Functional Ecology
Supporting Information
Table S1 A list of the 24 species used to test for differences in pollen limitation and autofertility among native, invasive alien and
non-invasive alien plant species in Germany. The table gives information on the taxonomic group (Family), the life cycle, the reported
breeding system and pollination biology according to BiolFlor (www2.ufz.de/biolflor/index.jsp), the flower color, the plant group for
each species; the native range according to GRIN (http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl) and the year of first
record in Germany or in the Czech Republic, or the year of first cultivation (*) for the alien species.
Family
Species
Life cycle
Breeding system
Pollination
biology
Flower
color
Group
Native range
First
record
Apiaceae
Daucus carota
Biennial
Self-compatible
Autonomous
selfpollination,
insect
pollination
White
native
-
-
Apiaceae
Heracleum
mantegazzianum
Biennial
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
White
invasive
Caucasus
1862
White
noninvasive
Northern Africa,
NA
Western Asia,
Caucasus, Middle
Asia, East Europe,
Southeastern Europe,
Southwestern Europe
insect
pollination
Apiaceae
Pimpinella peregrina
Biennial
-
-
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
1
Functional Ecology
Family
Species
Life cycle
Breeding system
Pollination
biology
Flower
color
Group
Native range
First
record
Asteraceae
Senecio inaequidens
Perennial
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
Yellow
invasive
Southern Africa
1889
Purple
native
-
-
insect
pollination
Asteraceae
Aster amellus
Perennial
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
insect
pollination
Asteraceae
Aster laevis
Perennial
-
-
Purple
noninvasive
Eastern Canada,
Western Canada,
Northeastern USA,
North-Central USA,
Southeastern USA
1851
Asteraceae
Bidens connata
Annual
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
Yellow
noninvasive
Northeastern USA,
North-Central USA,
Southeastern USA
1865
Yellow
invasive
Subarctic America,
Eastern Canada,
Western Canada,
Northeastern USA,
North-Central USA,
Northwestern USA,
Southeastern USA,
1891
insect
pollination
Asteraceae
Bidens frondosa
Annual
Self-compatible
Selfpollination
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
2
Functional Ecology
Family
Species
Life cycle
Breeding system
Pollination
biology
Flower
color
Group
Native range
First
record
South-Central USA,
Southwestern USA
Asteraceae
Bidens tripartita
Annual
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
Yellow
native
-
-
insect
pollination
Asteraceae
Solidago canadensis
Perennial
Self-incompatible Insect
pollination
Yellow
invasive
Eastern Canada,
Western Canada,
Northeastern USA,
North-Central USA,
Southeastern USA
1838
Asteraceae
Solidago graminifolia
Perennial
Self-incompatible Insect
pollination
Yellow
noninvasive
Subarctic America,
Eastern Canada,
Western Canada,
Northeastern USA,
North-Central USA,
Northwestern USA,
Southeastern USA
1848
Asteraceae
Solidago virgaurea
Perennial
Self-incompatible Insect
pollination
Yellow
native
-
-
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens balfourii
Perennial
-
Insect
pollination
Pink
noninvasive
Indian Subcontinent
1901*
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens glandulifera
Annual
Self-compatible
Insect
pollination
Pink
invasive
Indian Subcontinent
1854
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
3
Functional Ecology
Family
Species
Life cycle
Breeding system
Pollination
biology
Flower
color
Group
Native range
First
record
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens noli-tangere
Annual
Self-compatible
Cleistogamy,
Insect
pollination
Yellow
native
-
-
Brassicaceae
Lepidium densiflorum
Biennial
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
White
noninvasive
Subarctic America,
Eastern Canada,
Western Canada,
Northeastern USA,
North-Central USA,
Northwestern USA,
Southeastern USA,
South-Central USA,
Southwestern USA,
Northern Mexico
1879
White
native
-
-
White
invasive
Subarctic America,
Eastern Canada,
Western Canada,
Northeastern USA,
North-Central USA,
Northwestern USA,
Southeastern USA,
South-Central USA,
Southwestern USA,
1786
insect
pollination
Brassicaceae
Lepidium graminifolium
Perennial
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
insect
pollination
Brassicaceae
Lepidium virginicum
Biennial
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
insect
pollination
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
4
Functional Ecology
Family
Species
Life cycle
Breeding system
Pollination
biology
Flower
color
Group
Native range
First
record
Northern Mexico,
Southern Mexico,
Caribbean,
Mesoamerica
Geraniaceae
Geranium
macrorrhizum
Perennial
Self-compatible
Insect
pollination
Pink
noninvasive
Middle Europe
1588*
(Austria),
Southeastern Europe,
Southwestern Europe
Geraniaceae
Geranium pratense
Perennial
Self-compatible
Insect
pollination
Purple
native
-
Geraniaceae
Geranium pyrenaicum
Perennial
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
Purple
invasive
Northern Africa,
1800
Western Asia,
Caucasus, Northern
Europe, Middle
Europe (not
Germany), East
Europe, Southeastern
Europe,
Southwestern Europe
Yellow
native
-
insect
pollination
Papaveraceae
Chelidonium majus
Perennial
Self-compatible
Selfpollination,
-
-
insect
pollination
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
5
Functional Ecology
Family
Species
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
Life cycle
Pollination
biology
Flower
color
Group
Native range
First
record
Eschscholzia californica Annual
Self-incompatible Insect
pollination
Yellow
noninvasive
Northwestern USA,
South-Central USA,
Southwestern USA,
Northern Mexico
1818*
Papaver somniferum
Self-incompatible Selfpollination,
Purple
invasive
Macaronesia,
<1500
Northern Africa,
Western Asia,
Southeastern Europe,
Southwestern Europe
Annual
Breeding system
insect
pollination
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
6
Functional Ecology
Table S2 Plant material used to test for differences in pollen limitation and autofertility among native, invasive alien, and noninvasive alien plant species in Germany. The table gives information on the taxonomic group (Triplet), the plant group, the number of
grid cells in which the species have been recorded in Germany since 1980 according to Floramap, the sources of plant materials used
in the experiment, the pot size, the first month of treatment and the year of treatment, the number of plants used in the three treatments
(PS: pollen supplementation, OP: open pollination, PE: pollinator exclusion) for each species. The range of the number of treated
flower units per plant is given in parentheses.
Triplet
Species
Group
Number of
Source(s) of seeds
grid cells
or seedlings
Pot size
Month and
Number of
Number of
Number of
year of
plants PS
plants OP
plants PE
treatment
Apiaceae
Daucus carota
native
2656
Hofberg Garten;
2.5 L
June 2013
12(10)
15(10)
15(10)
4L
July 2013
3(6-9)
3(6-9)
-
UFA
Apiaceae
Heracleum
invasive
1928
mantegazzianum
Apiaceae
Forest or grassland
near the Universtity
Pimpinella
non-
157
BG Konstanz
3L
May 2013
11(10)
15(5-10)
7(10)
peregrina
invasive
Asteraceae I
Senecio inaequidens
invasive
1332
BG Konstanz
4L
June 2013
15(3-11)
15(1-14)
15(10-12)
Asteraceae I
Aster amellus
native
313
Hofberg Garten
3L
Aug 2013
15(4-10)
15(10)
15(10-15)
Asteraceae I
Aster laevis
non-
37
Holland 4/98
3L
July 2013
15(9-11)
15(10)
15(5-11)
invasive
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
7
Functional Ecology
Triplet
Species
Group
Number of
Source(s) of seeds
grid cells
or seedlings
Pot size
Month and
Number of
Number of
Number of
year of
plants PS
plants OP
plants PE
21(4-10)
21(5-10)
18(5-10)
treatment
Asteraceae II
Bidens connata
non-
181
BG Konstanz
1.9 L
invasive
Aug 2012,
Sep 2013
Asteraceae II
Bidens frondosa
invasive
1637
BG Konstanz; B&T
3L
Sep 2012
15(8-13)
15(8-12)
15(8-16)
Asteraceae II
Bidens tripartita
native
2252
UFA; B&T; BG
3L
Sep 2012
15(3-12)
15(10-11)
14(4-11)
Konstanz
Asteraceae III
Solidago canadensis invasive
2331
BG Göttingen; B&T
3L
Sep 2013
2(11-28)
3(14-21)
3(9-22)
Asteraceae III
Solidago
non-
19
B&T
2.5 L
Aug 2013
15(3-17)
15(4-17)
15(5-10)
graminifolia
invasive
Solidago virgaurea
native
2162
Rieger-Hofmann;
3L
July 2013
6(4-10)
12(10)
8(9-11)
Asteraceae III
Hofberg Garten
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens balfourii
non-
5
BG Bern
3L
Aug 2012
15(1-11)
15(10)
15(1-10)
2299
Forest near the
3L
Aug 2012
15(2-10)
15(3-16)
14(4-10)
3L
Aug 2012
23(1-8)
23(1-10)
25(1-8)
1.9 L
June 2013
15(1-15)
15(1-14)
14(10)
invasive
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens
invasive
glandulifera
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens noli-
Universtity
native
2335
tangere
Brassicaceae
Forest near the
Universtity
Lepidium
non-
densiflorum
invasive
57
Lab Collection oder
Wayne
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
8
Functional Ecology
Triplet
Species
Group
Number of
Source(s) of seeds
grid cells
or seedlings
Pot size
Month and
Number of
Number of
Number of
year of
plants PS
plants OP
plants PE
treatment
Brassicaceae
Lepidium
native
64
graminifolium
Brassicaceae
Lepidium
Botanical Garden
1.9 L
Aug 2013
15(5-10)
15(7-10)
15(10)
(BG) Konstanz
invasive
633
BG Konstanz
3L
May 2013
15(10-12)
15(10)
15(10)
Geranium
non-
132
Jelitto
2.5 L
May 2014
4(5)
4(5)
3(5)
macrorrhizum
invasive
Geranium pratense
native
1737
Hofberg Garten;
2.5 L
May 2014
11(5)
11(5)
10(5)
virginicum
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Rieger-Hofmann
Geraniaceae
Geranium
invasive
1829
B&T; UFA
2.5 L
May 2014
10(5)
10(5)
10(5)
pyrenaicum
Papaveraceae
Chelidonium majus
native
2549
Rieger-Hofmann
3L
May 2013
15(2-10)
15(5-10)
15(5-10)
Papaveraceae
Eschscholzia
non-
143
Hofberg Garten;
1.9 L
June 2013
13(1-10)
14(1-10)
11(3-10)
californica
invasive
Papaver
invasive
2.5 L
July 2013
3(2-3)
4(3-4)
4(3)
Papaveraceae
somniferum
Wyss
1277
B&T; Hofberg
Garten
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
9
Functional Ecology
Table S3 Results of two generalized linear mixed-effects models from which Impatiens nolitangere was dropped testing for the main and interactive effects of pollination treatment (pollen
supplementation, open pollination and pollinator exclusion) and plant group (native, invasive
alien and non-invasive alien) and the main effect of year of treatment on mean fruit set and seed
production per fruit.
Fruit set (n=1855)
Seeds per fruit (n=6544)
Fixed factors
Df
Chi2
p-value
Df
Chi2
p-value
Pollination treatment
2
345.04
<0.0001
2
156.34 <0.0001
Plant group
2
0.052
0.974
2
2.973
0.226
Year
2
1.253
0.534
2
0.565
0.754
Pollination treatment x plant
4
2.504
0.644
4
28.007 <0.0001
group
Random factors
Std. dev.
Std. dev.
Taxonomic group
1.27
1.126
Species: Taxonomic group
5.158
1.077
Plant individual: (Species:
4.458
0.527
Observation*
-
0.206
Std. dev. residuals
1.045
0.697
Taxonomic group)
*To avoid overdispersion of the number of seeds per fruit, we included an observation-level
random factor.
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
10
Functional Ecology
Table S4 Results of four phylogenetically informed linear models from which Impatiens nolitangere was dropped testing for the effects of plant group (native, invasive alien and noninvasive alien) on pollen limitation and autofertility. The analyses were conducted using raw and
adjusted values for the indices of pollen limitation and autofertility. Values of Grafen’s rho close
to zero indicate a weak phylogenetic signal.
Chi2
df
P-value
Grafen’s rho
Index of pollen limitation
2.4588
2
0.2925
0.0463
Adjusted index of pollen limitation
1.038
2
0.5952
<0.0001
Index of autofertility
0.6318
2
0.7291
0.1136
Adjusted index of autofertility
0.7569
2
0.6849
0.1282
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
11
Functional Ecology
Table S5 A list of references used to resolve polytomies within families for the phylogeny of
native, invasive, and non-invasive alien plant species for which the degrees of pollen limitation
and autofertility were assessed.
Family
References
Asteraceae
Goertzen, L.R., Cannone, J.J., Gutell, R.R. & Jansen, R.K. (2003) ITS
secondary structure derived from comparative analysis: implications for
sequence alignment and phylogeny of the Asteraceae. Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution, 29, 216-234.
Panero, J.L. & Funk, V.A. (2008) The value of sampling anomalous taxa
in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47, 757-782.
Brassicaceae
Bailey, C.D., Koch, M.A., Mayer, M., Mummenhoff, K., O'Kane, S.L.,
Warwick, S.I., Windham, M.D. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2006) Toward a
global phylogeny of the Brassicaceae. Molecular Biology and Evolution,
23, 2142-2160.
Geraniaceae
Fiz, O., Vargas, P., Alarcón, M., Aedo, C., García, J.L. & Aldasoro, J.J.
(2008) Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Geraniaceae in relation
to climate changes and pollination ecology. Systematic Botany, 33, 326342.
Papaveraceae
Hoot, S., Kadereit, J., Blattner, F., Jork, K., Schwarzbach, A. & Crane, P.
(1997) Data congruence and phylogeny of the Papaveraceae sl based on
four data sets: atpB and rbcL sequences, trnK restriction sites, and
morphological characters. Systematic Botany, 22, 575-590.
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
12
Functional Ecology
Table S6 Indices of pollen limitation (PL) and autofertility (AF) of 24 native, invasive alien and
non-invasive alien plant species in Germany.
Triplet
Species
Group
PL1*
PL2*
PL3*
AF
Apiaceae
Daucus carota
native
-0.187
-0.229
-0.206
0.225
Apiaceae
Heracleum
mantegazzianum
invasive
-0.549
-1.216
-0.796
-
Apiaceae
Pimpinella peregrina
non-invasive
0.135
0.119
0.127
0.208
Asteraceae I
Senecio inaequidens
invasive
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.02
Asteraceae I
Aster amellus
native
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.594
Asteraceae I
Aster laevis
non-invasive
-0.021
-0.022
-0.022
0.056
Asteraceae II
Bidens connata
non-invasive
0.173
0.147
0.159
0.88
Asteraceae II
Bidens frondosa
invasive
0.13
0.115
0.123
0.673
Asteraceae II
Bidens tripartita
native
0.573
0.364
0.453
0.924
Asteraceae III
Solidago canadensis
invasive
0.296
0.228
0.259
0.156
Asteraceae III
Solidago graminifolia
non-invasive
0.147
0.128
0.137
0.060
Asteraceae III
Solidago virgaurea
native
0.047
0.045
0.046
0.751
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
13
Functional Ecology
Triplet
Species
Group
PL1*
PL2*
PL3*
AF
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens balfourii
non-invasive
-0.061
-0.065
-0.063
0.338
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens
glandulifera
invasive
-0.086
-0.094
-0.090
0.023
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens nolitangere
native
-0.080
-0.087
-0.083
0.213
Brassicaceae
Lepidium densiflorum
non-invasive
0.772
0.436
0.572
0.844
Brassicaceae
Lepidium
graminifolium
native
0.047
0.045
0.046
0.397
Brassicaceae
Lepidium virginicum
invasive
0.275
0.216
0.243
0.808
Geraniaceae
Geranium
macrorrhizum
non-invasive
0.079
0.073
0.076
0.119
Geraniaceae
Geranium pratense
native
0.281
0.219
0.248
0.070
Geraniaceae
Geranium pyrenaicum invasive
0.042
0.040
0.041
0.201
Papaveraceae
Chelidonium majus
native
0.516
0.340
0.416
0.394
Papaveraceae
Eschscholzia
californica
non-invasive
-0.118
-0.134
-0.126
0.407
Papaveraceae
Papaver somniferum
invasive
-0.354
-0.549
*Indices of pollen limitation were calculated following different formulae.
-0.437
1.215
PL1 =
PL2 =
Seeds per flower [pollen supplementation]− Seeds per flower [open pollination]
Seeds per flower [open pollination]
(Eckert et al. 2010).
Seeds per flower [pollen supplementation]− Seeds per flower [open pollination]
PL3 = ln
Seeds per flower [pollen supplementation]
Seeds per flower [pollen supplementation]
Seeds per flower [open pollination]
(Larson and Barrett 2000).
(Vamosi et al. 2006; Harmon-Threatt et al. 2009).
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
14
Functional Ecology
Table S7 Results of two phylogenetically informed linear models from which the Apiaceae,
Balsaminaceae and Papaveraceae triplets were dropped testing for the effects of plant group
(native, invasive alien and non-invasive alien) on pollen limitation and autofertility. The analyses
were conducted using raw values for the indices of pollen limitation and autofertility. Values of
Grafen’s rho close to zero indicate a weak phylogenetic signal.
Chi2
df
P-value
Grafen’s rho
Index of pollen limitation
0.276
2
0.871
<0.0001
Index of autofertility
1.594
2
0.4507
0.38
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
15
Functional Ecology
Fig S1 Fruit set and seed production (mean ±1 SE) in the three treatments (pollen
supplementation, open pollination, pollinator exclusion) on eight confamilial triplets of native
(black species names), invasive alien (red species names) and non-invasive alien (blue species
names) plant species.
Pollen supplementation
Open pollination
Pollinator exclusion
6
1.0
Seed production
0.4
3
2
0.2
1
0.0
0
D. carota
H. mantegazzianum
P. peregrina
D. carota
1.0
Seed production
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
A. amellus
H. mantegazzianum
P. peregrina
S. inaequidens
A. laevis
80
0.8
Fruit set
4
ASTERACEAE I
Fruit set
0.6
APIACEAE
5
0.8
60
40
20
0
S. inaequidens
A. laevis
A. amellus
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
16
Functional Ecology
Pollen supplementation
Open pollination
Pollinator exclusion
40
Seed production
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
20
10
0
B. frondosa
B. tripartita
B. connata
1.0
25
0.8
20
Seed production
Fruit set
B. tripartita
30
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
S. virgaurea
B. frondosa
B. connata
S. canadensis
S. graminifolia
ASTERACEAE III
Fruit set
0.8
ASTERACEAE II
1.0
15
10
5
0
S. canadensis
S. graminifolia
S. virgaurea
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
17
Functional Ecology
Pollen supplementation
Open pollination
Pollinator exclusion
8
Seed production
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
I. noli-tangere
I. glandulifera
2
I. noli-tangere
I. balfourii
I. glandulifera
I. balfourii
L. virginicum
L. densiflorum
2.0
Seed production
0.8
Fruit set
4
0
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
L. graminifolium
6
BRASSICACEAE
Fruit set
0.8
BALSAMINACEAE
1.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
L. virginicum
L. densiflorum
L. graminifolium
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
18
Functional Ecology
Pollen supplementation
Open pollination
6
0.8
5
0.6
0.4
0.2
4
3
2
1
0.0
G. pratense
GERANIACEAE
1.0
Seed production
Fruit set
Pollinator exclusion
0
G. pyrenaicum
G. pratense
G. macrorrhizum
G. pyrenaicum
G. macrorrhizum
P. somniferum*
E. californica
1.0
Seed production
Fruit set
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
C. majus
PAPAVERACEAE
40
0.8
30
20
10
0
P. somniferum
E. californica
C. majus
*Seed production for Papaver somniferum was divided by 100.
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
19
Functional Ecology
Fig. S2 Phylogenetic tree of the 24 species used to test for differences in pollen limitation and
autofertility among native (black), invasive alien (red), and non-invasive alien (blue) plant
species in Germany.
Eschscholzia californica
Papaver somniferum
Chelidonium majus
Geranium pyrenaicum
Geranium pratense
Geranium macrorrhizum
Lepidium virginicum
Lepidium graminifolium
Lepidium densiflorum
Impatiens noli-tangere
Impatiens glandulifera
Impatiens balfourii
Solidago virgaurea
Solidago graminifolia
Solidago canadensis
Aster laevis
Aster amellus
Senecio inaequidens
Bidens tripartita
Bidens frondosa
Bidens connata
Heracleum mantegazzianum
Pimpinella peregrina
Daucus carota
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
20
Functional Ecology
Fig. S3 Correlation between autofertility and pollen limitation indices. To avoid mathematical
non-independence of the indices, we randomly allocated half of the treated plants per species in
the pollen supplementation treatment to the autofertility index and the other half to the pollen
limitation index (Morris, W.F., Traw, M.B. & Bergelson, J. 2006 On testing for a tradeoff
between constitutive and induced resistance. Oikos, 112, 102-110). Non-adjusted indices are
shown in black and adjusted ones (values larger than one set to one for autofertility indices;
negative values set to zero for pollen limitation indices) in red (n=23).
0.8
0.6
Pollen limitation index
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Autofertility index
Non-invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen limited than invasive aliens and
natives in a common garden
Mialy Razanajatovo and Mark van Kleunen
21