CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
Philippines is an agricultural country. The geographical location of this country
in the Tropic plays the major role to this fact. Aside from rice, Filipinos produce most of
the crops that they use to make food that they serve in their dining tables. In the
countryside, houses have different kinds of vegetables, fruits and root crops planted on
their backyards. Unfortunately, people living in urban places don’t have backyards.
There are a few plants that will grow with only one light in a windowless office or a oneroom apartment whose single window faces into an air shaft. (House Plants, 1975)
Artificial lighting is the answer for almost any kind of plant that can be grown if
enough artificial light is provided, even in situations where no other light is available.
Artificial lights allow regular people to plant whole gardens in places where no plant
would ordinarily grow.
A lesson in cell metabolism-energy and photosynthesis mentions that
“chlorophyll absorbs most red, orange, blue, and violet light. It reflects green and yellow
light, giving its body a green coloring”. This statement got the researchers curious and
wondered if plants act differently to the green and yellow colors of light, then they should
have different reactions and effects to every color of light. (Capco C., Yang G., 2010).
2
This study aimed to find if there exist a significiant difference in the growth of
plants when exposed to different colors of light specifically red, yellow, green, blue, and
white. In this case, the researchers chose the mongo plant since it grows quickly and the
researchers can quickly gather the needed data immediately.
B.
Statement of the Problem
This study determined and compared the effect of different colors of light on the
growth of mongo plants. Furthermore, it addressed the following questions:
1)
What is the growth of the mongo seeds exposed to different colors of light
and sunlight in terms of:
2)
a.
Onset of true leaf
b.
Number of sprouts
What is the growth of the mongo sprouts exposed to different colors of
light and sunlight in terms of:
3)
a.
Number of leaves
b.
Sprout height
c.
Biomass
Is there a significant difference among the growth of mongo seeds in terms
of onset of true leaf and number of sprouts?
4)
Is there a significant difference among the growth of mongo sprouts in
terms on number of leaves, sprout height and biomass?
3
C.
Objectives of the Study
This study aims to assess the growth of a mongo plant when exposed to different
colors of light specifically red, yellow, green, blue, and white and verify if there is a
significant difference. Specifically, it aims to compare the growth of mongo seeds in
terms of onset of true leaf and number of sprouts while number of leaves, sprout height
and biomass of the mongo sprout.
D.
Hypothesis of the Study
1)
There is no significant difference among the growth of mongo seeds in
terms of onset of true leaf and number of sprouts.
2)
There is no significant difference among the growth of mongo sprouts in
terms on number of leaves, sprout height and biomass.
E.
Significance of the Study
This study determines the effect of different colors of light to the growth of
mongo plants. This study improves CEA (controlled-environment agriculture) by
minimizing the expenses but still having the same and more beneficial results. CEA
enables the grower to manipulate a crop’s environment to the desired condition.
Improvising or improving such practice can be more beneficial.
Common housewives that like gardening inside their house can benefit from this
study. They make it possible to grow healthy plants in any spot in the house as long as it
has an artificial source of light with the best color if light. The results of this study could
also help gardeners make plants grow healthier and flower abundantly by supplementing
4
colored lights. Businessmen more specifically flower shop owners could introduce
artificial lighting to their gardens to enhance growth. Farmers could apply artificial
lighting in their farms which could help them produce better rice, crops, fruits, vegetables
and etc.
F.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study is limited to the determination of the effect of the different colors of
light such as red, yellow, blue, green, and white on the growth of the mongo plant (Vigna
radiata) in terms of onset of true leaf, number of sprouts for mongo seeds and number of
leaves, sprout height and biomass for mongo sprouts. Simulation of artificial lights was
implemented using cold frames covered with colored water cellophane to suit the light
color needed then exposed to fluorescent lamp. Thirty seeds were assigned each to a cold
frame with a single color. Growth of mongo plant is monitored and recorded for a period
of two (2) weeks. The experimentations were done at the researcher’s home for the
school year 2011-2012.
G.
Definition of Terms
Biomass
It is the total mass of the mongo plant after
the experimentation.
Cold Frame
It is a small movable greenhouse used for
plants used for the experiment.
Colors of light
The colors to be use are red, yellow, green,
blue, and white. This will serve as the only
5
light that the plant can have during growing
process.
Controlled group
This is the group that is not given any
special
treatment.
In
this
study,
the
experimental group is the pot of plants that
is exposed to the sunlight.
Experimental group
This is the group that is given a special
treatment. In this study, the experimental
group is the pot of plants that is given one
different color of light.
Mongo Plant (Vigna radiata)
It is the test subject of the experiment. It will
be use to determine if different color of light
can affect its growth.
Number of leaves
These are the total number of leaves of the
mongo plant after the first second week of
the experimentation.
Onset of true leaf
This is the particular time that leaves may
appear during photosynthesis using the
artificial lights.
Sprout height
It is the height of the mongo plant after the
first
and
second
experimentation.
week
of
the
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
According to Jones (1991), visible light spectrum is the section of the
electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human eye. It is also known as the
optical spectrum of light with wavelength ranging from approximately 400 mm to 700
mm. The perceived color is dependent on the wavelength of the light. We actually
interact with light in the form of white light which contains many or all of these
wavelength ranges within them. When shining white light passes through a prism causes
the wavelength to bend at slightly varying angles due to optical refraction. Therefore, the
resulting light is split across the visible color spectrum. This results to rainbow
characterized by airborne water particles acting as the refractive medium. The order of
wavelength is best remembered by “Roy G Biv for Red, Orange, yellow, green, Blue,
Indigo and violet.
When sunlight strikes the leaves of a plant, the light-wave energy is absorbed by
the chlorophyll. The chlorophyll absorbs most red, orange, blue, and violet light. It
reflects green and yellow, giving its body a green colorin. The idea that plants react
differently to different colors of light could be concluded. The use of artificial light was
considered in this study. (Capco C., Yang G., 2010).
7
Artificial lighting is any lighting that is not sunlight. Generally speaking, artificial
lighting is lighting which is manmade, such as fluorescent, tungsten, mercury vapor,
sodium vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, etc. It can be turned on and off at a flick of
a switch. There are also very special types of artificial light for specific purposes like
infrared heat lamps, ultraviolet lights for plant growth. Although not sunlight, artificial
light still has the same effect to the plant during photosynthesis. The researchers would
use colors red, blue, green, yellow and white as basis for the colors of the water
cellophanes in conducting this study. (Answers.com, 2011)
Every transformation is an energy that occurs at the cellular and molecular levels.
In cells, there are two basic patterns by which organisms transform energy, the
autotrophic and heterotrophic pattern. In autotrophic cells, light energy is transformed to
chemical energy that can be used by cells. Green plants contain this type of cell.
Photosynthesis is a process by which living plant cells combine carbon dioxide and water
in the presence of chlorophyll and light energy. The light excites the electrons to receive
NADP and also splits water into oxygen and hydrogen. In the experimentation, the
primary key to the plant growth of the test subjects which is the mung bean is the light.
(Capco C., Yang G., 2010)
Mung bean is commonly known in the Philippines as munggo or monggo is the
seed of vigna radiata which is native to India. These beans are small, ovoid in shape and
green in color. Mung bean seeds are either sprouted for fresh use or canned for shipment
to restaurants. The sprouts are high in protein about 21-28%, calcium, phosphorus and
certain vitamins. Because these beans can easily be digested it can replace scarce animal
protein in our diet. Due to its major use as sprout, a high quality seed with excellent
8
germination is required. The food industry prefers about 9-10 grams of fresh sprout for
each gram of seed. Larger seed characterized with glassy and green color is oftentimes a
preference.
Figure 1. Mongo seeds
In mung bean, both upright and vine type of growth habit occur with plants
varying from one to five feet in length. There are many kinds of mongo beans. The most
common varieties are the native and Imelda. The grains of the native/Imelda variety are
green and yellow. Retailers sell both green and yellow in the market place. In the
experimentation, the Imelda variety would be used since it is common and can be easily
bought in the market place. Mungbeans grow best on fertile sandy, loam soils with good
internal drainage; their growth is poor on heavy soils with poor drainage. They could be
planted on vegetable gardens, green houses, cold frames, etc. (Department of Agriculture,
2005)
Cold frames are less expensive than greenhouses, take up less space and are
cheaper to keep warm. Their main disadvantage is that the gardener works outside and
not inside in the warm and dry as with a greenhouse. In the vegetable garden, cold frames
9
are frequently used for producing winter or early crops of such vegetables as carrots. The
frame can be in a permanent position in the garden or moved, rather like a large cloche,
onto the vegetable bed itself. The vegetables can be grown either directly in the soil or in
growing bags. Another basic use is to afford protection and warmth to trays of seeds or
seedlings. The mung beans would be planted in the cold frame during the experiment
whilst being observed. (Anderson, D. 2011)
According to the study of Jungao and Omlero (2011), the researchers determined
the significant impact on plants’ growth when exposed to different genres of music. The
study aimed to know the best genre of music for growing plants by exposing mongo
plants to a genre of music changed weekly, the first week was classical music, second
week was jazz, third week was pop and the last was rock. The study concluded that jazz
is the best and rock music was not good for plants.
The cultivation of lettuce and radish was experimented using different
combinations of red components and high pressure sodium lamps and it was found out
that red and blue components are favorable for growth of lettuce. In respect to the
reference plants, content of nitrates in lettuce grown under the illumination in red was by
20% lower with no significant difference among treatments which were grown under the
illumination in blue. The results of this study confirmed that plant growth can be
modulated by applying spectrum provided by emission of different LEDs. Even
illumination with spectrum consisting of two (2) components (one in red region and
another in blue region) when properly selected can be beneficial in respect to illumination
using conventional lamps. (Urbonavičiūt A., Pinho P., Samuolien G., Duchovskis P.,
Vitta P., Stonkus A., Tamulaitis G., Žukauskas A., and Halonen L, 2007 )
10
In the study of Whiting, (2007) it stated “light quality refers to the color or
wavelength reaching the plant's surface. A prism (or raindrops) can divide sunlight into
respective colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.” The study also
concluded that blue light is considered to be the primary responsible for vegetative leaf
growth while red light encourages flowering.
From the different related studies, the information is gathered that it is possible
that the blue and red colors can greatly affect the growth of a plant. Another study says
that blue is responsible for leaf growth and red develops flowering. With these in mind,
the researchers focused on the impact on growth of mongo when exposed to different
colors of light.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Research Design
This study aimed to determine the different effects of the colors of light on the
growing plants by means of the looking on the growth of mongo seeds and sprouts. To
attain this, the researchers used two groups, the controlled group where a plant would
only be exposed to sunlight and the experimental group where water cellophane was used
to selectively provide necessary color. The water cellophane in this study has variations
of colors such as colors red, yellow, green, blue, and white. A plant was exposed just to
a single color throughout this whole study.
Since this study is concerned about the significant effects of a color of light to a
growing plant, the researchers observed the growth of the mongo plant weekly from the
very beginning of the experiment. Extraneous variables or factors that could affect on the
behaviour of the subject being studied were strictly maintained to be able to get the
desired data from this investigation. All subjects were watered everyday by 500mL of
water. The cold frame was placed outdoors to be exposed to the light for the whole day.
The plants were observed for two weeks to attain the said data.
12
B.
Materials and Equipment
Materials

½ or 1 kilo of Mongo seeds

Cloth

1 ½ kg Soil

Marker

5 Water cellophanes (red, yellow,

Measuring cup
green, blue and white)

Tape measure

6 Cold frames

Water

Barbeque Sticks

Equipment

Analytical Balance
C. General Procedures:
Gathering of Materials
Water cellophane, barbecue sticks, and a kilo of mongo seeds were bought from
the store. A sack of garden soil was also bought.
Preparation of Cold Frame
The researchers hired a carpenter to construct a cold frame with the dimensions
12”x12”x14” as shown in Figure 8 of Appendix A. The cold frame was filled with loam
soil. Loam soil is an equal mix or sand, silt, and clay which can make the plants grow
healthier. The soil in the cold frame were ensured equal in every pot so that it will not
affect the subject materials or the factor that is being tested. A cloth was divided into six
equal parts for the six set-ups. The cloth was assigned to specific colors of light. The
cloth was used as the place for the seeds to grow into sprouts.
13
The cold frames have holes or open parts at the side; the holes served as the
entrance of air for the plants to breathe. Each cold frame has different colored water
cellophanes: red, yellow, green, blue and white. The last cold frame was assigned to the
controlled group which is exposed to sunlight. If the color of the water cellophane is red,
this means that all other colors of light were reflected and only red is absorbed and will
pass through the cold frame.
Preparation of Seeds Set-up
Thirty (30) mongo seeds were selected for each cloth which means there are 180
mongo seeds for the five colors (red, blue, green, yellow and white) of light and sunlight
(control). Each seeds were laid on top of each cloth. Water was sprinkled to the seeds to
help them grow into sprouts. Observations were made for the whole day until it grows
into sprouts. After three (3) days of observation, the mongo seeds are now full blown
sprouts.
Preparation of Sprout Set-up
Among the thirty (30) seeds grown, five (5) best sprouts of nearly equal growth
were selected for the next part of experimentation. The other sprouts not selected were
removed from the cold frame. The five (5) selected sprouts were arranged in
approximately two inches away from one another to let the plants breathe in each of the
cold frame exposed to different color of light. Observations were made and recorded
every week for two weeks.
Monitoring of Growth
After the preparation for the set-up for was done, the next task was to take care of
the plants. All the subject materials were watered equally everyday with 500mL of water.
14
The plants were exposed to light for a whole day until the seeds will grow into sprouts.
The number of sprouts and onset of true leaf for each cold frame were monitored and
recorded within the three-day period of sprout growing.
When sprouts have grown, barbeque sticks were stuck on the soil beside each
mongo plant sample where markings of weekly height level were noted so as not to
disturbed plant growth while measuring their height. The barbeque sticks were then
removed at the end of experimentation and each markings per week recorded. Aside
from sprout height, the number of leaves was monitored and recorded every week while
the biomass was taken after the end of the experimentation by measuring mongo sprouts
using an analytical balance.
D.
Statistical Tools for Data Analysis
The data gathered was analyzed and interpreted using appropriate tools. ANOVA
was used in order to know if there is a significant difference among results of sprout
height and biomass. Post-hoc analysis was done to verify which groups differ from the
rest. The Chi-Square test was also used to identify if there is a difference among results
of non-parametric data such as onset of true leaf, number of leaves, and number of
sprouts.
15
Growth of seeds
assessment
Prepare the cloth and
sacks and assign
colors.
Pick 10 seeds for each
treatment.
Observe and record
data.
Lay seeds on top of
each cloth; expose
seeds to light.
Water the seeds,
observe until seeds
grow into sprouts.
Growth of seeds
assessment
Pick 5 sprouts for each
treatment.
Put soil in the cold
frame and plant the
seeds.
Assign colors and put
water cellophanes into
each frame.
Observe and record
data.
Monitor growth, water
the plants with 500mL
of water everyday
Sunlight will change in
color when passing in
the frames glass.
Figure 2. Flowchart
16
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the results of the gathered data from the experiment are presented
to compare the effects of different colors of light on growth of mongo. The discussions
of the results of the analyzed data are also presented in this chapter. The results are
shown in graphs and tables to provide easy explanations and easy visuals. The raw data
are shown in the appendices.
Growth of Mongo Seeds
The growth of mongo seeds into sprouts by just letting them rest on a piece of
cloth and exposing them to different colors of light: sunlight, white, red, green, blue and
yellow were monitored. The researchers recorded and analyzed the onset of true leaf and
the number of leaves of the sprouts in every set-up as shown in Figures 3 and 4.
Number of Hours
Onset of True Leaf
100
80
60
40
20
0
Color of Light
Figure 3. Graph of onset of true leaf
17
Figure 3 represented the gathered data of the onset of true leaf. The first leaf of
the plants exposed to light in which the colors were yellow, red, green, and white
appeared on the third day or until 72 hours of the experiment. The first leaf of the plants
exposed to light in which the colors were blue and sunlight only grew until the fourth day
or 96 hours of the experiment.
Chi-Square test was used to identify if there is a significant difference between
the groups with the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the
groups against the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference between the
groups. Using an alpha at 0.05 level of significance, the critical value is 11.071 since
there are 6 different groups. Based on the data gathered, the test value is 9.6 which is less
than the critical value thus there is not enough evidence to support the claim that there is
a significant difference between the groups.
Number of Sprouts
Number of Sprouts
12
10
8
6
Day 3
4
Day 4
2
0
Sunlight White
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Color of Light
Figure 4. Graph of the number of sprouts
18
Figure 4 represents the data gathered of the experiment. No seed grew into sprout
until the third day of the experiment. On day three, the seeds exposed to the light in
which the colors were white, red, green and yellow grew: white which has four sprouts
grown; red which has two sprouts grown; green where only a seed grew and yellow
where three seeds grew into sprouts. On the fourth day, sunlight has one sprout; white has
11; five sprouts grew in the set-ups which have red, green and blue light; and yellow has
10 sprouts.
Chi-Square test was used to identify if there is a significant difference between
the groups with the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the
groups against the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference between the
groups. Using an alpha at 0.05 level of significance, the critical value is 11.071 since
there are 6 different groups. Based on the data gathered, the test value is 11.15 which is
more than the critical value thus there is enough evidence to support the claim that there
is a significant difference between the groups.
Growth of Mongo Sprouts
The growth of mongo sprouts was continually monitored for two (2) weeks. The
growth in terms of number of leaves and sprout height was recorded every week and
biomass taken after two weeks. Results are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
19
Week 1: Number of Leaves
Number of Leaves
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Sunlight
White
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Color of Light
Figure 5. Graph of the number of leaves after a week
Figure 5 represents the number of leaves of the plants on week one of the
experiment. Each group has five plants: trial one, trial two, trial three, trial four and trial
five. This was the result of the gathered data. All of the plants in each group have two
leaves.
Chi-Square test was used to identify if there is a significant difference between
the groups with the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the
groups against the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference between the
groups. Using an alpha at 0.05 level of significance, the critical value is 11.071 since
there are 6 different groups. Based on the data gathered, the test value is 0 which is less
than the critical value thus there is not enough evidence to support the claim that there is
a significant difference between the groups.
20
Week 2: Number of Leaves
Number of Leaves
5
4
3
2
1
0
Sunlight
White
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Color of Light
Figure 6. Graph of the number of leaves after two weeks
Figure 6 represents the number of leaves of the plants on the second week of the
experiment. This was the result of the gathered data. All of the plants exposed to sunlight
and yellow had had 5 leaves. All of the plants exposed to the light in which the color was
white had five leaves except for T5. All of the plants in each remaining group in which
the light was colors red, blue and green have not yet grown another leaf from week one,
they still had two leaves each.
Chi-Square test was used to identify if there is a significant difference between
the groups with the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the
groups against the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference between the
groups. Using an alpha at 0.05 level of significance, the critical value is 11.071 since
there are 6 different groups. Based on the data gathered, the test value is 12 which is
more than the critical value thus there is enough evidence to support the claim that there
is a significant difference between the groups.
21
Average Sprout Height (cm)
Sprout Height: Week 1
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Red
Yellow
Green
Blue
White
Sunlight
Colors of Light
Figure 7. Graph of the sprout height after one week
Figure 7 represents the averaged data on the sprout height after one week which is
showed in centimetres (cm). The average sprout height of the plants exposed to red light
is 24.3cm; yellow light is 25.18cm, green light is 27.16, blue light is 27.08cm, white light
is 19.12cm and sunlight is 19.5cm.
Table 1. ANOVA Results for Sprout Height on the First Week
Source
SS
df
MS
F
p-value
Treatment
296.379
5
59.2758
8.29
.0001
Error
171.548
24
7.1478
Total
467.927
29
This is the ANOVA result conducted for the mongo plant’s sprout height of the
first week. The null hypothesis (Ho) that there is no significant difference among the
group where the subjects were exposed to sunlight to the groups where the lights used
were color white, red, green, blue and yellow was compared against the alternative
hypothesis (H1) that at least one group differs from the others.
The ANOVA table shows the p-value = 0.001. Since p-value is less than α = 0.05,
then there is enough evidence to support the claim that at least one group differs. It would
22
then proceed to post-hoc analysis to determine which group differs. Table 2 compares the
p-value of the different samples.
Table 2. Posthoc Analysis on Statistical Tests for Sprout Height during 1st Week
White
Sunlight Red
Yellow Blue
Red
19.12
20.10
24.30
25.18
27.00 27.16
White
19.12
Sunlight 20.10
.5676
Red
24.30
.0053
.0204
Yellow
25.18
.0015
.0061
.6075
Blue
27.00
.0001
.0004
.1234
.2925
Green
27.16
.0001
.0003
.1037
.2531
.9254
In post-hoc analysis, the groups were compared. White is significantly different
with red since the p-value=0.0053 which is less than α=0.05. White is significantly
different with yellow since the result of p-value=0.0015 which is less than α=0.05. White
is significantly different with blue their p-value=0.0001 which is less than α=0.05. White
is significantly different with the green since the p-value=0.0001 which is less than
α=0.05. Sunlight has a significant difference compared to red since the resulted pvalue=0.0204 which is less than α=0.05. Sunlight has a significant difference compared
to yellow since the p-value=0.0061 which is less than the α=0.05. Sunlight has a
significant difference compared to blue since the p-value=0.0004 which is less than the
α=0.05. Sunlight has a significant difference compared to green since the p-value=0.0003
which is less than the α=0.05.
23
Average Sprout Height (cm)
Sprout Height: Week 2
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
Red
Yellow
Green
Blue
White
Sunlight
Colors of Light
Figure 8. Graph of the sprout height after two weeks
Figure 8 represents the averaged data on the sprout height after two weeks which
is showed in centimetres (cm). The average sprout height of the plants exposed to red
light is 32.96cm; yellow light is 37.02cm, green light is 32.32cm, blue light is 32.84cm,
white light is 32.08cm and sunlight is 33.98cm.
Table 3. ANOVA results for sprout height on the second week
ANOVA
table
Source
Treatment
Error
Total
SS
df
92.243 5
234.344 24
326.587 29
MS
F
18.4486 1.89
9.7643
pvalue
.1337
The One factor ANOVA shows the different means and standard deviations of
each group. The group that is exposed to yellow has the biggest mean among the other
groups and it also has the least standard deviation. White has the smallest mean among
the other groups. Finally, red has the greatest standard deviation.
24
This is the ANOVA result conducted for the mongo plant’s sprout height of the
second week. The null hypothesis that there is no significant difference among the group
where the subjects were exposed to sunlight to the groups where the light used were color
white, red, green, blue and yellow was compared against the alternative hypothesis that at
least one group differs from the others.
The ANOVA table shows the p-value=1.337 which is greater than α=0.05. With
this result, we do not reject the null hypothesis (Ho) that there is no significant difference
among the group where the subjects are exposed to sunlight with the groups that are
exposed to the different colors of lights.
Average Biomass (g)
Biomass
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Sunlight
White
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Colors of Light
Figure 9. Graph of the biomass after two weeks
Figure 9 represents the averaged data on the sprout height after two weeks which
is showed in centimetres (g). The average sprout height of the plants exposed to red light
is 0.79g; yellow light is 0.824g, green light is 0.824g, blue light is 0.844g, white light is
1.402g and sunlight is 1.408g.
25
Table 4. ANOVA Results for Biomass after Two Weeks
ANOVA table
Source
SS
df
MS
F
p-value
Treatment
2.2852
5
0.45705
19.63
8.91E-08
Error
0.5589
24
0.02329
Total
2.8441
29
This table represents the biomass of the plants of our experiment. These were the
results of the gathered data from week one. Each group which is exposed to different
colors of light has a corresponding group number: group one refers to sunlight, group two
pertains to white, group three refers to red, group four indicates green, group five pertains
to blue and group six indicates yellow.
One-way ANOVA was used to compare the null hypothesis that there is no
significant difference between the biomass of the plants exposed to sunlight from the
biomass of the plants exposed to light in which the colors were white, red, green, blue
and yellow against the alternative hypothesis that there is at least one groups’ biomass
that differs from the other groups’ biomass.
Based in the results of the one-way ANOVA, it was shown in the ANOVA table
that the p-value is equal to 8.91x10-8, which is less than the level of significance α= 0.05.
Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, there is enough evidence to support the
claim that at least one group’s biomass differs from the other groups’ biomass. And so
post-hoc analysis was used to determine which of the groups differ.
26
Table 5. Posthoc Analysis on Statistical Tests for Biomass
p-values for pairwise t-tests
Red
Green
Yellow
Blue
White Sunlight
0.790
0.824
0.824
0.844
1.402
Red
0.790
Green
0.824
.7277
Yellow
0.824
.7277
1.0000
Blue
0.844
.5810
.8376
.8376
White
1.402
1.48E-06
3.50E-06
3.50E-06
5.85E-06
Sunlight
1.408
1.28E-06
3.01E-06
3.01E-06
5.01E-06
1.408
.9509
On the post-hoc analysis, the groups were compared to identify the group that
differs. Sunlight is significantly different form red since the p-value is 1.28x10-6 which is
less than α=0.05. Sunlight is significantly different form green since the p-value is
3.01x10-6 which is less than α=0.05. Sunlight is significantly different form yellow since
the p-value is 3.01x10-6 which is less than α=0.05. Sunlight is significantly different form
blue since the p-value is 5.85 x10-6 which is less than α=0.05. White is significantly
different form red since the p-value is 1.48x10-6 which is less than α=0.05. White is
significantly different form green since the p-value is 3.5x10-6 which is less than α=0.05.
white is significantly different form yellow since the p-value is 3.5x10-6 which is less
than α=0.05. White is significantly different form blue since the p-value is 5.85x10-6
which is less than α=0.05.
27
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A.
Summary
This study determined the effect of different colors of light on the growth of
mongo using both the seedlings and sprouts was decided. Mongo was used since this
plant grows fast. The seeds were observed for days until sprouts were grown. The onset
of true leaf and number of sprouts grown for each set-up were monitored and recorded.
The grown sprouts were then further monitored where height was recorded weekly and
number of leaves and biomass taken after a month. Simulation of artificial lights was
implemented using cold frames covered with colored water cellophane to suit the light
color needed then exposed to fluorescent lamp.
No seed grew into sprout until the third day of the experiment except for the seeds
exposed to sunlight and blue light which only grew the next day. The plants exposed to
white light have the most number of sprouts and plants exposed to sunlight have the least
number of sprouts. The results showed that on week one, the sprout height of the plants
exposed to sunlight and white light was shorter than the other groups. On week two,
plants exposed to sunlight and yellow light have the most number of leaves and plants
exposed to red, blue, and green lights have the least number of leaves. The biomass of the
plants exposed to sunlight and white light is greater than the other groups.
28
B.
Conclusions
Based on the results of the gathered data from the experiment, the researchers
concluded the following:
1.
The seeds started to grow into sprouts on the third and fourth day of the
experimentation.
2.
The plants exposed to white light have the most number of sprouts and
plants exposed to sunlight have the least number of sprouts.
3.
On week two, plants exposed to sunlight and yellow light have the most
number of leaves and plants exposed to red, blue, and green lights have
the least number of leaves.
4.
On week one, the sprout height of the plants exposed to sunlight and white
light is shorter than the other groups.
5.
The biomass of the plants exposed to sunlight and white light is greater
than the other groups.
6.
There is a significant difference among the growth of the mongo seeds in
terms of number of sprouts.
7.
There is a significant difference among the growth of the mongo sprouts in
terms of number of leaves: week two, biomass, sprout height: week one,
and number of leaves: week 2.
C.
Recommendations
To further improve this kind of research, the researchers recommend to future
researchers the following:
29
1.
Find a much bigger place to conduct the experiment
2.
Extend the duration of the experiment to attain more significant results.
3.
Try using secondary colors to have more efficient results.
4.
Use artificial lighting instead of water cellophane to see a greater and
more specific effect to plants.
30
REFERENCES
Books:
Capco C., Yang G. (2010). Biology: You and the Natural World. Quezon Avenue,
Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 927
Rochford T. (1975). House Plants. London, England. London: Royal Horticultural
Society
Internet Sources:
Andrew Zimmerman Jones. (1991). The Visible Light Spectrum Retrieved:
from:http://physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/a/vislightspec.htm
Colorado State University Extension. (December 2011). Plant Growth Factors:
Light. Retrieved from: http://cmg.colostate.edu/gardennotes/142.pdf
Derrick Anderson. (June 16, 2011). Building and Using Cold Frames in Your
Vegetable
Garden.
Retrieved
from:
http://mangorevolution.com/98/househome/gardening/building-and-usingcold-frames-in-your-vegetable-garden
Urbonavičiūt A., Pinho P., Samuolien G., Duchovskis P., Vitta P., Stonkus A.,
Tamulaitis G., Žukauskas A., Halonen L. (2007). Effect of ShortWavelength
Light
on
Plant
Physiology.
Retrieved
from:http://www.lightinglab.fi/enlighten/publications/internetui_akvile.pd
f
What
Is Artificial Lighting. (September 14, 2007).
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_artificial_lighting
Retrieved
from:
Department of Agriculture, Western Visayas, Philippines. (2005). Mongo.
Retrieved from: http://www.rfu6.da.gov.ph/agribiz/mongo.htm
Unpublished Research:
Jungao G., Omlero R. (2011). The Effect of Different Genres of Music to Mongo
Plant’s Growth. Integrated Developmental School, MSU-Iligan Institute of
Technology.
31
APPENDIX A
DOCUMENTATION
Figure 10. Gathering of materials
Figure 11. Cold frame
Figure 12. Preparation of materials
Figure 13. Watering of plants
32
Figure 14. 3rd day of experimentation
Figure 15. 4th day of experimentation
Figure 16. 1st week sprout experimentation Figure 17. Last week experimentation
33
APPENDIX B
DATA GATHERED
Table 6. Raw data of number of sprouts
Light Exposed Number of Sprouts
Day 3
Day 4
Red
2
5
Yellow
3
10
Green
1
5
Blue
0
5
White
4
11
Sunlight
0
1
Table 7. Raw data of sprout height after one week
Light
Exposed
Sprout Height (cm)
Red
Yellow
Green
Blue
White
Sunlight
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Tave
22.3 19 24.5 27.7 28
24.3
23.5 24.3 27.8 22 28.3 25.18
24 27.2 27.6 27.1 29.9 27.16
24 28.4 29.5 26 27.5 27.08
16.7 16 20.7 19 23.2 19.12
19.5 18
20
20
20
19.5
Table 8. Raw data of sprout height after two weeks
Light
Sprout Height (cm)
Exposed
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Tave
Red
31.5 22.6 35.3
36
34.5 32.96
Yellow
38.5 37.2 36.5 35.6 37.5 37.02
Green
33
34.6 29.6 35.5
29
32.32
Blue
29.6 34.5 32.6 32.7 34.8 32.84
White
29.4 30.5 36.8 32.4 31.1 32.08
Sunlight
32.6
32
35.5 32.8
37
33.98
34
Table 9. Raw data of biomass after two weeks
Light
Biomass (g)
Exposed
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Red
0.81 0.93 0.72 0.55 0.94
Yellow
0.96 0.87 0.73 0.79 0.77
Green
1.02 0.86 0.67 0.92 0.65
Blue
0.75 0.72 0.98 0.83 0.94
White
1.19 1.44 1.7
1.3
1.38
Sunlight
1.27 1.27 1.32 1.65 1.53
Tave
0.79
0.824
0.824
0.844
1.402
1.408
Table 10. ANOVA results for sprout height on the second week
One factor ANOVA
33.41
33.41
33.41
33.41
33.41
33.41
Mean
33.98
32.08
32.16
32.34
32.84
37.06
33.41
n
5
5
5
5
5
5
30
Std.
Dev
2.159
2.858
5.633
2.924
2.072
1.088
3.356
Sunlight
White
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Total
Table 11. Raw data of the onset of true leaf
Onset of True Leaf
Color of Light
Number of Hours
Red
72
Yellow
72
Green
72
Blue
96
White
72
Sunlight
96
35
Sum Total of Number of Leaves
Number of Leaves: Week 1
10
8
6
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
T5
2
2
2
2
2
2
T4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
White
Red
Blue
Yellow
T3
T2
0
Sunlight
Green
T1
Color of Light
Figure 18. Raw data of number of leaves after a week
Sum Total of Number of Leaves
Number of Leaves: Week 2
25
20
15
10
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
T5
5
5
5
T4
5
5
5
5
0
Sunlight
White
2
2
2
2
2
Red
2
2
2
2
2
Green
2
2
2
2
2
Blue
5
T3
T2
5
Yellow
Color of Light
Figure 19. Raw data of number of leaves after two weeks
T1
36
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Angela Shemae San Felipe Gonzales
Nickname: Ling-ling, Aila
Birthdate: January 25, 1997
Birthplace: Iligan City
Sex: Female
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Father: Ferzenio Socorro G. Gonzales
Mother: Ma. Olivia S. Gonzales
Siblings: Ray Fergil SF. Gonzales
Don Lindley SF. Gonzales
Fer Mykiel SF. Gonzales
Donelle Jahziel SF. Gonzales
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Iligan City East Central School
Secondary: MSU-IIT Integrated Developmental School
HONORS RECEIVED
Elementary
Grade one: 3rd Honor; Grade two: with Distinction; Grade three: with
Distinction; Grade four: with Distinction; Grade five: with Distinction;
Grade six: with Distinction
37
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Rendel John D. Rulona
Nickname: Janjan
Birthdate: July 14, 996
Birthplace: Cebu City
Sex: Male
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Father: Rene J. Rulona
Mother: Maria Delina D. Rulona
Siblings: Renne Joy D. Rulona
Rhoda Mae D. Rulona
Jasmin Rose D. Rulona
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: South II Central School
Secondary: MSU-IIT Integrated Developmental School
HONORS RECEIVED
Elementary
Grade one: 2nd Honor; Grade two: 2nd Honor; Grade three: 2nd Honor;
Grade four: 1st Honor; Grade five: 4th Honor; Grade six: Valedictorian