Fig. S1 Source population locations of B. tectorum in its invasive range (California/Nevada) and its native range (Armenia/Georgia).
Marker size depicts elevation whereas color depicts climate index.
Fig. S2 Principal components analysis (PCA) scores of climatic variables for population locations from the present study and Novak
and Mack (1993). Geographic labels indicate approximate clustering of populations locations from Novak and Mack. The PCA
included the following standardized variables from WorldClim.org for 5 arc-minute cells covering all global land surfaces: mean
annual temperature, annual temperature seasonality (standard deviation), mean annual precipitation, annual precipitation seasonality
(coefficient of variation), and precipitation of the warmest quarter. PC1 explains 43.7% of total variation and increases with low
annual precipitation and high temperature seasonality. PC2 explains 32.8% of total variation and increases with low annual
temperature and low precipitation seasonality. PC3 explains 16.6% of total variation and increases with high precipitation seasonality.
PC2
5
4
S. France
8
Germany
Czech Rep.
Austria
Slovakia
8
Czech
Rep.
Czech
Rep.
Jordan
N. Italy
Hungary
Sardinia
& Corsica
Sardinia
& Corsica
Spain
Spain
Turkey
Jordan
Sardinia
& Corsica
Turkey
Slovakia
Spain
Morocco
Slovakia
Hungary
7
N. Italy
Austria
Austria
Turkey
PC3
Bosnia
N. Italy
PC3
6
Hungary
7
Morocco
Morocco
3
S. France
S. France
2
California / Nevada
Armenia / Georgia
Novak and Mack 1993
Jordan
Bosnia
1
Germany
Bosnia
6
4
5
PC1
6
7
Germany
6
4
5
PC1
6
7
1
2
3
4
PC2
5
6
7
Fig. S3 Color representation of climatic principal components scores. Populations sampled in this study are shown as triangles,
whereas populations sampled by Novak and Mack (1993) are shown as circles. Zoomed-in boxes on the left show color values for
populations used in this study. Note that the color triangle legend is used as a rough guide for interpreting which colors are
represented by which principal components axes (color values on maps stretched between ± 2 standard deviations to reduce the
influence of extreme values elsewhere in the world).
Fig. S4 Norms of reaction for native and invasive populations of B. tectorum, showing mean population-level responses.
2.8
Leaf Number
6
ln Longest Leaf (mm)
Native
Invasive
5
4
3
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
1.4
0.0
2.0
0.0
-0.5
1.6
-0.2
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
Freezing Tolerance
1
Root:Shoot
ln Root Biomass (g)
2
-0.5
ln Shoot Biomass (g)
7
1.2
0.8
0.4
-2.5
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0
-3.0
-1.2
Cool
Warm
Cool
Warm
Growth Temperature
Cool
Warm