Unit 2 – Chapter 18
Finding Order in Diversity
Mr. Hines
Part A – Finding Order in Diversity
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Learning Targets
I can explain why classification is important
I can explain how living things are classified.
Classify living things using the Linnaeus System
Create a cladogram based on physical similarities.
Recognize problems with the Linnaeus System.
Explain evolutionary classification
Distinguish between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.
Distinguish between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
I can
Part B – Kingdoms and Domains
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10
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List the 3 domains and distinguish between them.
List the kingdoms within the domain Eukarya and distinguish between them.
Classify and compare the major divisions of animals
Define and classify vertebrates.
Explain how bacteria can be helpful and harmful to living things.
Use a Dichotomous key
Target 1 – I can explain why classification is important
A. Order From Chaos
1. When you need a new pair of shoes, what do you do? You walk into a shoe store past the tens or
hundreds of pairs of shoes you don’t want and straight to the kind you do want.
2. How do you find them?
3. Shoes are organized in the store in __________________.
4. People organize objects by grouping similar objects together.
5. Where else can you think of that is based on categories? ______________________________
B. Why do we need classification?
What would you call this animal?
6. This animal has a scientific name – or genus and species
Felis concolor
7. In other words, you can call it whatever you want, but its _____________ name is Felis concolor.
8. Felis concolor will be the name for this animal all over the world… because this is its scientific name.
C. What is classification? - Putting things into categories (classes)
1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a ____________________system to name organisms and
group them in a logical manner.
2. Many organisms have what is known as a “common name.”
3. A common name might include dog, cat, rabbit, or snake.
4. That is not good enough, because there are ___________________kinds of dogs, cats, rabbits, and snakes.
Target 2 – I can explain how living things are classified.
A. Taxonomy
1. The scientific naming of all organisms on the planet is called “_________________.”
2. Taxonomy is the classification of all living things on the planet.
B. Binomial nomenclature
1. Binomial nomenclature is system of naming organisms based on a _________________scientific name.
2. There are three rules to writing the scientific name of an organism
a. The entire name is written in italics (if hand written, it is underlined).
b. The first letter of the first name is CAPITALIZED.
c. The second letter of the last name is lower cased.
Each bear has a Capitalized genus and a lower cased species.
*Write each genus species properly under each example
Target 3 – Classify living things using the Linnaeus System
A. What is a species?
1. Species – living things that can mate and create ____________________ offspring….
B. Each of these bears are of different species….therefore they CANNOT mate and create fertile offspring.
What about a donkey/horse/mule?
What about a Labrador retriever/German
Shepard/mutt?
C. Linnaeus’s System of Classification
1. The Linnaeus System of Classification has 7 taxons (taxon = level)
Mnemonics - create a sentence using these letters.
K
These are the 7 taxons of the Linnaeus System
P
C
O
F
G
S
This is the Linnaeus System of Classification
Target 4 - Create a cladogram based on physical similarities.
A. A cladogram is tree-like chart that demonstrates how organisms are separated based on physical similarities.
organism
Backbone legs
claws
slug
snake
frog
lizard
cow
human
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Produce
milk
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Walk
upright
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Organism Backbone Tentacles Has Has
Lives Lives
eyes lungs in
on
water land
Rat
Jellyfish
Lobster
dolphin
Fish
*A cladogram can also be called a phylogenic tree.
*Use the phyogenic tree to answer questions 1-4
1. Which pairs of organisms are most closely related?
2. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned
fish?
3. Which two groups are the least related?
4. Are mammals more closely related to lizards or turtles?
Target 5 - Recognize problems with the Linnaeus System.
A. The Linnaeus System classifies organisms based on physical ______________________.
B. Many organisms that look similar are not related at all.
C. For example, under the Linnaeus system, a dolphin could be classified as a fish, but a dolphin is more closely
related to a _________ than a fish (dog and dolphin are both mammals).
D. Therefore, the Linnaeus system has flaws.
E. Another system for classification exists – it classifies organisms based on ______________ – this is called
evolutionary classification
Target 6 - Explain evolutionary classification
A. Evolutionary classification is based on ancestry, not physical traits.
B. This example below illustrates how physical traits can be inaccurate when classifying organisms.
Vultures;Falcons;or storks?
African Vulture
American Vulture
Stork
Notes
Target 7 - Distinguish between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.
A. Autotrophs make their own food through photosynthesis. ____________will have chloroplasts in their cells.
B. Some examples are photosynthetic bacteria, protists, and plants.
C. Heterotrophs get their food by ___________ other organisms (or absorbing nutrients from other organisms).
D. Some examples are animals (eat) and fungi (absorb).
Target 8 - Distinguish between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
A. Prokaryotes are cells that DO NOT have a nucleus
B. Eukaryotes are cells that DO have a nucleus.
notes
Target 9 - List the 3 domains and distinguish between them.
A. The first life on the planet has not been identified since it is no longer around to our knowledge.
B. What we do know is that the first life on the planet has evolved in ____ directions.
C. These 3 directions gave us 3 different kinds of organisms.
D. These 3 organisms are divided up into 3 _______________.
3 Domains
1. Archea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukarya
?
A. Domain Archea
1. Within the domain Archea, we find the one kingdom of archeabacteria
2. These organisms are single celled and _______________ have nuclei. (aka prokaryotes)
3. They live in extreme conditions such as volcanic hot springs where temperatures can be above 100
degrees celsius (boiling point of water).
4. Their cell walls _________________ have a substance called “peptidoglycan.”
B. Domain Bacteria
1. Within the domain of bacteria, we find the kingdom Eubacteria
2. These organisms are one celled and _________________ have nuclei (Prokaryotes)
3. They commonly grow just about everywhere and can be helpful or harmful to humans.
4. Their cell walls ________ have a substance called “peptidoglycan.”
C. Domain Eukarya
1. Within the Domain of Eukarya, we find 4 kingdoms.
a. Protista
b. Fungi
c. Plantae
d. Animalia
Target 10 - List the kingdoms within the domain Eukarya and distinguish between them.
A. Kingdom Protista
1. Single celled organisms
2. Live in water
3. Can live in colonies
4. Examples – Euglena, Paramecium, Amoeba, Volvox
B. Kingdom Fungi
1. Multicellular
2. Cells have cell wall (made of chitin)
3. Non photosynthetic
4. Examples – mold, yeast, mushrooms
C. Kingdom Plantae
1. Multicellular
2. Cells DO have cell wall (made of cellulose)
3. Photosynthetic
4. Examples – grasses, bushes, trees
D. Kingdom Animalia
1. Multicellular
2. Cells DO NOT have cell wall
3. Non photosynthetic
4. Examples – Worms, Fish, Dogs, Humans
E. What do all Domains and Kingdoms have in common? ____________________________
Target 11 - Classify and compare the major divisions of animals
A. The kingdom of Animalia can be broken down into 9 Phyla.
1. Chordata (vertebrates) – animals with backbone or nerve chord.
2. Porifera - Sponges
3. Cnidaria – Jellyfish, Coral
4. Platyhelmenthes – Flatworms or tapeworms
5. Nematoda – Roundworms or hookworms
6. Annelida – Segmented worms or earthworms
7. Arthropodia – Has exoskeleton – insects, spiders, crabs
8. Mollusca – have hard shell and soft body - Snails, Clams,
9. Echinodermata – mouth and anus are same hole – starfish, urchins, sand dollars
B. Phyla 2-9 do not have backbones and are informally classified as “invertebrates.”
Notes – create trees
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Target 12 - Define and classify vertebrates.
A. Vertebrates – Animals that have a backbone.
Target 13 - Explain how bacteria can be helpful and harmful to living things.
A. Bacteria can be helpful – examples below.
1. Skin - Staphylococcus epidermidis – these bacteria grow on all humans’ skin and form a protective barrier against harmful bacteria.
2. Stomach - Clostridium fusobacteria – these bacteria grow in all humans’ digestive systems and help digest food.
3. Helpful bacteria are also called flora.
Skin flora
Showering and skin flora?
Digestive flora
B. Bacteria can be harmful - examples below
1. Escherichia coli – (aka E. coli) – harmful bacteria that can be found in food that causes food poisoning;
causes sickness and death.
2. Salmonella bongori – harmful bacteria that is usually found on poultry foods that causes food poisoning;
causes sickness and death.
Target 14 - Use a dichotomous Key
A. In order to use a dichotomous key, you follow the chart answering a series of yes/no questions.
Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.
1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2
b. leaf is broad……… go to 5
2. a. needles are short ....go to 3
b. needles are long…...go to 4
3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock
b. underside of needles silver ..balsam
4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine
b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine
5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6
b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7
6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen
b. no minty odor…..laurel