Supporting information Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials - a literature review of assessment status M. Miseljic a*, S.I. Olsen a a Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Management Engineering (DTU-MAN), Division for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment (QSA), 2800 Lyngby, Denmark *Corresponding author: mirm@dtu.dk, +45 4525-1642 (telephone) Table 3: Calculation of HC50 for spherical Ag ENMs from aquatic species data for three trophic levels. Details of deriving HC50 can be found in Larsen & Hauschild (2007a & 2007b) and Rosenbaum et al. (2008). Trophic level Taxa µg/L ENM ø mean or median size** nm Chlamydomonas reinhardii 355 25 Navarro et al., 2008 -3,45 Chlamydomonas reinhardii 92 25 Navarro et al., 2008 -4,04 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 190 26.6 Griffitt et al., 2008 -3,72 -3,72 Griffitt et al., 2008 -4,4 -4,4 Species EC50 acute References logEC50 acute AvgLogEC50 acute log(kg/m 3) Single species -3,74 Primary producers Primary consumers Algae Crustacean Daphnia pulex 40 44.5 Daphnia magna 15 58-71 Li et al., 2010 -4,82 Daphnia magna 16,7 681.4 Allen et al., 2010*** -4,78 Daphnia magna 31,5 39.4 Allen et al., 2010*** -4,50 Daphnia magna 1 773.6 Allen et al., 2010*** -6 Daphnia magna 1,1 5.9 Allen et al., 2010*** -5,96 Ceriodaphnia dubia 0,46 20-30 Gao et al., 2009 -6,34 Ceriodaphnia dubia 6,18 20-30 Gao et al., 2009 -5,21 Ceriodaphnia dubia 0,771 20-30 Gao et al., 2009 -6,11 Ceriodaphnia dubia 0,696 20-30 Gao et al., 2009 -6,16 Ceriodaphnia dubia 67 44.5 Griffitt et al., 2008 -4,17 Zebrafish - Danio rerio 15 12 Lee et al., 2007 -4,82 Zebrafish - Danio rerio 7070 44.5 Griffitt et al., 2008 -2,15 Zebrafish - Danio rerio 7200 44.5 Griffitt et al., 2008 -2,14 Zebrafish - Danio rerio 250000* 5-20 Choi et al., 2010 -0,60 2300 n.a. Shahbazzadeh et al., 2009 -2,64 34,6 49.6 Chae et al., 2009 -4,46 1030 25 Wu et al., 2010 -2,99 -5,21 -5,6 -2,43 Secondary consumers Fish Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss Japanese medaka - Oryzias latipes Japanese medaka - Oryzias latipes -2,64 -3,72 Log HC50acute = -3,93 log(kg/m3) HC50acute = 1,17E-04 kg/m3 HC50chronic = 5,83E-05 kg/m3 *Value deviating from the pattern of the other values used, but as no iregulations observed in the test method the value is used. **Nominal ø mean size (if no range is given) of spherical engineered nanoparticles. ***Dynamic light scattering size measurements in deionized water (not nominal size measurements as also aggregates measured). Table 4: Calculation of HC50 for spherical TiO2 ENMs (anatase & rutile, both included due to data scarcity) from aquatic species data for three trophic levels. Details of deriving HC50 can be found in Larsen & Hauschild (2007a & 2007b) and Rosenbaum et al. (2008). EC50 acute Trophic level Taxa (ug/L) ENM ø mean or median size* nm Desmodesmus subpicatus 32000 25 Baun et al., 2008 -1,49 Desmodesmus subpicatus 44000 25 Baun et al., 2008 -1,36 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 87000 140 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 61000 380 Chlorella sp. 16120 198.1 Sadiq et al., 2011 -1,79 Chlorella sp. 120000 5-10 Ji et al., 2011 -0,92 Scenedesmus sp. 21200 198.1 Sadiq et al., 2011 -1,67 -1,67 Green alga - unknown 5830 n.a. Aruoja et al., 2009 -2,23 -2,23 Ceriodaphnia dubia 3000 11.2 Hall et al., 2009 -2,52 Ceriodaphnia dubia 13400 11.2 Hall et al., 2009 -1,87 Ceriodaphnia dubia 11000 11.2 Hall et al., 2009 -1,96 Ceriodaphnia dubia 3600 11.2 Hall et al., 2009 -2,44 Ceriodaphnia dubia 15900 11.2 Hall et al., 2009 -1,8 -2 Species References logEC50 acute AvgLogEC50 acute log(kg/m3) Single species -1,43 Primary producers Algae Warheit et al., 2007 Warheit et al., 2007** -1,06 -1,14 -1,21 -1,36 -2,1 Primary consumers Secondary consumers Crustacean Fish Ceriodaphnia dubia 10000 25-30 Cattaneo et al., 2009 Daphnia pulex 6500 11.2 Hall et al., 2009 -2,19 Daphnia pulex 13000 11.2 Hall et al., 2009 -1,89 Daphnia pulex 10000 25-30 Cattaneo et al., 2009 -2 Daphnia magna 2020 21 Zhu et al., 2010 -2,69 Daphnia magna 1620 21 Zhu et al., 2010 -2,79 Daphnia magna 143000 <20 Daphnia magna 5500 25-30 Daphnia magna 20000000 25-70 Heinlaan et al. 2008 1,30 Daphnia magna 5500 30 Lovern et al., 2005 -2,26 Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss 100000 21 Chen et al., 2008 -1 Fathead minnow 500000 10 Hall et al., 2009 -0,30 Fathead minnow 1000000 10 Hall et al., 2009 0 Zebrafish 124500 20-70 Xiong et al., 2011 -0,90 Cattaneo et al., 2009 Cattaneo et al., 2009 -2,02 -0,84 -2,26 -1,59 -1 -0,15 -0,90 Log HC50acute = -1,42 log(kg/m3) HC50acute = 3,82E-02 kg/m3 HC50chronic = 0,02 kg/m3 *Nominal ø mean size (if no range is given) of spherical engineered nanoparticles. **Dynamic light scattering size measurements in deionized water (not nominal size measurements as also aggregates measured). Table 5: Overview of Ag ENM product release studies included and the characterised impact results based on the above calculated CF for Ag ENM in freshwater. The studies have been scaled per gram of product weight. Product Product brand/ company name 1. Textile, X-STATIC Description Release Total ENM mean Ag ENM weight size (nm) weight (g) (µg) Simulation Test method/ media Reference Silver size ISO textile ~91% >450 nm, 3% <450 test (ISO, nm, 6% Ag+ 1997) ISO textile ~39% >450 nm, 11% test (ISO, <450 nm, 50% Ag+ 1997) ISO textile ~85% >450 nm, 15% test (ISO, <450 nm 1997) ISO textile ~75% >450 nm, 25% test (ISO, <450 nm 1997) ISO textile ~83% >450 nm, 12% test (ISO, <450 nm, 5% Ag+ 1997) ISO textile test (ISO, ~100% >450 nm 1997) ISO textile ~80% >450 nm, 20% test (ISO, <450 nm 1997) ISO textile ~93% >450 nm, 5% <450 test (ISO, nm, 2% Ag+ 1997) Weight (µg) Electrolytically deposited layer of Ag (several µm) on fiber containing 79% cotton, 14% polyamide, 6% X-static fiber, 1% Lycra Elasthane 1 104 21600 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) Plasma-coated fiber with Ag-NP (about 100 nm) embedded in polyester matrix 1 104 390 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) AgCl (~200 nm) bound to cotton surface 1 37 8 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) 4. Textile, AgClBINDER AgCl (~200 nm) incorporated in binder on cotton surface 1 37 12 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) 5. Textile, NP-PESSURF Ag-NPs bound to polyester surface 1 104 29 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) Ag-NPs incorporated into polyester 1 104 99 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) Ag-NPs incorporated into 80% polyester and 20% polyamide 1 104 242 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) Nanosized silver nanoparticles incorporated into 80% cotton & 20% Elastic Yarn 1 104 2660 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) 9. Socks, Sharper Image Lounge sock (green) 1 <100 25,80 Washing (4x24h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water n.a. 28,53 10. Sock, Sharper Image Lounge sock (blue) 1 n.a. 57,80 Washing (4x24h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water n.a. 67,58 11. Socks, Sharper Image Lounge sock (blue) 1 n.a. 57,80 Washing (1h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water Mainly <20 nm (72% on Ag+ form) 5,31 12. Socks, Sharper Image Lounge sock (blue) 1 n.a. 57,80 Washing (second 1h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water Mainly <20 nm (76% on Ag+ form) 10,07 13. Socks, Sharper Image Lounge sock (blue) 1 n.a. 57,80 Washing (third 1h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water Mainly <20 nm (86% on Ag+ form) 21,98 14. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic) Casual sock (black) 1 100-500 1358,30 Washing (4x24h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water n.a. 7,17 15. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic) Casual sock (black) 1 100-500 1358,30 Washing (1h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water Mainly >400 nm (5% on Ag+ form) 3,48 16. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic) Casual sock (black) 1 100-500 1358,30 Washing (second 1h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water Casual sock (black) 1 100-500 1358,30 Washing (third 1h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water 2. Textile, PLASMA-NP 3. Textile, AgCl 6. Textile, NP-PES 7. Textile, NP-PES/PA 8. Textile, AgKilBact 17. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic) ~50% >450 nm and ~50% <20 nm (25% on Ag+ form) Mainly <20 nm (69% on Ag+ form) Characteris ed impact PAF*m3*da y/g product 314 Geranio et al. 2009 1,35E-3 67 Geranio et al. 2009 2,88E-4 2,7 Geranio et al. 2009 1,16E-5 2,4 Geranio et al. 2009 1,03E-5 10,1 Geranio et al. 2009 4,33E-5 1,3 Geranio et al. 2009 5,58E-6 4,3 Geranio et al. 2009 1,85E-5 377 Geranio et al. 2009 1,62E-3 6,96 6,52 Benn & Westerhoff, 2008 Benn & Westerhoff, 2008 Benn & Westerhoff, 2008 Benn & Westerhoff, 2008 Benn & Westerhoff, 2008 Benn & Westerhoff, 2008 Benn & Westerhoff, 2008 Benn & Westerhoff, 2008 Benn & Westerhoff, 1,22E-4 2,9E-4 2,28E-5 4,32E-5 9,43E-5 3,08E-5 1,49E-5 2,99E-5 2,8E-5 2008 18. Socks, AgActive London 19. Athletic shirt, Puckskin 20. Unfinished cloth fabric, Puckskin 21. Unfinished cloth fabric, Puckskin 22. Medical mask, Nanbabies 23. Medical cloth, Nanbabies 24. Toothpaste, Silvafresh 25. Shampoo, Primos 26. Detergent, Primos Casual sock (black) 1 n.a. 0,91 Texcare nanosilver fabric 1 n.a. 30 Texcare nanosilver fabric 1 n.a. 44 Texcare nanosilver fabric 1 n.a. 44 Silver (advertised form of silver) 1 n.a. 270000 Silver (advertised form of silver) 1 n.a. 230000 Collodial (advertised form of silver) 1 n.a. 7,6 Collodial, ionic (advertised form of silver) 1 n.a. 1,4 Collodial (advertised form of silver) 1 n.a. 3,4 1 n.a. 270 1 n.a. 70 27. Yellow cloth Nanosilver (advertised form of silver) (towel), Good4U 28. Teddy bear, Pure Nanosilver (advertised form of silver) Plushy 29. Interior foam from plush toy, unkn. prod. 30. Baby blanket, unknown brand - Washing (4x24h simulation in bottle) Ultrapure water Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room temperature) Municipal tap water Municipal tap water Municipal tap water Municipal tap water Municipal tap water Municipal tap water Municipal tap water Municipal tap water Municipal tap water Municipal tap water 1 n.a. 48,2 Use (24h, heated twice in microwave Municipal tap (to 38oC) and stored in refridgirator) water 1 n.a. 109,8 Use (24h, heated twice in microwave Municipal tap (to 38oC) and stored in refridgirator) water 31. T-shirt, unknown brand "Silver" (labeled) in 83% polyester and 17% wool 1 n.a. 183 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) 32. T-shirt, unknown brand "Silver ions" (labeled) in 100% polyester 1 n.a. 45 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) "Nanosize silver particles are incorporated into cotton fibers" (labeled) in 80% cotton and 20% elastic yarn 1 n.a. 292500000 0 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) 1 n.a. 41 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) 33. Socks, unknown brand 34. Trousers, unknown brand In 93% polyamide and 7% elastane ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) n.a. 90,41 74 % <100nm, 41 % <20 nm 0,56 55 % <20 nm 0,5 34 % <100nm, 28 % <20 nm 0,5 94 % <20 nm 11 96 % <20 nm 46 40 % <100nm, 12 % <20 nm 41 % <100nm, 32 % <20 nm 16 % <100nm, 4 % <20 nm n.a., but values detected below 20 nm n.a., but values detected below 20 nm 18 0,9 1,8 0,5 0,1 Benn & Westerhoff, 2008 Benn et al., 2010 Benn et al., 2010 Benn et al., 2010 Benn et al., 2010 Benn et al., 2010 Benn et al., 2010 Benn et al., 2010 Benn et al., 2010 Benn et al., 2010 Benn et al., 2010 3,88E-4 2,40E-6 2,15E-6 2,15E-6 4,72E-5 1,97E-4 7,73E-5 3,86E-6 7,73E-6 2,15E-6 4,29E-7 0,24 Quadros et al., 2013 1,03E-6 n.a. 1,6 Quadros et al., 2013 6,87E-6 77% >450 nm, 21%<45 nm, 2% dissolved 36,6 Lorenz et al., 2012 1,57E-4 79% >450 nm, 20%<45 nm, 1% dissolved 6,66 Lorenz et al., 2012 2,86E-5 35% >450 nm, 58%<45 6873750 Lorenz et al., nm, 7% dissolved 00 2012 2,95E3 55% >450 nm, 25%<45 nm, 20% dissolved 3,10E-5 n.a. 7,216 Lorenz et al., 2012 Table 6: Overview of TiO2 ENM product release studies included and the characterised impact results based on the above calculated CF for TiO 2 ENM in freshwater. The studies have been scaled per gram of product weight. Product Release Product brand/ company name Description Simulation Test method/ media Titanium-di-oxide/titania size 1. T-shirt (adults, 1 wash), Hyphen GmbH Nano-TiO2 with 80 %polyamide and 20 % polyester textile (stated by company) 1 0,5 % <260 (% of total Ti) 7149 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) About 150 nm (qualitative image assessment of primary particles) 235,92 Windler et al., 2012 2. T-shirt (adults, 10 washes), Nano-TiO2 with 80 %polyamide and 20 % Hyphen GmbH polyester textile (stated by company) 3,08E-6 1 0,5 % <260 (% of total Ti) 7149 10 washes, each 30 min at 40 oC ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) n.a. 478,98 Windler et al., 2012 6,26E-8 3. Pants (children, 1 wash), Hyphen GmbH Nano-TiO2 with 82 %polyamide and 18 % elastane textile (stated by company) 1 12 % <260 (% of total Ti) 6772 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) n.a. 243,79 Windler et al., 2012 3,19E-6 4. Pants (children, 10 washes), Nano-TiO2 with 82 %polyamide and 18 % Hyphen GmbH elastane textile (stated by company) 1 13 % <260 (% of total Ti) 6772 10 washes, each 30 min at 40 oC ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) n.a. 2139,95 Windler et al., 2012 2,8E-5 5. T-shirt (adults, 1 wash), TiO2 with 46 % Lenzing ModalSun (cellulose), Sunsible, EXA System GmbH 46 % cotton, 8 % elastane (stated by company) 1 0,9 % <260 (% of total Ti) 2983 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) 60-300 nm (qualitative image assessment of primary particles) 220,74 Windler et al., 2012 2,89E-6 6. T-shirt (adults, 10 washes), TiO2 with 46 % Lenzing ModalSun (cellulose), Sunsible, EXA System GmbH 46 % cotton, 8 % elastane (stated by company) 1 0,9 % <260 (% of total Ti) 2983 10 washes, each 30 min at 40 oC ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) n.a. 441,48 Windler et al., 2012 5,77E-6 7. T-shirt (children, 1 wash), Sunkids GmbH TiO2 with 91 %polyamide and 9 % elastane textile (stated by company) 1 14,4 % <260 (% of total Ti) 8584 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) n.a. 248,93 Windler et al., 2012 3,25E-6 8. T-shirt (children, 10 washes), Sunkids GmbH TiO2 with 91 %polyamide and 9 % elastane textile (stated by company) 1 14,4 % <260 (% of total Ti) 8584 10 washes, each 30 min at 40 oC ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) n.a. 248,93 Windler et al., 2012 3,25E-6 9. T-shirt (children, 1 wash), Sunkids GmbH TiO2 53 % polyester, 47 polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) (stated by company) 1 6,3 % <260 (% of total Ti) 4482 Washing (30 min at 40 oC) ISO textile test (ISO, 1997) n.a. 116,53 Windler et al., 2012 1,52E-6 10. T-shirt (sports use-acidic Some TiO2 content in AgCl-NP in 83% polyester sweat), unknown brand and 17% wool 1 200-400 (prod. label) 2153 788 Lorenz et al., 2012 1,03E-5 11. T-shirt (sports use-acidic Some TiO2 content in AgCl-NP in 83% polyester sweat), unknown brand and 17% wool 1 200-400 (prod. label) 2153 226 Lorenz et al., 2012 2,95E-6 n.a. >300 n.a. n.a. 20-300 n.a. n.a. >300 n.a. n.a. 20-300 n.a. n.a. >300 n.a. n.a. 20-300 n.a. 12. Facade paint (raw), model TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the facade weathering facade 13. Facade paint (centrifuged), TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the model facade weathering facade 14. Facade paint (raw), real TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the facade weathering facade 15. Facade paint (centrifuged), TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the real facade weathering facade 16. Facade paint (raw), urban TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the facade weathering facade 17. Facade paint (centrifuged), TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the urban facade weathering facade Total ENM mean TiO2 ENM weight size (nm) weight (g) (µg) Reference Characteris ed impact Weight PAF*m3*da (µg) y/g product ISO textile test 63ug < 450 nm, 725ug < 450 nm, dissolved Sport use, sweating cycle (ISO, 1997) (ISO, fraction not detected (under the detection limit of (30 min in acidic sweat) 1994) 12,5 ug/g/l) ISO textile test 38ug < 450 nm, 188ug < 450 nm, dissolved Sport use, sweating cycle (ISO, 1997) (ISO, fraction not detected (under the detection limit of (30 min in alkaline sweat) 1994) 12,5 ug/g/l) Rain runoff Facade aging/runoff n.a. collection Rain runoff Facade aging/runoff n.a. collection Rain runoff Facade aging/runoff n.a. collection Rain runoff Facade aging/runoff n.a. collection Rain runoff Facade aging/runoff n.a. collection Rain runoff Facade aging/runoff n.a. collection 610 560 350 300 560 275 Kaegi et al., 2008 Kaegi et al., 2008 Kaegi et al., 2008 Kaegi et al., 2008 Kaegi et al., 2008 Kaegi et al., 2008 7,97E-6 7,32E-6 4,58E-6 3,92E-6 7,32E-6 3,59E-6 1E+04 1. Textile, X-STATIC 2. Textile, PLASMA-NP 3. Textile, AgCl 1E+03 1E+02 PAF*m3*day (from Ag release per g total product) (log-scale) 4. Textile, AgCl-BINDER y = 1E-06x R² = 0.999999986 5. Textile, NP-PES-SURF 6. Textile, NP-PES 7. Textile, NP-PES/PA 8. Textile, AgKilBact 1E+01 9. Socks, Sharper Image 10. Sock, Sharper Image 11. Socks, Sharper Image 1E+00 12. Socks, Sharper Image 13. Socks, Sharper Image 14. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic) 1E-01 15. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic) 16. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic) 1E-02 17. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic) 18. Socks, AgActive London 19. Athletic shirt, Puckskin 1E-03 20. Unfinished cloth fabric, Puckskin 21. Unfinished cloth fabric, Puckskin 22. Medical mask, Nanbabies 1E-04 23. Medical cloth, Nanbabies 24. Toothpaste, Silvafresh 1E-05 25. Shampoo, Primos 26. Detergent, Primos 27. Yellow cloth (towel), Good4U 1E-06 28. Teddy bear, Pure Plushy 29. Interior foam from plush toy, unkn. prod. 1E-07 1E-01 30. Baby blanket, unknown brand 31. T-shirt, unknown brand 1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E+09 1E+10 32. T-shirt, unknown brand 33. Socks, unknown brand Ag ENM content (µg) (per g total product) (log-scale) 34. Trousers, unknown brand Fig. 11: Ecotoxicity impact from release of Ag (total metal) from products containing Ag ENM, data displayed according release related ecotoxicity per g total product. Based on figure 4 (article), table 3 and 5 (supporting PAF*m3*day (from TiO 2 release per g total product) (log scale) information). 1. T-shirt (adults, 1 wash), Hyphen GmbH 3E-05 2. T-shirt (adults, 10 washes), Hyphen GmbH 3. Pants (children, 1 wash), Hyphen GmbH y = 2E-09x R² = 0.00894 2E-05 4. Pants (children, 10 washes), Hyphen GmbH 5. T-shirt (adults, 1 wash), Sunsible, EXA System GmbH 6. T-shirt (adults, 10 washes), Sunsible, EXA System GmbH 8E-06 7. T-shirt (children, 1 wash), Sunkids GmbH 8. T-shirt (children, 10 washes), Sunkids GmbH 9. T-shirt (children, 1 wash), Sunkids GmbH 4E-06 10. T-shirt (sports use-acidic sweat), unknown brand 11. T-shirt (sports use-acidic sweat), unknown brand 2E-06 2E+03 4E+03 8E+03 TiO2 ENM content (µg) (per g total product) (log-scale) Fig. 12: Ecotoxicity impact from release of TiO2 (total metal) from products containing TiO2 ENM, data displayed according release related ecotoxicity per g total product. Based on figure 5 (article), table 4 and 6 (supporting information). References Allen H. J., Impellitteri C. A., Macke D. A., Heckman J. L., Poynton H. C., Lazorchak J. M., Govindaswamy S., Roose D. L. and Nadagouda M. N., 2010; Effects from filtration, capping agents, and presence/absence of food on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Daphnia magna, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29: 2742–2750. Aruoja V., Dubourguiera H-C., Kasemetsa K., Kahrua A., 2009; Toxicity of nanoparticles of CuO, ZnO and TiO2 to microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Science of the total Environment 407 (2009) 1461 – 1468. Baun A., Hartmann N.B., Grieger K., Kusk K.O., 2008; Ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to aquatic invertebrates: A brief review and recommendations for future toxicity testing, Ecotoxicology 17: 387-395. Benn T. M. and Westerhoff P., 2008; Nanoparticle silver released into water from commercially available sock fabrics." Environmental Science & Technology 42(11): 4133-4139. Benn T., Cavnagh B., Hristovski K., Posner J.D., Westerhoff P., 2010; The release of nanosilver from consumer products used in the home, J Environ Qual, 2010 Nov-Dec;39(6):1875-82. Botta C., Labille J., Auffan M., Borschneck D., Miche H., et al., 2011; TiO2-based nanoparticles released in water from commercialized sunscreens in a life-cycle perspective: Structures and quantities. Environmental Pollution 159: 1543– 1550. Cattaneo A. G., Gornati R., Chiriva-Internati M., Bernardini G., Ecotoxicology of nanomaterials: the role of invertebrate testing, Invertebrate Survival Journal, vol. 6, pp. 78–97, 2009. Chae Y.J., Pham C.H., Lee J., Bae E., Yi J., Gu M.B., 2009; Evaluation of the toxic impact of silver nanoparticles on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), Aquatic Toxicology Volume 94, Issue 4, 4 October 2009, Pages 320-327. Chen L., Sabatini D.A., Kibbey T.C.G., 2008; Role of the air-water interface in the retention of TiO2 nanoparticles in porous media during primary drainage, Environmental Science & Technology 2008;42(6):1916-1921. Choi J.E., Kim S., Ahn J.H., Youn P., Kang J.S., Park K., Yi J., Ryu D-Y., 2010; Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by silver nanoparticles in the liver of adult zebrafish, Aquatic Toxicology Volume 100, Issue 2, 15 October 2010, Pages 151-159. Gao J, Youn S., Hovsepyan A., Llaneza V.L., Wang Y., Bitton G., Bonzongo J-C. J., 2009; Dispersion and Toxicity of Selected Manufactured Nanomaterials in Natural River Water Samples: Effects of Water Chemical Composition, Environmental Science & Technology 2009 43 (9), 3322-3328. Geranio L., Heuberger M., Nowack M., 2009; The behaviour of silver nanotextiles during washing, Journal of Environmental Science & Technology (2009), vol.43 (21), 8113-8118. Griffitt R.J., Luo J., Gao J., Bonzongo J.C., Barber D.S., 2008: Effects of particle composition and species on toxicity of metallic nanomaterials in aquatic organisms, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 27, no. 9, 1972-1978. Hall S., Bradkey T., Moore J.T., Kuykindall T., Minella T., 2009; Acute and chronic toxicity of nano-scale TiO2 particles to freshwater fish, clacoderans, and green algae, and effects of organic and inorganic substrate on TiO2 toxicity, Nanotoxicology, 3 (2), 91-97. Heinlaan M., Ivask A., Blinova I., Dubourguier H.C., Kahru A., 2008; Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus, Chemosphere, vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 1308-1316. ISO, 1994; Textiles - test for color fastness - part E04: Colour Fastness to perspiration, ISO 105-E04:2008. International Organization for Standardization. ISO, 1997; Textiles - test for colour fastness - part C06: Colour Fastness to Domestic and Commercial Laundering, ISO 105-C06, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Ji J., Long Z., Lin D., 2011; Toxicity of oxide nanoparticles to the green algae Chlorella sp., Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 170, pp. 525–530. Kaegi R., Ulrich A., Sinnet B., Vonbank R., Wichser A., Zuleeg S., Simmler H., Brunner S., Vonmont H., Burkhardt M., Boller M., 2008; Synthetic TiO2 nanoparticle emission from exterior facades into the aquatic environment, Environ. Pollut. 2008 Nov;156(2):233-9.; Larsen HF, Hauschild M (2007a) Evaluation of Ecotoxicity Effect Indicators for Use in LCIA, Int J LCA 12(1) 24-33 (Erratum for p. 32 in: Int J LCA 12(2) 92). Larsen HF, Hauschild M (2007b) GM-troph: A low data demand ecotoxicity effect indicator for use in LCIA, Int J LCA 12(2) 79-91. Lee K.J., Nallathamby P.D., Browning L.M., Xu X.H., Osgood C.C.J., 2007; In vivo imaging of transport and biocompatibility of single silver nanoparticles in early development of zebrafish embryos, ACS Nano, 1, 133–143. Li T., Albee B., Alemayehu M., Diaz R., Ingham L., Kamal S., Rodriguez M., Bishnoi S.W., 2010; Comparative toxicity study of Ag, Au, and Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles on Daphnia magna, Anal Bioanal Chem., Vol.398, pp. 689–700. Lorenz C., Windler L., von Goetz N., Lehmann R.P., Schuppler M., Hungerbuhler K., Heuberger M., Nowack B., 2012; Characterization of silver release from commercially available functional (nano)textiles, Chemosphere 89 (2012) 817– 824. Lovern S.B., Klaper R.D., 2006; Daphnia magna mortality when exposed to titanium nanoparticles and fullerene (C60) nanoparticles, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25:1132-1137. Navarro E., Piccapietra F., Wagner B., Marconi F., Kaegi R., Odzak N., Sigg L., Behra R., 2008; Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Environ. Sci. Techn., vol. 42, no. 23, 8959-8964. Quadros M. E. , Pierson R., Tulve N. S., Willis R., Rogers K., Thomas T.A., Marr L. C. , 2013; Release of Silver from Nanotechnology-Based Consumer Products for Children, Environmental Science & Technology 2013 47 (15), 88948901. Rosenbaum KR, Bachmann MT, Gold SL, Huijbregts AJM, Jolliet O, Juraske R, Koehler A, Larsen FH, MacLeod M, Margni M, McKone ET, Payet J, Schuhmacher M, Meent Van De D, Hauschild ZM (2008) USEtox—the UNEPSETAC toxicity model: recommended characterisation factors for human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity in life cycle impact assessment. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess 13(7):532–546. Sadiq I.M., Swayamprava D., Chandrasekaran N., Mukherjee A., 2011; Ecotoxicity study of titania (TiO2) Nps on two micro algae species: Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp., Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 74 (2011) 1180 – 1187. Shahbazzadeh D., Ahari H., Rahimi N. M., Dastmalchi F., Soltani M., Fotovat M., Rahmannya J., Khorasani N., 2009; The effects of nanosilver (Nanocid®) on survival percentage of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(8), 1178-1179. von Goetz N., Lorenz C., Windler L., Nowack B., Heuberger M., Hungerbühler K., 2013; Migration of Ag- and TiO2(Nano)particles from Textiles into Artificial Sweat under Physical Stress: Experiments and Exposure Modeling, Environmental Science & Technology 2013 47 (17), 9979-9987. Warheit D.B., Hoke R.A., Finlay C., Donner E.M., Reed K.L., Sayes C.M., 2007; Development of a base set of toxicity tests using ultrafine TiO2 particles as a component of nanoparticle risk management, Toxicol Lett 171: 99-110. Windler L., Lorenz C., von Goetz N., Hungerbühler K., Amberg M., Heuberger M., Nowack B., 2012; Release of Titanium Dioxide from Textiles during Washing, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 8181−8188. Wu Y., Zhou Q., Li H., Liu W., Wang T., Jiang G., 2010; Effects of silver nanoparticles on the development and histopathology biomarkers of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) using the partial-life test, Aquatic Toxicology, Volume 100, Issue 2, 15 October 2010, Pages 160-167. Xiong D., Fang T., Yu L., Sima X., Zhu W., 2011; Effects of nano-scale TiO2, ZnO and their bulk counterparts on zebrafish: Acute toxicity, oxidative stress and oxidative damage, Science of the Total Environment 409 (2011) 1444– 1452 Zhu X., Chang Y., Chen Y., 2010; Toxicity and bioaccumulation of TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates in Daphnia magna, Chemosphere, 78, 209–215.