1NC Racism Kritik
First off, the framework for this round is whoever best facilitates productive
scholarship on transportation inequity in regard to transportation infrastructure.
This means it’s the affirmative’s job to debate our negative in a way that produces
the best education possible.
Link:
First is our link of comission: The negative’s avoidance of the topic of institutional
racism is the very mindset that perpetuates its existence. We’ll never resolve the
issue of transportation inequity if the other team refuses to discuss it.
UNLESS DEBATE CHANGES TO ACCOMODATE VOICES OF OPPRESSED, ELITISM
WILL CONTINUE TO RULE
Wise, noted antiracist activist and former policy debater, in 2008
(Tim, over 15 book publications, 400+ radio/TV appearances, in the line where you tell people who I am, that I
was a twelve-time qualifier for TOCs in high school, on one of the top ten high school teams in the nation from
1985-1986, and ultimately quit debate because of its abstract way of looking at real world issues, immediately
after reaching the CEDA finals at the University of Alabama in 1988. White Like Me: Reflections on Race From a
Privileged Son, revised and updated, NY: Soft Skull Press p. 35)
"Unless debate is fundamentally transformed...(and) until the voices of economically and
racially marginalized persons are given equal weight in debate rounds with those of affluent
white experts (whose expertise is only presumed because other whites published what they had to
say in the first place), the ideas that shape our world will continue to be those of the elite, no
matter how destructive these ideas have proven to be for the vast majority of the planet's
inhabitants."
Next is the link of Objective Disconnected Narrative: They’re refusal to personalize
and advocate in the debate based on being an objective debater is bad b/c:
A. It justifies making unethical policy decisions that are technically “net
beneficial” b/c the policymaker is unattached to the topic and refuses to care
about the deaths of others.
It is important that we talk about the resolution in a way that helps us to
understand our relationship to the topic. This is keeps us from engaging in
practices that would justify oppressive and genocidal policies.
Shari Stone-Mediatore, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Ohio Wesleyan
University. in 2007
(Challenging Academic Norms: An Epistemology for Feminist and Multicultural
Classrooms http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/v019/19.2stonemediatore.html)
Even if objectivity is a myth, the valorization of traits associated with objectivity can
have real—and dangerous—historical effects. In particular, an unqualified valorization of
distance and detachment promotes the kind of moral numbness that facilitates
institutionalized violence. Certainly, a theorist should have some degree of distance from her subject
matter insofar as her knowledge claims should not be immediate personal reactions but well considered and
publicly accountable reflections. However, when we confuse absolute emotional and geographic distance
from one's subject matter with "objectivity," we forget that such distance is itself a social location, namely,
one of isolation from social problems. As a result, when we sanctify sheltered social
standpoints as "professional distance," we privilege the voices of those who can remove
themselves from social ills while we undervalue the voices of those who experience
social suffering more directly.4 Likewise, when we valorize detachment, we overlook the
qualities of the world that are known through physical and emotional closeness. Dedicated forest
defender Joan Norman indicated the importance of knowledge gained through closeness to
phenomena when she attributed her appreciation for forests to her walks in the woods with her
grandson. "You cannot [End Page 57] just read about wild places," she says, "you have to go
there" (O'Shea 2005, 42). Social critics Arundhati Roy and Paul Farmer practice a similar creed
when they travel, respectively, to Adivasi communities in India and to rural Latin America to
walk among and offer support to people subjected to economic violence. Only "compassion
and solidarity," says Farmer, allow a writer to break the conditioned silence of subjugated people
and to hear expressions of pain and struggle that await sympathetic ears (2003, 27).5 Ultimately,
when we confuse distance and detachment with rigor, we promote, under the guise of professional
responsibility, an irresponsible inattention to living beings and a concomitant ethics of callousness and
indifference. Nazi administrators exemplified such contradictions of objectivity when
they assumed an "objective attitude" toward the death camps, attending to
technicalities of mass execution as coolly as if they were managing a bank (Arendt
1992, 69). Although ordinary academics and bureaucrats are less directly involved in murder, our
disciplined aloofness can similarly bury violence in technical abstractions while our
conscience defers to "professionalism." For instance, purportedly objective French reporters and
United Nations members refrained from taking a stand on French colonialism in Algeria, only to model
apathy in the face of colonial violence, while today's "experts, from anthropologists to international health
specialists choose to collude" with economic violence by ignoring it in the name of "neutrality" (Fanon
1963, 77–8; Farmer 2003, 10, 17). "Objective" discourses facilitate this charade, as when planners of
India's big dams shield themselves from ethical questions raised by the displacement of hundreds of
thousands of individuals by reducing these people to the category "Project Affected People," or simply
"PAP," a term which conveniently "mutate[s] muscle and blood into cold statistics" (Roy 1999, 32).
B. And it promotes bad forms of scholarship. The education gained from the
debate can become poor when the other team uses ODN, since education is
on topics that distract from relevant issues. If we don’t debate
transportation inequity, then the scholarship made from that round says it
isn’t an important issue.
C. ODN entirely avoids making use of a debaters PPA. PPA is the most
important part of debate, it’s how we influence ourselves, the round, and the
community. W/o PPA, the impact of debate itself is meaningless.
NEXT LINK IS ERROR REPLICATION: THEIR NARROW POLICY APPROACH FAILS
TO SOLVE CURRENT AND FUTURE IMPACTS
THE TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO POLITICS GUARANTEE A WORLD OF
ERROR REPLICATION. THEY MAKE DEBATE CIRCULAR BECAUSE WE HAVE TO
CONTINUE TO HAVE THE SAME CONVERSATIONS BECAUSE THEY ARE NEVER
TRULY SOLVED.
WADIWEL 2K2 (Dinesh Joesph, completing a doctorate at the University of Western Sydney, 2K2, “Cows and
Sovereignty: Biopower and Animal Life” Borderlands E-Journal Vol. 1 # 2
http://www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol1no2_2002/wadiwel_cows.ht
ml)
Such a political program has far reaching consequences, both for Western
sovereignty, and the way that the business of politics is conducted. The living
population of the earth has inherited a vision of sovereign power, which has
spread cancerously into even the most seemingly inaccessible aspects of everyday
life. This vision commands all, claims legitimacy for all, and determines the
conduct of living for all within its domain. Politics ‘as we know it’ is caught
inextricably in the web of sovereign power, in such a way that it seems that
modern political debate cannot help but circulate around the same,
routine issues: "What is the appropriate legislative response?"; "Is it within the
State’s powers to intervene in this particular conflict?"; "How can we ensure the citizen’s rights are
maintained in the face of the state?". To challenge such an encompassing and peremptory
political discourse — where every question implies the sovereign absolutely,
and every decision made refers to life itself — would require the most
intensive rethinking of the way in which territory, governance and economy
are imagined. In this sense, whilst Agamben’s analysis of bare life, and Foucault’s theory of bio-power, provide a
means by which to assess the condition of non-human life with respect to sovereign power, the political project
must reach beyond these terms, and embrace an intertwining of the human
and the non-human: an intersection which may be found in the animal life shared by both
entities.
Impact:
Structural Violence is an ongoing form of extinction that practices to erase
individuals and cultures through day-to-day forms of violence. This outweighs
nuclear war – we are the only ones with comparative evidence.
Mumia Abu-Jamal 1998 [“A QUIET AND DEADLY VIOLENCE,” 9/19/98,
http://www.mumia.nl/TCCDMAJ/quietdv.htm]
It has often been observed that America is a truly violent nation, as shown by the
thousands of cases of social and communal violence that occurs daily in the nation. Every year, some 20,000
people are killed by others, and additional 20,000 folks kill themselves. Add to
this the non lethal violence that Americans daily inflict on each other, and we begin
to see the tracings of a nation immersed in a fever of violence. But, as remarkable, and harrowing as this level and degree of
violence is, it is, by far, not the most violent feature of living in the midst of the American empire. We
live, equally
immersed, and to a deeper degree, in a nation that condones and ignores
wide-ranging "structural" violence, of a kind that destroys human life with a
breathtaking ruthlessness. Former Massachusetts prison official and writer, Dr. James Gilligan
observes;"By `structural violence' I mean the increased rates of death and
disability suffered by those who occupy the bottom rungs of society, as contrasted by
those who are above them. Those excess deaths (or at least a demonstrably large proportion of them) are a function of the
class structure; and that structure is itself a product of society's collective human choices, concerning how to distribute the
collective wealth of the society. These are not acts of God. I am contrasting `structural' with `behavioral violence' by which I
mean the non-natural deaths and injuries that are caused by specific behavioral actions of individuals against individuals, such
as the deaths we attribute to homicide, suicide, soldiers in warfare, capital punishment, and so on." -- (Gilligan, J., MD, Violence:
This form of violence, not covered by any
is invisible to us and because of its
invisibility, all the more insidious. How dangerous is it -- really? Gilligan notes: "[E]very fifteen
years, on the average, as many people die because of relative poverty as would be
killed in a nuclear war that caused 232 million deaths; and every single year, two to three
times as many people die from poverty throughout the world as were killed by
the Nazi genocide of the Jews over a six-year period. This is, in effect, the equivalent of
an ongoing, unending, in fact accelerating, thermonuclear war, or genocide on
the weak and poor every year of every decade, throughout the world." [Gilligan, p.
Reflections On a National Epidemic (New York: Vintage, 1996), 192.)
of the majoritarian, corporate, ruling-class protected media,
196]
And, b/c they allow institutional racism and transportation inequity to exists, people
across America suffer.
The existence of transportation inequity contributes to the oppressive
condition that people of color face.
Thomas Sanchez & Marc Brenman, Director and Associate Professor Urban
Affairs and Planning Program Virginia Tech & Executive Director Washington
State Human Rights Commission. TRANSPORTATION EQUITY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: LESSONS FROM HURRICANE KATRINA. 2007
Transportation mobility is a hallmark of American society; without it, one
cannot be a full member of this society. The early challenges related to racial
discrimination and segregation discussed above involved discriminatory practices
that directly limited transportation access and mobility of people of color. The
effects of limited transportation mobility persist. The lack of mobility helped
create ghettos, de facto segregated schools and housing, and social and
community isolation. To cure these ills, many promises have been made by the
leadership of the dominant society. These promises are often unfulfilled, as have
been promises for housing to replace that destroyed in “blight clearing” projects.
These were sometimes referred to as “negro removal,” sometimes considered
synonymous with “urban renewal.” Whites in suburbs have foregone physical
mobility for a lack of social cohesion, while destroyed inner-city neighborhoods
have been left with neither mobility nor social cohesion.
And next impact is PPA:
When I advocate solving IR, when I personally relate myself to it, and when I reflect
and research on it, I change how I relate to the world. I can better influence how
debate and scholarship is produced for the rest of the community. They kill
education and scholarship by employing ODN and ignoring their own PPA. Since
they fail to use their PPA, they cannot positively influence the community and the
world around them.
The Alt: We affirm the 1NC as an act of reconceptualizing transportation infrastructure.
The alt solves best:
Transportation equity requires an expansive re-evaluation of transportation
infrastructure policy.
Thomas Sanchez & Marc Brenman, Director and Associate Professor Urban Affairs
and Planning Program Virginia Tech & Executive Director Washington State Human
Rights Commission. TRANSPORTATION EQUITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE:
LESSONS FROM HURRICANE KATRINA. 2007
Efforts to challenge discrimination, segregation, and inequitable
transportation policies have become increasingly sophisticated to encompass a
broad range of related social impacts. The term transportation equity refers to a
range of strategies and policies that aim to address inequities in the nation’s
transportation planning and project delivery system. Across the country,
community-based organizations of low-income and minority residents are
organizing to improve their communities, and they are recognizing the
significant role played by transportation in shaping local opportunities and
disinvestment. Though the definition of transportation equity may vary from place
to place, most of these community residents would agree that an equitable
transportation system would:
• Ensure opportunities for meaningful public involvement in the transportation
planning process, particularly for those communities that most directly feel the
impact
of projects or funding choices
• Be held to a high standard of public accountability and financial transparency
• Distribute the benefits and burdens from transportation projects equally across all
income levels and communities
• Provide high quality services—emphasizing access to economic opportunity and
basic mobility—to all communities, but with an emphasis on transit-dependent
populations
• Equally prioritize efforts both to revitalize poor and minority communities and to
expand transportation infrastructure
And, United States federal government policies are not enough to address the
deep structural inequities in transportation.
Robert Bullard, Dean of the Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public
Affairs at Texas Southern University, Highway Robbery 2004