Table S1. Examples of studies investigating cytokines in non-traditional mammal systems including the species, source, antigen used to induce
expression when applicable, and the method(s) used to determine the presence, expression, and bioactivity of the cytokine.
Cytokine
Species
Innate and Pro-inflammatory
IL-1β
Rabbit
(Oryctolagus cuniculus)
IL-6
TNF-α
Source
Expression induced by*
Method(s) used
Cannon et al. 1989
Escherichia coli
cDNA sequences, fever, proliferation
assays
Sheep
(Ovis aries)
Andrews et al. 1991
LPS
cDNA sequences, rIL-1 β, IL-1 bioassay
Cow
(Bos taurus)
Sohn et al. 2007
LPS
ELISA
Red deer
(Cervus elaphus)
Cross et al. 1996
Mycobacterium bovis,
Staphylococcus aureus,
LPS
Northern blot
Deer mouse
(Peromyscus maniculatus)
Schountz et al. 2004
ConA, LPS
PCR
Elk
(Cervus canadensis)
Barber-Meyer et al. 2007
n/a
Human Il-6 ELISA
Leschenault’s Rousette bat
(Rousettus leschenaultia)
Iha et al. 2009
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
Cow
Sohn et al. 2007
LPS
ELISA
Wood mouse
(Apodemus sylvaticus)
Jackson et al. 2009
Toll-like receptor agonists
M. musculus mAb , ELISA
Deer mouse
Herbst et al. 2002
ConA
cDNA sequences, PCR
IFN-γ
IL-12
Elk
Barber-Meyer et al. 2007
n/a
Human TNF- α ELISA
Sheep
(Ovis aries)
Pernthaner et al. 2005
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
PCR, flow cytometry, proliferation
assay
Leschenault’s Rousette bat
Iha et al. 2009
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
Red deer
Cross et al. 1996
Mycobacterium bovis,
Staphylococcus aureus,
LPS
Northern blot
Red deer
Slobbe et al. 2000
LPS
PCR, rIFN- γ, cytopathic inhibition
assay, ELISA
Deer mouse
Herbst et al. 2002
ConA
PCR
African buffalo
(Syncerus caffer)
Suzuki et al. 2012
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
Cow
Sohn et al. 2007
LPS
ELISA
Deer mouse
Schountz et al. 2004
ConA, LPS
PCR
Sheep
De Rose et al. 2000
ConA
PCR, rIL-12, IL-12 bioassay
Leschenault’s Rousette bat
Iha et al. 2009
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
Sohn et al. 2007
LPS
ELISA
Herbst et al. 2002
ConA
PCR
Leschenault’s Rousette bat
Iha et al. 2009
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
African buffalo
Suzuki et al. 2012
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
Cow
Adaptive Responses
IL-10
Deer mouse
IL-4
Red deer
Cross et al. 1996
Northern blot
Chaplin et al. 2000
Mycobacterium bovis,
Staphylococcus aureus,
LPS
ConA
Sheep
Cow
Estes et al. 1995
PWM
rIL-4, B cell proliferation assay, flow
cytometry, ELISA
Leschenault’s Rousette bat
Iha et al. 2009
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR, IL-4 bioassay
African buffalo
Suzuki et al. 2012
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
PCR, B cell, T cell proliferation assay,
flow cytometry
Deer mouse
Schountz et al. 2004
ConA, LPS
cDNA sequences, PCR
PCR
Sheep
Pernthaner et al. 2005
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
PCR, flow cytometry, proliferation
assay
IL-5
Sheep
Pernthaner et al. 2005
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
PCR, flow cytometry, proliferation
assay
IL-17
Pig
(Sus scrofa)
Katoh et al. 2004
ConA, LPS
rIL-17, PCR
Red deer
Lockhart et al. 1996
ConA
PCR, rIL-2, IL-2 bioassay
Deer mouse
Schountz et al. 2004
ConA, LPS
PCR
Buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis)
Sreekumar et al. 2002
ConA
PCR
IL-13
Hematopoiesis
IL-2
Leschenault’s Rousette bat
Iha et al. 2009
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
African buffalo
Suzuki et al. 2012
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
IL-7
Pig
Skovgaard et al. 2013
Influenza virus+
PCR
CSFs
Deer mouse
Schountz et al. 2004
ConA, LPS
PCR
LT-α
Deer mouse
Herbst et al. 2002
ConA
PCR
*Expression induced in vitro unless otherwise noted. + Expression induced in vivo. Abbreviations: LPS = lipopolysaccharide, ConA =
concanavalin A, PWM = pokeweed mitogen, PCR = polymerase chain reaction, ELISA = enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, r(cytokine) =
recombinant cytokine
Table S2. Examples of studies investigating cytokines in birds including the species, source, antigen used to induce expression when applicable,
and the method(s) used to determine the presence, expression, and bioactivity of the cytokine.
Cytokine
Species
Innate and Pro-inflammatory
IL-1β
Chicken
(Gallus gallus)
Source
Expression induced by*
Method(s) used
Klasing & Peng 1987
Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus
Bioassay
Cheng et al. 2011
n/a
cDNA sequences, rIL-1β, PCR
Zebra finch
(Taeniopygia guttata)
Ekblom et al. 2010
n/a
Genomic sequences
Chicken
Schneider et al. 2001
n/a
PCR, cDNA sequences, rIL-6,
proliferation assay
Zebra finch
Ekblom et al. 2010
n/a
Genomic sequences
TNF-α
Chicken
Hong et al. 2006
LPS, Eimeria species+
PCR, rTNF-α, cytotoxicity assay
IFN-γ
Chicken
Digby & Lowenthal 1995
n/a
cDNA sequences, recombinant IFN-γ,
cytopathic effect inhibition, NO assays
Turkey (Meleagris
gallopavo), Ringnecked pheasant
(Phasianus colchicus),
Japanese quail
(Coturnix coturnix
japónica), guinea fowl
(Numida meleagris)
Kaiser et al. 1998
n/a
Genomic sequences, PCR
Zebra finch
Ekblom et al. 2010
n/a
Genomic sequences
IL-6
IL-12
Chicken, turkey
Balu & Kaiser 2003
ConA
cDNA sequences, PCR
Chicken
Degen et al. 2004
ConA, CpG, CD40 ligand,
LPS, PMA
cDNA sequnces, PCR, rIL-12, NO,
proliferation assays
Zebra finch
Ekblom et al. 2010
n/a
Genomic sequences
Rothwell et al. 2004
Eimera tenella+ , PHA,
LPS
cDNA sequences, recombinant IL-10,
PCR
Zebra finch
Ekblom et al. 2010
n/a
Genomic sequences
IL-4
Chicken
Avery et al. 2004
ConA, PHA
cDNA sequences, PCR, rIL-4, IL-4
bioassay
IL-13
Chicken
Avery et al. 2004
ConA, PHA
cDNA sequences, PCR, rIL-13, IL-13
bioassay
IL-5
Chickenp
Avery et al. 2004
n/a
cDNA sequences, PRC
IL-17
Chicken
Zhang et al. 2013
E. tenella+
PCR and recombinant IL-17, IL-17 pAb,
ELISA, in vivo IL-17 injection
Hematopoiesis
IL-2
Chicken
Kogut, Rothwell, & Kaiser
2002
n/a
Recombinant IL-2, phagocytosis,
bactericidal, oxidative burst,
degranulation assay
Chicken, turkey
Lawson, Rothwell, & Kaiser
2000
PMA
PCR, rIL-2, thymocyte, splenocyte IL-2
bioassay
IL-7
Chicken
Kaiser et al. 2005
n/a
Genomic sequences
CSFs
Chicken, zebra finch
Garceau et al. 2010
n/a
Genomic, cDNA sequences, PCR, rCSF
Adaptive Responses
IL-10
Chicken
Chicken
Avery et al. 2004
n/a
cDNA sequences, PCR
Chicken
Gibson, Kaiser, & Fife 2009
n/a
Genomic sequences
LT-α
None reported
*Expression induced in vitro unless otherwise specified. +Expression induced in vivo. p Pseudogene. Abbreviations: LPS = lipopolysaccharide,
ConA = concanavalin A, PHA = phytohaemagglutinin, PMA = phorbol myristate acetate, PCR = polymerase chain reaction, ELISA = enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay, r(cytokine) = recombinant cytokine, NO = nitric oxide
Table S3. Examples of studies investigating cytokines in reptiles and amphibians including the species, source, antigen used to induce expression
when applicable, and the method(s) used to determine the presence, expression, and bioactivity of the cytokine.
Cytokine
Species
Innate and Pro-inflammatory
IL-1β
Xenopus laevis
IL-6
TNF-α
IFN-γ
Source
Expression induced by
Method(s) used
Zou et al. 2000
Andino et al. 2012
LPS
Frog virus 3, Escherichia
coli +
cDNA sequences, PCR
PCR
Western fence lizard
(Sceloporus occidentalis)
Dunlap & Church 1996
n/a
Human IL-1β, Behavioral assays
Painted turtle
(Chrysemys picta)
Painted turtle
Painted turtle
Shaffer et al. 2013
n/a
Genomic sequences
Shaffer et al. 2013
Shaffer et al. 2013
n/a
n/a
Genomic sequences
Genomic sequences
X. laevis
Tortoise
(Testudo graeca)
Andino et al. 2012
Galabov & Velichkova 1975
Frog virus 3, E. coli+
New Castle virus,
Serratia marcescens
endotoxin
PCR
Cytopathic effect inhibition assay
Painted turtle
Shaffer et al. 2013
n/a
Genomic sequences
X. laevis
Andino et al 2012
Frog virus 3, E. coli+
PCR
X. tropicalis
Qi & Nie 2008
Poly(I:C)+
PCR
IL-12
Adaptive Responses
IL-10
None reported
IL-4
None reported
IL-13
None reported
IL-5
None reported
IL-17
Painted turtle
Hematopoiesis
IL-2
Diadem snake
(Spalerosophis diadema)
Xenopus laevis
IL-7
None reported
CSFs
None reported
Shaffer et al. 2013
n/a
Genomic sequences
El-Ridi et al. 1987
ConA
Cell proliferation assay, IL-2 bioassay
Watkins & Cohen 1987
Haynes & Cohen 1993
PHA
Cell proliferation, co-stimulation assay
LT-α
None reported
*Expression induced in vitro unless otherwise specified. +Expression induced in vivo. Abbreviations: LPS = lipopolysaccharide, ConA =
concanavalin A, PHA = phytohaemagglutinin, PCR = polymerase chain reaction
Table S4. Examples of studies investigating cytokines in teleost fish including the species, source, antigen used to induce expression when
applicable, and the method(s) used to determine the presence, expression, and bioactivity of the cytokine.
Source
Expression induced by*
Method(s) used
Zou, Cunningham, & Secombes
1999
LPS, Aeromonas
salmonicida+
Genomic sequences, PCR
Peddie et al. 2001
n/a
rIL-1β, cell migration assay
Gilted seabream
(Sparus aurata)
Fugu
(Takifugu rubripes)
Pelegrín et al. 2001
PCR
Kaneda et al. 2012
LPS, MAF, Vibrio
anguillarum
n/a
Seabream, zebrafish
(Danio rerio)
Roca et al. 2008
V. anguillarum, flagellin
rTNF-α, PCR, Respiratory burst,
adhesion, chemotaxis assays
Common carp
(Cyprinus carpio)
Forlenza et al. 2009
Trypanoplasma borreli +
Recombinant TNF-α, respiratory burst,
phagocytosis, migration, NO assays
Rainbow trout
Laing et al. 2001
PHA
cDNA sequences, PCR
Zou et al. 2003
LPS
rTNF, PCR, cell migration, phagocytosis
assays
Japanese flounder
(Paralychthys olivaceus)
Hirono et al. 2000
ConA, PMA
cDNA sequences, PCR
Turbot
(Scophthalmus maximus)
Ordás et al. 2007
LPS, viral haemorrhagic
septicemia virus, V.
Pelagius+
cDNA, genomic sequences, PCR,
recombinant TNF-α
Cytokine
Species
Innate and Pro-inflammatory
IL-1β
Rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
IL-6
TNF-α
Genomic sequences, PCR, rIL-6
Grayfer, Walsh, & Belosevic
2008
Zou et al. 2005
MAF
Yoshiura et al. 2003
LPS, poly(I:C)
PCR, rTNF, chemotaxis, phagocytic, NO,
respiratory burst assays
cDNA sequences, PCR, rIFN, respiratory
burst assay
cDNA sequences, PCR
n/a
Genomic sequences, PCR
Zebrafish
Zou et al. 2003
Zhang et al. 2005
Savan, Igawa, & Sakai 2003
LPS
Genomic sequences, PCR
IL-4
Common carp
Zebrafish
Zhu et al. 2012
ConA, LPS
n/a
cDNA, PCR
Genomic sequences, PCR, recombinant
IL-4, mAB
Li et al. 2007
ConA, PHA, PMA
cDNA sequences, PCR
IL-13
IL-5
IL-17
Pufferfish
(Tetraodon nigroviridis)
None reported
None reported
Zebrafish
Gunimaladevi, Savan, & Sakai
2006
LPS
cDNA sequences, PCR
Korenaga, Kono, & Sakai 2010
LPS
Genomic sequences, PCR
Bird et al. 2005
PHA, LPS, poly(I:C)
Genomic sequences, PCR
Rainbow trout
Díaz-Rosales et al. 2009
cDNA sequences, PCR, rIL-2
IL-7
Fugu
Kono et al. 2008
PHA, Yersinia ruckeri (in
vivo)
PHA, LPS
CSFs
Rainbow trout, zebrafish,
goldfish
Wang et al. 2008
LPS, poly(I:C), PMA
cDNA sequences, PCR, rCSF,
proliferation assay
Goldfish
Grayfer, Hanington, &
n/a
rM-CSF, respiratory burst, NO,
IFN-γ
Goldfish
(Carassius auratus)
Rainbow trout
IL-12
Fugu
Adaptive Responses
IL-10
Fugu
Fugu
Hematopoiesis
IL-2
Fugu
PHA, poly(I:C)
cDNA, genomic sequences, PCR
Belosevic 2009
chemotaxis, phagocytosis assays
LT-α
None reported
*Expression induced in vitro unless otherwise specified. +Expression induced in vivo. Abbreviations: LPS = lipopolysaccharide, ConA =
concanavalin A, PHA = phytohaemagglutinin, PMA = phorbol myristate acetate, MAF = macrophage activating factor, PCR = polymerase chain
reaction, ELISA = enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, r(cytokine) = recombinant cytokine, NO = nitric oxide, mAB = monoclonal antibody
References
Andino, F.D.J., Chen, G., Li, Z., Grayfer, L. & Robert, J. (2012) Susceptibility of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to
infection by the ranavirus Frog-Virus 3 correlates with a reduced and delayed innate immune
response in comparison with adult frogs. Virology, 432, 435–443.
Andrews, A.E., Barcham, G.J., Brandon, M.R. & Nash, A.D. (1991) Molecular cloning and characterization
of ovine IL-1a and IL-1b. Immunology, 74, 453–460.
Avery, S., Rothwell, L., Degen, W.D.J., Schijns, V.E.J.C., Young, J., Kaufman, J.I.M. & Kaiser, P. (2004)
Characterization of the first nonmammalian T2 cytokine gene cluster: The cluster contains
functional single-copy genes for IL-3, IL-4, IL-13, and GM-CSF, a gene for IL-5 that appears to be a
pseudogene, and a gene encoding another cytokinelike transcript,. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine
Research, 610, 600–610.
Balu, S. & Kaiser, P. (2003) Avian Interleukin-12b (p40): cloning and characterization of the cDNA and
gene. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research, 23, 699–707.
Barber-Meyer, S.M., Johnson, C.R., Murtaugh, M.P., Mech, L.D. & White, P.J. (2007) Interleukin-6 and
tumor necrosis factor-alpha values in Elk neonates. Journal of Mammalogy, 88, 421–426.
Bird, S., Zou, J., Kono, T., Sakai, M., Dijkstra, J.M. & Secombes, C.J. (2005) Characterisation and
expression analysis of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-21 homologues in the Japanese pufferfish, Fugu
rubripes, following their discovery by synteny. Immunogenetics, 56, 909–23.
Cannon, J.G., Clark, B.D., Wingfield, P., Schmeissner, U., Losberger, C., Dinarello, C.A. & Shaw, A.R.
(1989) Rabbit IL-1. Cloning, expression, biologic properties, and transcription during endotoxemia.
Journal of Immunology, 142, 2299–306.
Chaplin, P.J., Casey, G., De Rose, R., Buchan, G., Wood, P.R. & Scheerlinck, J.P. (2000) The expression and
biologic effects of ovine interleukin-4 on T and B cell proliferation. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine
Research, 20, 419–25.
Cheng, C.-S., Chen, W.-T., Lee, L.-H., Chen, Y.-W., Chang, S.-Y., Lyu, P.-C. & Yin, H.-S. (2011) Structural and
functional comparison of cytokine interleukin-1 beta from chicken and human. Molecular
Immunology, 48, 947–55.
Cross, M.L., Slobbe, L.J., Buchan, G.S. & Griffin, J.F. (1996) In vitro responses of cervine macrophages to
bacterial stimulants. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 53, 249–56.
Degen, W.G.J., Daal, N. Van, Zuilekom, H.I. Van, Burnside, J. & Schijns, V.E.J.C. (2004) Identification and
molecular cloning of functional chicken IL-12. Journal of Immunology, 172, 4371–4380.
Díaz-Rosales, P., Bird, S., Wang, T., Fujiki, K., Davidson, W.S., Zou, J. & Secombes, C.J. (2009) Rainbow
trout interleukin-2: cloning, expression and bioactivity analysis. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 27,
414–22.
Digby, M.R. & Lowenthal, J.W. (1995) Cloning and Expression of the Chicken Interferon-γ Gene. Journal
of Interferon & Cytokine Research, 15, 939–945.
Dunlap, K.D. & Church, D.R. (1996) Interleukin-1 beta reduces daily activity level in male lizards,
Sceloporus occidentalis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 10, 68–73.
Ekblom, R., French, L., Slate, J. & Burke, T. (2010) Evolutionary analysis and expression profiling of zebra
finch immune genes. Genome Biology and Evolution, 2, 781–90.
El-Ridi, R., Wahby, A., Saad, A.H. & Soliman, M. (1987) Concanavalin A responsiveness and interleukin 2
production in the snake Spalerosophis diadema. Immunobiology, 174, 177–189.
Estes, D.M., Hirano, A., Heussler, V.T., Dobbelaere, D.A.E. & Brown, W.C. (1995) Expression and
biological activities of bovine interleukin 4: Effects of recombinat bovine interleukin 4 on T cell
proliferation and B cell differentiation and proliferation in vitro. Cellular Immunology, 163, 268–
279.
Forlenza, M., Magez, S., Scharsack, J.P., Westphal, A., Savelkoul, H.F.J. & Wiegertjes, G.F. (2009)
Receptor-mediated and lectin-like activities of carp (Cyprinus carpio) TNF-alpha. Journal of
Immunology, 183, 5319–32.
Galabov, A.S. & Velichkova, E.H. (1975) Interferon production in tortoise peritoneal cells. Journal of
General Virology, 28, 259–263.
Garceau, V., Smith, J., Paton, I.R., Davey, M., Fares, M.A., Sester, D.P., Burt, D.W. & Hume, D.A. (2010)
Pivotal Advance: Avian colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and CSF-1
receptor genes and gene products. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 87, 753–64.
Gibson, M.S., Kaiser, P. & Fife, M. (2009) Identification of chicken granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
(G-CSF/CSF3): the previously described myelomonocytic growth factor is actually CSF3. Journal of
Interferon & Cytokine Research, 29, 339–43.
Grayfer, L., Hanington, P.C. & Belosevic, M. (2009) Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) induces
pro-inflammatory gene expression and enhances antimicrobial responses of goldfish (Carassius
auratus L.) macrophages. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 26, 406–13.
Grayfer, L., Walsh, J.G. & Belosevic, M. (2008) Characterization and functional analysis of goldfish
(Carassius auratus L.) tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 32,
532–43.
Gunimaladevi, I., Savan, R. & Sakai, M. (2006) Identification, cloning and characterization of interleukin17 and its family from zebrafish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 21, 393–403.
Haynes, L. & Cohen, N. (1993) Further characterization of an interleukin-2-1ike cytokine produced by
Xenopus laevis T lymphocytes. Developmental Immunology, 3, 231–238.
Herbst, M.M., Prescott, J., Palmer, A.D.-N. & Schountz, T. (2002) Sequence and expression analysis of
deer mouse interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor, and lymphotoxin-alpha.
Cytokine, 17, 203–13.
Hirono, I., Nam, B.H., Kurobe, T. & Aoki, T. (2000) Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of
TNF cDNA and gene from Japanese flounder Paralychthys olivaceus. Journal of Immunology, 165,
4423–7.
Hong, Y.H., Lillehoj, H.S., Lee, S.H., Dalloul, R.A. & Lillehoj, E.P. (2006) Analysis of chicken cytokine and
chemokine gene expression following Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections. Veterinary
Immunology and Immunopathology, 114, 209–23.
Iha, K., Omatsu, T., Watanabe, S., Ueda, N., Taniguchi, S., Fujii, H., Ishii, Y., Kyuwa, S., Akashi, H. &
Yoshikawa, Y. (2009) Molecular cloning and sequencing of the cDNAs encoding the bat interleukin
(IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Journal of Veterinary Medical
Science, 12, 1691–1695.
Jackson, J.A., Friberg, I.M., Bolch, L., Lowe, A., Ralli, C., Harris, P.D., Behnke, J.M. & Bradley, J.E. (2009)
Immunomodulatory parasites and toll-like receptor-mediated tumour necrosis factor alpha
responsiveness in wild mammals. BMC Biology, 7, 16.
Kaiser, P., Poh, T.Y., Rothwell, L., Avery, S., Balu, S., Pathania, U.S., Hughes, S., Goodchild, M., Morrell, S.,
Watson, M., Bumstead, N., Kaufman, J. & Young, J.R. (2005) A genomic analysis of chicken
cytokines and chemokines. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research, 25, 467–84.
Kaiser, P., Sonnemans, D., Smith, L.E.E.M. & Al, K.E.T. (1998) IFN-y genes: Sequence analysis suggests
probable cross-species reactivity among Galliforms. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research, 18,
711–719.
Kaneda, M., Odaka, T., Suetake, H., Tahara, D. & Miyadai, T. (2012) Teleost IL-6 promotes antibody
production through STAT3 signaling via IL-6R and gp130. Developmental & Comparative
Immunology, 38, 224–31.
Katoh, S., Kitazawa, H., Shimosato, T., Tohno, M., Kawai, Y. & Saito, T. (2004) Cloning and
characterization of Swine interleukin-17, preferentially expressed in the intestines. Journal of
Interferon & Cytokine Research, 24, 553–9.
Klasing, K.C. & Peng, R.K. (1987) Influence of cell sources, stimulating agents, and incubation conditions
on release of interleukin-1 from chicken macrophages. Developmental & Comparative
Immunology, 11, 385–394.
Kogut, M., Rothwell, L. & Kaiser, P. (2002) Differential effects of age on chicken heterophil functional
activation by recombinant chicken interleukin-2. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 26,
817–30.
Kono, T., Bird, S., Sonoda, K., Savan, R., Secombes, C.J. & Sakai, M. (2008) Characterization and
expression analysis of an interleukin-7 homologue in the Japanese pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes.
FEBS, 275, 1213–26.
Korenaga, H., Kono, T. & Sakai, M. (2010) Isolation of seven IL-17 family genes from the Japanese
pufferfish Takifugu rubripes. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 28, 809–18.
Laing, K.J., Wang, T., Zou, J., Holland, J., Hong, S., Bols, N., Hirono, I., Aoki, T. & Secombes, C.J. (2001)
Cloning and expression analysis of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss tumour necrosis factor-a.
European Journal of Biochemistry, 268, 1315–1322.
Lawson, S., Rothwell, L. & Kaiser, P. (2000) Turkey and chicken interleukin-2 cross-react in in vitro
proliferation assays despite limited amino acid sequence identity. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine
Research, 20, 161–70.
Li, J.-H., Shao, J.-Z., Xiang, L.-X. & Wen, Y. (2007) Cloning, characterization and expression analysis of
pufferfish interleukin-4 cDNA: the first evidence of Th2-type cytokine in fish. Molecular
Immunology, 44, 2078–86.
Lockhart, E., Griffin, J.F., Chinn, N., Lavallie, E. & Buchan, G. (1996) The cloning, expression and
purification of cervine interleukin 2. Cytokine, 8, 603–12.
Ordás, M.C., Costa, M.M., Roca, F.J., López-Castejón, G., Mulero, V., Meseguer, J., Figueras, A. & Novoa,
B. (2007) Turbot TNFalpha gene: molecular characterization and biological activity of the
recombinant protein. Molecular Immunology, 44, 389–400.
Peddie, S., Zou, J., Cunningham, C. & Secombes, C.J. (2001) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
recombinant IL-1beta and derived peptides induce migration of head-kidney leucocytes in vitro.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 11, 697–709.
Pelegrín, P., García-Castillo, J., Mulero, V. & Meseguer, J. (2001) Interleukin-1beta isolated from a
marine fish reveals up-regulated expression in macrophages following activation with
lipopolysaccharide and lymphokines. Cytokine, 16, 67–72.
Pernthaner, A., Cole, S., Morrison, L. & Hein, W.R. (2005) Increased Expression of Interleukin-5 ( IL-5 ), IL13 , and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Genes in Intestinal Lymph Cells of Sheep Selected for
Enhanced Resistance to Nematodes during Infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Infection
and Immunity, 73, 2175–2183.
Qi, Z.T. & Nie, P. (2008) Comparative study and expression analysis of the interferon gamma gene locus
cytokines in Xenopus tropicalis. Immunogenetics, 60, 699–710.
Roca, F.J., Mulero, I., López-Muñoz, A., Sepulcre, M.P., Renshaw, S.A., Meseguer, J., Mulero, V. & Lo, A.
(2008) Evolution of the inflammatory response in vertebrates: Fish TNF-a is a powerful activator of
endothelial cells but hardly activates phagocytes. Journal of Immunology, 181, 5071–5081.
De Rose, R., Scheerlinck, J.P., Casey, G., Wood, P.R., Tennent, J.M. & Chaplin, P.J. (2000) Ovine
interleukin-12: analysis of biologic function and species comparison. Journal of Interferon &
Cytokine Research, 20, 557–64.
Rothwell, L., Young, J.R., Zoorob, R., Whittaker, C. a, Hesketh, P., Archer, A., Smith, A.L. & Kaiser, P.
(2004) Cloning and characterization of chicken IL-10 and its role in the immune response to Eimeria
maxima. Journal of Immunology, 173, 2675–82.
Savan, R., Igawa, D. & Sakai, M. (2003) Cloning, characterization and expression analysis of interleukin10 from the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. European Journal of Biochemistry, 270, 4647–4654.
Schneider, K., Klaas, R., Kaspers, B. & Staeheli, P. (2001) Chicken interleukin-6 cDNA structure and
biological properties. European Journal of Biochemistry, 4206, 4200–4206.
Schountz, T., Green, R., Davenport, B., Buniger, A., Richens, T., Root, J.J., Davidson, F., Calisher, C.H. &
Beaty, B.J. (2004) Cloning and characterization of deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) cytokine
and chemokine cDNAs. BMC Immunology, 5, 1.
Shaffer, H.B., Minx, P., Warren, D.E., Shedlock, A.M., Thomson, R.C., Valenzuela, N., Abramyan, J.,
Amemiya, C.T., Badenhorst, D., Biggar, K.K., Borchert, G.M., Botka, C.W., Bowden, R.M., Braun, E.L.,
Bronikowski, A.M., Bruneau, B.G., Buck, L.T., Capel, B., Castoe, T.A., Czerwinski, M., Delehaunty,
K.D., Edwards, S. V, Fronick, C.C., Fujita, M.K., Fulton, L., Graves, T.A., Green, R.E., Haerty, W.,
Hariharan, R., Hernandez, O., Hillier, L.W., Holloway, A.K., Janes, D., Janzen, F.J., Kandoth, C., Kong,
L., de Koning, A.J., Li, Y., Literman, R., McGaugh, S.E., Mork, L., O’Laughlin, M., Paitz, R.T., Pollock,
D.D., Ponting, C.P., Radhakrishnan, S., Raney, B.J., Richman, J.M., St John, J., Schwartz, T.,
Sethuraman, A., Spinks, P.Q., Storey, K.B., Thane, N., Vinar, T., Zimmerman, L.M., Warren, W.C.,
Mardis, E.R. & Wilson, R.K. (2013) The western painted turtle genome, a model for the evolution of
extreme physiological adaptations in a slowly evolving lineage. Genome Biology, 14, R28.
Skovgaard, K., Cirera, S., Vasby, D., Podolska, A., Breum, S.Ø., Dürrwald, R., Schlegel, M. & Heegaard,
P.M. (2013) Expression of innate immune genes, proteins and microRNAs in lung tissue of pigs
infected experimentally with influenza virus (H1N2). Innate Immunity, doi:
10.1177/1753425912473668.
Slobbe, L., Lockhart, E., Kelly, J. & Buchan, G. (2000) The production and biological assessment of cervine
interferon gamma. Cytokine, 12, 1211–7.
Sohn, E.J., Paape, M.J., Connor, E.E., Bannerman, D.D., Fetterer, R.H. & Peters, R.R. (2007) Bacterial
lipopolysaccharide stimulates bovine neutrophil production of TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-12 and IFN-γ.
Veterinary Research, 38, 809–818.
Sreekumar, E., Premraj, A., Saravanakumar, M. & Rasool, T.J. (2002) Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
interleukin-2: sequence analysis reveals high nucleotide and amino acid identity with interleukin-2
of cattle and other ruminants. European Journal of Immunogenetics, 29, 341–5.
Suzuki, S., Konnai, S., Okagawa, T., Githaka, N.W., Kariuki, E., Gakuya, F., Kanduma, E., Shirai, T.,
Ikebuchi, R., Ikenaka, Y., Ishizuka, M., Murata, S. & Ohashi, K. (2012) Molecular cloning and
characterization of Th1 and Th2 cytokines of African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ). International
Journal of Immunogenetics, 39, 170–182.
Wang, T., Hanington, P.C., Belosevic, M. & Secombes, C.J. (2008) Two macrophage colony-stimulating
factor genes exist in fish that differ in gene organization and are differentially expressed. Journal of
Immunology, 181, 3310–22.
Watkins, D. & Cohen, N. (1987) Mitogen-activated Xenopus laevis lymphocytes produce a T-cell growth
factor. Immunology, 62, 119–25.
Yoshiura, Y., Kiryu, I., Fujiwara, A., Suetake, H., Suzuki, Y., Nakanishi, T. & Ototake, M. (2003)
Identification and characterization of Fugu orthologues of mammalian interleukin-12 subunits.
Immunogenetics, 55, 296–306.
Zhang, L., Liu, R., Song, M., Hu, Y., Pan, B., Cai, J. & Wang, M. (2013) Eimeria tenella: Interleukin 17
contributes to host immunopathology in the gut during experimental infection. Experimental
Parasitology, 133, 121–130.
Zhang, D.-C., Shao, Y.-Q., Huang, Y.-Q. & Jiang, S.-G. (2005) Cloning, characterization and expression
analysis of interleukin-10 from the zebrafish (Danio rerion). Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, 38, 571–576.
Zhu, L., Pan, P., Fang, W., Shao, J. & Xiang, L. (2012) Essential role of IL-4 and IL-4Rα interaction in
adaptive immunity of zebrafish: insight into the origin of Th2-like regulatory mechanism in ancient
vertebrates. Journal of Immunology, 188, 5571–84.
Zou, J., Bird, S., Minter, R., Horton, J., Cunningham, C. & Secombes, C.J. (2000) Molecular cloning of the
gene for interleukin-1b from Xenopus laevis and analysis of expression in vivo and in vitro.
Immunogenetics, 51, 332–338.
Zou, J., Carrington, A., Collet, B., Dijkstra, J.M., Yoshiura, Y., Bols, N. & Secombes, C.J. (2005)
Identification and bioactivities of IFN-y in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: The first Th1-type
cytokine characterized functionally in fish. Journal of Immunology, 175, 2484–2494.
Zou, J., Cunningham, C. & Secombes, C.J. (1999) The rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss interleukin-1b
gene has a different organization to mammals and undergoes incomplete splicing. European
Journal of Biochemistry, 259, 901–908.
Zou, J., Peddie, S., Scapigliati, G., Zhang, Y., Bols, N., Ellis, A.E. & Secombes, C.J. (2003) Functional
characterisation of the recombinant tumor necrosis factors in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus
mykiss. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 27, 813–822.