Respiratory failure
1. Insufficiency of external breathing is accompanied by:
a) increasing the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the blood; b) an
increase in the pO2 and decrease pCO2 in blood; c) a decrease in pO2 and pCO2 in blood; + d) a
decrease in pO2 and increase pCO2 in blood; e) an increase in pO2 and normal pCO2 in blood.
2. Centrogenic ventilation failure occurs when:
a) lung diseases; b) the pathology of internal breathing; + c) pathology of the respiratory center;
d) pathology of respiratory muscles; e) pathology of pleura.
3. Inhibition of the respiratory center leads to:
a) the diffusion form of respiratory failure;
+ b) ventilation form of respiratory failure;
c) perfusion form of respiratory failure;
d) obstructive type of violations of the pulmonary ventilation;
e) the valve mechanism of bronchial obstruction.
4. Alveolar hypoventilation is characterized by:
+ a) hypoxemia, hypercapnia, acidosis; b) hyperosmia, hypocapnia, alkalosis.
5. Obstructive type of hypoventilation develops at:
a) damage of motor neurons of the spinal cord; b) restriction of unfolding of the lungs during
breathing; c) decrease in pulmonary surface; + d) impaired patency of the airway; e) inhibition of
the function of the respiratory center.
6. Obstructive type of hypoventilation develops at:
+ a) reducing of the total lumen of bronchi; b) the restriction of unfolding of the lungs during
breathing; c) decrease in pulmonary surface; + d) impaired patency of the airway; e) inhibition of
the function of the respiratory center.
7. Obstructive type of respiratory failure occurs wnen:
a) pulmonary fibrosis; b) pneumonia; c) fracture of ribs; d) paralysis of the respiratory center;
+ e) bronchospasm.
8. Obstructive type of respiratory failure occurs when:
a) pulmonary fibrosis; b) pneumonia; c) fracture of the ribs; d) paralysis of the respiratory center;
+ e) laryngospasm.
9. Obstructive respiratory failure may be due to:
a) inhibition of the respiratory center; b) pulmonary edema; + c) pulmonary emphysema;
d) spasm of smooth muscles of the diaphragm; e) pulmonary fibrosis.
10. Obstructive respiratory failure develops as a result of:
a) inhibition of the respiratory center; b) pulmonary edema; + c) spasm of smooth muscles of the
bronchial tubes; d) spasm of smooth muscles of the diaphragm; e) pulmonary fibrosis.
11. Obstructive type of hypoventilation occurs when:
+ a) spasm of the bronchi and bronchioles; + b) thickening of the bronchial mucosa; c) violation
of the respiratory muscles; + d) laryngeal edema; e) reduction of the respiratory surface of the
lungs.
12. Restrictive respiratory failure develops as a result of:
+ a) diffuse pulmonary fibrosis; b) airway edema; c) obstructive airways disease; d) spasm of
bronchial smooth muscle; e) compression of the airway.
13. Restrictive type of hypoventilation occurs when:
a) laryngeal edema; b) hypersecretion of the bronchial mucosa; c) spasm of bronchioles;
d) strangulation; + e) pleuritis.
14. Restrictive type of hypoventilation develops wnen:
a) reducing the total lumen of the bronchi; + b) restriction of the unfolding of the lungs during
breathing; + c) reduction of pulmonary surface; d) violation of patency of the airway; e) spasm
of bronchioles.
15. Restrictive respiratory failure develops as a result:
a) airway edema; b) obstructive airways; c) spasm of bronchial smooth muscle;
+ d) removal of the lung; e) compression of the airway.
16. Restrictive type of hypoventilation occurs when:
a) swelling of the bronchial mucosa; + b) surfactant deficiency; c) spasm of bronchioles;
d) bronchial asthma; e) hypersecretion of mucus by bronchial epithelium.
17. Restrictive type of hypoventilation occurs when:
a) laryngeal edema; b) hypersecretion of the bronchial mucosa; + c) pulmonary edema;
+ d) pneumonia; + e) pleuritis.
18. Perfusion form of respiratory failure develops at:
a) shock; b) embolism of branches of the pulmonary artery; c) the weakening of the contractile
function of the heart; + d) all of the above.
19. The distance for diffusion of gases can be increased:
a) during hyperventilation; b) in violation of the mechanics of breathing;
c) by increasing the number of functioning alveoli; + d) wnen fibrotic changes in the lungs; e
) the depression of the respiratory center.
20. Shortness of breath - is:
a) hyperpnea; b) tachypnea; c) bradypnea; d) gasping breath; + e) dyspnea.
21. Shortness of breath is:
a) frequent, deep breathing; b) frequent, shallow breathing; c) rare, deep breathing; d) rare,
shallow breathing; + e) sense of lack of the air.
22. Hyperpnea is:
a) rare breath; b) stenotic breathing; + c) frequent, deep breathing;
d) frequent, shallow breathing; e) deep, rare breath.
23. Hyperpnea is observed at:
+ a) altitude sickness; b) increase in blood pressure; c) pneumonia; d) the action of drugs;
e) depression of the respiratory center.
24. Bradypnea is:
+ a) rare breath; b) frequent, deep breathing; c) frequent, shallow breathing;
d) periodic breathing; e) respiratory arrest.
25. Bradypnea is observed at:
a) lowering blood pressure; + b) depression of the respiratory center; c) heart failure; d) hypoxia;
e) pneumonia.
26. Tachypnea is:
+ a) frequent, shallow breathing; b) frequent, deep breathing; c) non-rhythmic breathing; d) deep,
rare breath; e) rare, shallow breathing.
27. Tachypnea is observed at:
a) drug poisoning; + b) pneumonia; c) edema of the larynx; + d) fever;
e) increase in blood pressure.
28. Periodic breathing is:
a) tissue; b) dissociated; c) Kussmaul; d) gasping; + e) Cheyne-Stokes
29. Periodic breathing is:
a) breathing with changing the ratio between inhalation and exhalation;
+ b) alternating periods of breathing with periods of apnea; c) rapid breathing;
d) breathing with varying amplitude; e) respiratory arrest.
30. In the pathogenesis of periodic breathing is important:
+ a) reducing the sensitivity of the respiratory center to CO2;
b) the increased sensitivity of the respiratory center to CO2;
c) stimulation of the respiratory center;
d) the constant stimulation of inspiratory neurons of the respiratory center;
e) reduction of the respiratory surface of the lungs.
31. Biot's respiration is:
a) the alternation of apnea with respiratory movements that are growing
by depth, and then decrease;
+ b) the alternation of apnea with respiratory movements of the same frequency and depth; c)
deep, rare respiratory movements; d) deep, frequent respiratory movements; e) gradually fading
respiratory movements.
32. Cheyne-Stokes respiration - is:
+ a) the alternation of apnea with respiratory movements that are growing by depth, and then
decrease; b) the alternation of apnea with respiratory movements of the same frequency and
depth; c) deep, rare respiratory movements;
d) deep, frequent respiratory movements; e) gradually fading respiratory movements.
33. Terminal breathing include breathing of:
a) Biota; b) Cheyne-Stokes; c) external; d) dissociated; + e) gasping.
34. The main pathogenic factor in the development of pulmonary edema is:
a) reduction in vascular permeability;
b) reduction of lymph flow;
c) increasing the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma;
d) increasing the production of aldosterone;
+ e) increasing hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries.
35. Respiratory failure is characterized by:
+a) shortness of breath; b) anemia; + c) cyanosis; + d) changes in the content of O2 and CO2 in
the blood; + e) changes in acid-base status.
36. What type of breathing develops in stenosis of the larynx?
a) frequent, shallow breathing (polypnoea); b) frequent, deep breathing (hyperpnoea); c) rare,
deep breathing with difficulty exhaling; + d) rare, deep breathing with difficulty inhaling;
e) Biot's respiration.
37. Inspiratory dyspnea is observed the following pathological conditions:
+ a) I stage of asphyxia; b) emphysema of lungs; + c) laryngeal edema;
d) bronchial asthma; + e) tracheal stenosis.
38. Expiratory dyspnea is observed the following pathological conditions:
a) I stage of asphyxia; + b) emphysema of lungs; c) laryngeal edema;
+ d) bronchial asthma; e) tracheal stenosis.
39. Describe the breath when inspiratory dyspnea:
a) constant amplitude; b) superficial; + c) difficult and lengthened inhalation;
d) difficult and lengthened exhalation; e) the difficult inhaling and exhaling.
40. Describe the breathing during the expiratory dyspnea:
a) constant amplitude; b) superficial; c) difficult and lengthened inhalation;
+ d) difficult and lengthened exhalation; e) difficult inhalation and exhalation.