FL Unit 1 Study Guide
Name: ________________________________ Period:_____ Date:___________________
Answer all questions on your own paper and in complete sentences.
Define each of the following.
1. Digestion - the process of breaking food down to be used by the body
2. Calorie - a measurement to show how much energy a food contains
3. Nutrients - the usable portions of food used for growth, repair, and replacement
4. Esophagus - the tube leading from the throat to the stomach
5. Saliva - liquid released in the mouth to moisten food and to begin the dissolving of food
6. Liver - organ located near the stomach; makes bile which helps break fat into smaller pieces
called fat droplets
7. Pancreas - makes pancreatic juice, which contains many enzymes that act on the food in the
small intestine; also produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of the food coming
from the stomach.
8. Enzymes - substances which chemically act on food to break it down into simpler substances
9. Peristalsis - muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system
10. Bolus - the name given to a food ball formed in the mouth and then swallowed
11. Chyme - the name given to food as it leaves the stomach and moves into the small intestine
12. Villi - structures which line the walls of the small intestine and are responsible for
transferring food into the circulatory system
* Be able to label the digestive system just like the diagram you had to
label in class.
13. List all six of the essential nutrients and their functions in the body as well as sources.
Water
o Most important nutrient.
o Carries nutrients to cells and takes waste away.
o Makes up two-thirds of the body.
o It is part of every cell.
o Helps to regulate the bodies temperature.
o Every food has some water in it.
o Humans can live several weeks without food but only a few days without water.
Fats
o Fats are the nutrient that supplies the MOST energy. More than twice as much as
carbohydrates.
o They carry four important vitamins A, D, E and K.
o They supply some fatty acids that are absolutely necessary for good health.
o Fat stored in body helps to insulate, cushion and protect us.
o Sources of Fat:
o
Butter, Oils, Salad Dressings, Cheese, Eggs, Meat, Whole Milk, Ice cream, Poultry,
Fish, Nuts, seeds, Avocados, Olives, sauces, bakery foods, fried foods and even some
candies contain fat.
Carbohydrates
o Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy.
Sources of Carbohydrates:
- Whole wheat breads
- Rice
- Pasta
- Potatoes
Protein
o Protein is essential for body growth and repair of body cells.
o Every tissue is made of some form of protein.
o Enzymes, antibodies and hormones are all proteins.
o Without a regular supply of new protein we couldn’t grow new cells, our wounds
wouldn’t heal and our worn-out cell wouldn’t be replaced.
o If the body doesn’t get enough calories from carbohydrates and fats then protein can be
used for an energy source.
o Excess protein is changed to fat and stored in the body.
Sources of Protein:
o Meat, Eggs, Fish, Nuts, Beans, Poultry, Dairy Products and some grains, nuts, seeds, and
legumes.
Vitamins
o Vitamins help regulate body functions.
o 1913 vitamins were discovered and the following were identified as the major
vitamins.
o A, B (8 different B vitamins), C, D, and K. others such as niacin don’t have names.
o Vitamins are in foods in small amounts but without the small amounts our cells
couldn’t do their jobs.
o Vitamins help to form material that holds cells together, for helping bones and teeth to
use calcium, for helping the body use energy, and for many other critical life-support
activities.
o Minerals are very diverse and have tasks like building strong bones or maintaining the
right amount water in cells.
o Major Minerals Needed: Calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, chlorine and
potassium.
o
o Other minerals are needed in small amounts they are called trace minerals
o Iron, iodine, fluoride and zinc
Minerals
o Minerals are very diverse and have tasks like building strong bones or maintaining the
right amount water in cells.
o Major Minerals Needed: Calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, chlorine and
potassium.
o Other minerals are needed in small amounts they are called trace minerals
Iron, iodine, fluoride and zinc
*See handout given to you for more information
14. Define nutrition - is the science that studies how body makes use of food.
15. Define Diet - everything you eat and drink.
16. What three things do foods do for you and your body?
 It provides energy for daily activity
 It gives you raw material
 Eating is an enjoyable activity
17. Explain the three types of carbohydrates, their purpose in the body and sources.
 Simple Carbohydrates - Glucose, fructose, dextrose and sucrose are carbohydrates in
their simplest form, sugars.
- Found naturally in fruits, milk and vegetable like peas.
- Refined sugars that come from sugar beets and sugarcane are used in processed foods,
sweeteners and as table sugar.
 Starches – more complex carbohydrates
- Found in rice, potatoes, vegetables, breads and cereals.
- Essential to your health and very important in your diet because they provide needed
nutrients.
 Fiber – complex carbohydrates that form the tough cell walls in plant cells.
- Humans can’t digest fiber but it’s important to our diet because it helps keep food
moving through the digestive tract.
- Helps the intestines in good working order.
- Found in…
All plants supply some fiber
Whole grains
Fruit
Vegetables
18. Define glycogen -is what the one-pound of carbohydrates that is stored in the liver is
called.
 Used when the body needs quick energy.
 All other excess carbohydrates are converted to fat and stored as fatty tissue.
19. Explain bioavailability - The proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed from the diet and
used for normal body functions.
20. What mixes with food to help make food easier to swallow? Saliva
21. Where is food mixed up? Stomach
22. What breaks food into pieces? Teeth
23. What is the first organ in the digestive system? Mouth