, answer the
six section review questions on p. 197.
9.3 After reading the section, The Replication of DNA, answer the
five section review questions on p. 200.
For Day 5 :
10.1-p.207-211, and 10.1 and 10.2-p.211-218 After reading these
pages, How Proteins are Made, From Genes to Proteins, Gene
Regulation and Structure, answer the six section 10.1 review
questions on p. 214, and the first three section review questions on
p. 220.
For Day 8 :
p.219-20 After reading these pages, Mutations, do the two section
review questions four and five on p.220.
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Do Now Answers
________Score
Name____________________________
Day Rephrase the question in complete sentences. Use
punctuation.
2
4
8
9
10