Development of fine-scale spatial genetic structure in different simulation
scenarios over increasing numbers of cycles
Maximum levels of spatial genetic structure developed quickly, but the rate at which this occurred
varied among scenarios. For example, when the male dispersal distance was extreme (mean = 2000
m), the maximum level of FM spatial genetic structure was reached within 10 generations. By
contrast, under the base scenario of mean female dispersal = 100 m, and mean male dispersal = 250
m, there were very minor increases in FM structure across generations 20 to 50, although, there was
substantive overlap in the 95% confidence intervals. For computational efficiency we ran the
majority of our simulations for 20 generations (except for the generational overlap scenarios), by
which point differences between FM, FF and MM structure were apparent under all scenarios
(except equal female and male dispersal, as expected) giving rise to detectable and significant
differences in spatial genetic structure (Fig. S2 and S3). Differences in the magnitude of FM
structure were also readily distinguishable among the mate search and dispersal distance scenarios
by generation 20 (Fig. S4a-b). Therefore, even in the few cases where there were marginal increases
in the magnitude of structure beyond generation 20, these increases had no impact on our
conclusions. Whereas, differences between the generation overlap scenarios in FM spatial genetic
structure did not stabilise until cycles 45-50 (Fig. S4c) and thus these scenarios where run for 50
generations.
Fig S2. The development of FF, FM and MM a structure across the range of mate search
distance and male dispersal distance scenarios (averaged over 100 simulations, error bars
represent 95% confidence intervals). In the title of each panel, F refers to the mean dispersal
distance of females, M is the mean dispersal distance of males and NN indicates the number of
nearest neighbour males from which sires were drawn.
Fig S3. The development of FF, FM and MM structure for each of the four generation overlap
scenarios (averaged over 100 simulations, error bars represent 95% confidence intervals). In
the title of each panel, F refers to the mean dispersal distance of females, M is the mean
dispersal distance of males, NN indicates the number of nearest neighbour males from which
sires were drawn and G designates the maximum age.
a)
b)
c)
Fig S4. The development of FM structure compared between (a) the mate search distance
scenarios; (b) the male dispersal distance scenarios, and (c) the generation overlap scenarios
(averaged over 100 simulations, error bars represent 95% confidence intervals). In the
legends M is the mean dispersal distance of males, NN indicates the number of nearest
neighbour males from which sires were drawn and Yr designates the maximum age.