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1: CNS Spectr. 2008 Nov;13(11):977-84.
Links
Unrecognized attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults
presenting with other psychiatric disorders.
Barkley RA, Brown TE.
Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
russellbarkley@earthlink.net
Many adults with a diagnosed psychiatric disorder also have
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In many cases,
comorbid ADHD is unrecognized and/or undertreated. Differential
diagnosis of adult ADHD can be challenging because ADHD symptoms
may overlap with other psychiatric disorders and patients may lack
insight into their ADHD-related symptoms. Current ADHD diagnostic
criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Fourth Edition-Text Revision may prevent appropriate diagnosis of
many patients with significant ADHD symptoms. Adults may not be
able to provide a history of onset of symptoms during childhood, and
it may be difficult to confirm that ADHD symptoms are not better
accounted for by other comorbid psychiatric conditions. Comorbid
ADHD is most prevalent among patients with mood, anxiety,
substance use, and impulse-control disorders. ADHD can negatively
affect outcomes of other comorbid psychiatric disorders, and ADHD
symptoms may compromise compliance with treatment regimens.
Furthermore, unrecognized ADHD symptoms may be mistaken for
poor treatment response in these comorbid disorders. In these
individuals, ADHD pharmacotherapy seems to be as effective in
reducing core ADHD symptoms, as it is in patients who have no
comorbidity. Limited evidence further suggests that ADHD therapy
may help to improve symptoms of certain psychiatric comorbidities,
such as depression. Therefore, management of ADHD may help to
stabilize daily functioning and facilitate a fuller recovery.
PMID: 19037178 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents who have a
diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Pediatrics. 2004 Nov;
114(5):e541-7. [Pediatrics. 2004]
Review
Diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in
patients with substance use disorders.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2007; 68 Suppl
11:9-14. [J Clin Psychiatry. 2007]
Comorbidity of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and
bipolar disorder: prevalence and clinical correlates.
Eur Arch Psychiatry
Clin Neurosci. 2008 Oct; 258(7):385-93. Epub 2008 Apr 24. [Eur Arch
Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008]
Subtype differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) with regard to ADHD-symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity
and psychosocial adjustment.
Eur Psychiatry. 2008 Mar; 23(2):142-9.
Epub 2007 Nov 19. [Eur Psychiatry. 2008]
Review
Diagnosing ADHD in adults with substance use disorder:
DSM-IV criteria and differential diagnosis.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;
68(7):e18. [J Clin Psychiatry. 2007]
» See reviews... | » See all...
2: Psychol Bull. 2008 Nov;134(6):912-43.
Links
Serotonergic function, two-mode models of self-regulation, and
vulnerability to depression: what depression has in common with
impulsive aggression.
Carver CS, Johnson SL, Joormann J.
Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 331240751, USA. ccarver@miami.edu
Evidence from diverse literatures supports the viewpoint that two
modes of self-regulation exist, a lower-order system that responds
quickly to associative cues of the moment and a higher-order system
that responds more reflectively and planfully; that low serotonergic
function is linked to relative dominance of the lower-order system;
that how dominance of the lower-order system is manifested depends
on additional variables; and that low serotonergic function therefore
can promote behavioral patterns as divergent as impulsive aggression
and lethargic depression. Literatures reviewed include work on twomode models; studies of brain function supporting the biological
plausibility of the two-mode view and the involvement of serotonergic
pathways in functions pertaining to it; and studies relating low
serotonergic function to impulsiveness, aggression (including extreme
violence), aspects of personality, and depression vulnerability.
Substantial differences between depression and other phenomena
reviewed are interpreted by proposing that depression reflects both
low serotonergic function and low reward sensitivity. The article
closes with brief consideration of the idea that low serotonergic
function relates to even more diverse phenomena, whose natures
depend in part on sensitivities of other systems.
PMID: 18954161 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Review
Sex, aggression and impulse control: an integrative
account.
Neurocase. 2008; 14(1):93-121. [Neurocase. 2008]
Review
ADHD, aggression, and antisocial behavior across the
lifespan. Interactions with neurochemical and cognitive function.
Ann N Y
Acad Sci. 2001 Jun; 931:84-96. [Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001]
Review
Violence and serotonin: influence of impulse control, affect
regulation, and social functioning.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003
Summer; 15(3):294-305. [J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003]
Serotonergic function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder: relationship to later antisocial personality disorder.
Br J
Psychiatry. 2007 May; 190:410-4. [Br J Psychiatry. 2007]
Review
Impulsivity: a discussion of clinical and experimental
findings.
J Psychopharmacol. 1999; 13(2):180-92. [J Psychopharmacol.
1999]
» See reviews... | » See all...
3: Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Jan;10(1):117-27.
Links
Interactions between genotype and retrospective ADHD symptoms
predict lifetime smoking risk in a sample of young adults.
McClernon FJ, Fuemmeler BF, Kollins SH, Kail ME, Ashley-Koch
AE.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical
Cneter, Durham, NC 27708, USA. mccle011@mc.duke.edu
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are
associated with an increased risk of smoking, and genetic studies
have identified similar candidate genes associated with both ADHD
and smoking phenotypes. This paper addresses the question of
whether ADHD symptoms interact with candidate gene variation to
predict smoking risk. Participants were a subsample of individuals
from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add
Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents followed
from 1995 to 2002. The sample analyzed included a subset from Add
Health of 1,900 unrelated individuals with genotype data. Multiple
logistic regression was used to examine relationships between selfreported ADHD symptoms, genotype, and lifetime history of regular
smoking. Polymorphisms in the DRD2 gene and, among females, the
MAOA gene interacted with retrospective reports of ADHD symptoms
in contributing to risk for smoking. Trends were observed for
interactions between the DRD4 gene and, among males, the MAOA
gene and ADHD symptoms to predict smoking risk. No main effect for
any of these polymorphisms was observed. We observed neither main
effects nor interactions with CYP2A6, DAT, and SLC6A4 genes. These
findings suggest that genotypes associated with catecholamine
neurotransmission interact with ADHD symptoms to contribute to
smoking risk.
PMID: 18188752 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Association between smoking and attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder symptoms in a population-based sample of young adults.
Arch
Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Oct; 62(10):1142-7. [Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005]
Evaluation of potential gene-gene interactions for attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder in the Han Chinese population.
Am J Med Genet B
Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007 Mar 5; 144B(2):200-6. [Am J Med Genet B
Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007]
Polymorphisms TaqI A of the DRD2, BalI of the DRD3, exon III
repeat of the DRD4, and 3' UTR VNTR of the DAT: association with
childhood ADHD in male African-Caribbean cocaine dependents?
Am J
Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007 Dec 5; 144B(8):1034-41. [Am
J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007]
Review
Advances in genetic findings on attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder.
Psychol Med. 2007 Dec; 37(12):1681-92. Epub
2007 May 17. [Psychol Med. 2007]
Review
Review: Genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity
disorder.
J Pediatr Psychol. 2008 Nov-Dec; 33(10):1085-99. Epub 2008
Jun 3. [J Pediatr Psychol. 2008]
» See reviews... | » See all...
4: Psychol Med. 2008 Jul;38(7):1057-66. Epub 2007 Sep 25.
Links
Genetic and environmental contributions to retrospectively reported
DSM-IV childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Haberstick BC, Timberlake D, Hopfer CJ, Lessem JM, Ehringer
MA, Hewitt JK.
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
80309-0477, USA. Brett.Haberstick@Colorado.edu
BACKGROUND: A variety of methodologies and techniques converge
on the notion that adults and children with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have similar deficits, but there is
limited knowledge about whether adult retrospective reports reflect
similar genetic and environmental influences implicated in childhood
ADHD. METHOD: DSM-IV ADHD symptoms were collected
retrospectively from 3896 young adults participating in the National
Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Responses from this
genetically informative sample of same- and opposite-sex twins and
siblings were used to determine the magnitude of genetic and
environmental influences. Possible gender differences in these effects
were also examined. The degree of familial specificity of the genetic
and environmental influences on the Inattentive and HyperactiveImpulsive symptom dimensions was also determined. RESULTS:
Additive genetic effects contributed moderately to DSM-IV
Inattentive, Hyperactive-Impulsive and Combined ADHD subtypes
(heritability estimates of 0.30-0.38). Individual-specific influences
accounted for the remaining proportion of the variance. Both genetic
and individual-specific environmental effects contributed to the
covariation of Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive
symptomologies. CONCLUSIONS: Results from our genetic analyses
agree with previous findings based on self-assessment of current and
retrospectively reported ADHD symptoms in adolescents and adults.
Large individual-specific environmental influences as identified here
suggest that current questionnaires used for retrospective diagnoses
may not provide the most accurate reconstruction of the etiological
influences on childhood ADHD in general population samples.
PMID: 17892623 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Familial clustering of latent class and DSM-IV defined attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes.
J Child Psychol
Psychiatry. 2004 Mar; 45(3):589-98. [J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004]
The genetic and environmental contributions to attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder as measured by the Conners' Rating Scales-Revised.
Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Sep; 162(9):1614-20. [Am J
Psychiatry. 2005]
Genetic contributions to the development of ADHD subtypes from
childhood to adolescence.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006
Aug; 45(8):973-81. [J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]
Review
The validity of the DSM-IV subtypes of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005 May;
39(5):344-53. [Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005]
Review
Special considerations in diagnosing and treating attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder.
CNS Spectr. 2007 Jun; 12(6 Suppl 9):1-14;
quiz 15-6. [CNS Spectr. 2007]
» See reviews... | » See all...
Cited by PubMed Central articles
A common genetic factor explains the covariation among ADHD
ODD and CD symptoms in 9-10 year old boys and girls.
Tuvblad C,
Zheng M, Raine A, Baker LA. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2009 Feb;
37(2):153-67. [J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2009]
5: J Atten Disord. 2008 May;11(6):689-99. Epub 2007 Aug 21.
Links
Adjustment to college in students with ADHD.
Rabiner DL, Anastopoulos AD, Costello J, Hoyle RH,
Swartzwelder HS.
Duke University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for
Child and Family Policy, Durham, NC 27707, USA. drabiner@duke.edu
OBJECTIVE: To examine college adjustment in students reporting an
ADHD diagnosis and the effect of medication treatment on students'
adjustment. METHOD: 1,648 first-semester freshmen attending a
public and a private university completed a Web-based survey to
examine their adjustment to college. RESULTS: Compared with 200
randomly selected control students, 68 students with ADHD reported
more academic concerns and depressive symptoms. This was
explained by higher rates of inattentive symptoms among students
with ADHD and was unrelated to hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
Among students with ADHD, medication treatment was not related to
better adjustment or diminished ADHD symptoms. The contribution of
inattention to academic concerns and depressive symptoms remained
significant when controlling for personality traits. CONCLUSION:
Students with ADHD experience greater academic performance
concerns and depressive symptoms during the transition to college.
Medication treatment did not appear to diminish ADHD symptoms nor
enhance students' adjustment.
PMID: 17712172 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Symptoms of ADHD and academic concerns in college students
with and without ADHD diagnoses.
J Atten Disord. 2008 Sep; 12(2):15661. Epub 2008 Jan 11. [J Atten Disord. 2008]
Comparison of a norm-based versus criterion-based approach to
measuring ADHD symptomatology in college students.
J Atten Disord.
2008 May; 11(6):677-88. Epub 2007 Dec 13. [J Atten Disord. 2008]
Adjustment, social skills, and self-esteem in college students with
symptoms of ADHD.
J Atten Disord. 2005 Feb; 8(3):109-20. [J Atten
Disord. 2005]
Review
ADHD and substance use disorders: developmental
aspects and the impact of stimulant treatment.
Am J Addict. 2007; 16
Suppl 1:5-11; quiz 12-3. [Am J Addict. 2007]
Review
ADHD in college students: Developmental findings.
Dev
Disabil Res Rev. 2008; 14(4):311-9. [Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008]
» See reviews... | » See all...
6: Am J Addict. 2007;16 Suppl 1:5-11; quiz 12-3.
Links
ADHD and substance use disorders: developmental aspects and the
impact of stimulant treatment.
Wilson JJ.
New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA.
jjw109@columbia.edu
Adolescents and adults with substance use disorders often
demonstrate symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
These core symptoms of ADHD may contribute to the development of
substance use disorders by promoting antisocial behavior and
substance use; conversely, substance use itself can adversely affect
these symptoms. Common deficits in self-regulatory processes could
underlie the developmental progression of these disorders, deficits
further worsened by ongoing substance use. Some investigators have
questioned whether stimulant treatment itself could promote
substance abuse, while others have argued that such treatment
reduces substance abuse. With an increased awareness of the
phenomenon of adult ADHD and its relevance to substance-abusing
persons, there is an increased awareness of the potential benefit of
ADHD treatment on substance abuse treatment outcome.
Consideration of an individual's developmental relationship between
attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and substance use can
inform treatment planning among patients seeking substance abuse
treatment.
PMID: 17453602 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Review
A qualitative review of issues arising in the use of psychostimulant medications in patients with ADHD and co-morbid substance
use disorders.
Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 May; 24(5):1345-57. Epub 2008
Apr 1. [Curr Med Res Opin. 2008]
Review
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
substance use disorders.
Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2001 Dec; 3(6):497-506.
[Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2001]
The complexity of ADHD: diagnosis and treatment of the adult
patient with comorbidities.
CNS Spectr. 2007 Aug; 12(8 Suppl 12):1-14;
quiz 15-6. [CNS Spectr. 2007]
Review
Substance abuse in patients with attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Medscape J Med. 2008 Jan 31; 10(1):24.
Epub 2008 Jan 31. [Medscape J Med. 2008]
Review
When ADHD and substance use disorders intersect:
relationship and treatment implications.
Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007 Oct;
9(5):408-14. [Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007]
» See reviews... | » See all...
7: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;46(3):309-22.
Links
Consensus report on impulsive aggression as a symptom across
diagnostic categories in child psychiatry: implications for medication
studies.
Jensen PS, Youngstrom EA, Steiner H, Findling RL, Meyer RE,
Malone RP, Carlson GA, Coccaro EF, Aman MG, Blair J,
Dougherty D, Ferris C, Flynn L, Green E, Hoagwood K,
Hutchinson J, Laughren T, Leve LD, Novins DK, Vitiello B.
Center for the Advancement of Children's Mental Health, Columbia
University/NYSPI 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #78, New York, NY 10032,
USA. pj131@columbia.edu
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether impulsive aggression (IA) is a
meaningful clinical construct and to ascertain whether it is sufficiently
similar across diagnostic categories, such that parallel studies across
disorders might constitute appropriate evidence for pursuing
indications. If so, how should IA be assessed, pharmacological studies
designed, and ethical issues addressed? METHOD: Experts from key
stakeholder communities, including academic clinicians, researchers,
practicing clinicians, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National
Institute of Mental Health, industry sponsors, and patient and family
advocates, met for a 2-day consensus conference on November 4 and
5, 2004. After evaluating summary presentations on current research
evidence, participants were assigned to three workgroups, examined
core issues, and generated consensus guidelines in their areas.
Workgroup recommendations were discussed by the whole group to
reach consensus, and then further iterated and condensed into this
report postconference by the authors. RESULTS: Conference
participants agreed that IA is a substantial public health and clinical
concern, constitutes a key therapeutic target across multiple
disorders, and can be measured with sufficient precision that
pharmacological studies are warranted. Additional areas of consensus
concerned types of measures, optimal study designs, and ethical
imperatives. CONCLUSION: Derived from scientific evidence and
clinical experience, these consensus-driven recommendations can
guide the design of future studies.
PMID: 17314717 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Review
Methodological issues and controversies in clinical trials
with child and adolescent patients with bipolar disorder: report of a
consensus conference.
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2003 Spring;
13(1):13-27. [J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2003]
Review
The Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: report
of the Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of
Childhood Major Depressive Disorder.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 1999 Nov; 38(11):1442-54. [J Am Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 1999]
Review
Prepubertal bipolar disorder: proper diagnosis should lead
to better treatment response.
Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2005 Apr; 7(2):10411. [Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2005]
Review
Depression and bipolar support alliance consensus
statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood
disorders in children and adolescents.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 2003 Dec; 42(12):1494-503. [J Am Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 2003]
Review
ECNP consensus meeting. Bipolar depression. Nice,
March 2007.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Jul; 18(7):535-49. Epub
2008 May 23. [Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008]
» See reviews... | » See all...
8: Bipolar Disord. 2006 Dec;8(6):696-709.
Links
Pharmacological treatment of psychiatric comorbidity in bipolar
disorder: a review of controlled trials.
Singh JB, Zarate CA Jr.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the treatment of psychiatric
comorbidities in bipolar disorder. The aim of this review was to
summarize the literature on controlled pharmacological trials that
have been conducted in psychiatric conditions that commonly cooccur in bipolar disorder. METHODS: A Medline search (1980-October
2005) using the terms bipolar disorder and randomized controlled
trials, comorbidity, anxiety disorders, alcohol abuse or dependence,
substance abuse or dependence, eating disorder, impulse control
disorders, attention-deficit disorder, lithium, anticonvulsants, atypical
antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, stimulants was used. RESULTS:
The literature establishes a strong association between bipolar
disorder and substance abuse/dependence, anxiety disorders, impulse
control disorders, eating disorders and attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder. Comorbidity often complicates the diagnosis and the
treatment of bipolar disorder and worsens its course of illness and
prognosis. Few controlled pharmacological studies have examined the
treatment of comorbid conditions in patients with bipolar disorder.
CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of psychiatric comorbidities in bipolar
disorder is not based on controlled data but is largely empirically
based. Controlled trials in patients with bipolar disorder and
comorbidity are urgently needed.
PMID: 17156156 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Review
Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of bipolar
disorder.
Psychosom Med. 2005 Jan-Feb; 67(1):1-8. [Psychosom Med.
2005]
Pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder and comorbid conditions:
baseline data from STEP-BD.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Oct;
24(5):512-20. [J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004]
Review
Pharmacologic treatment considerations in co-occurring
bipolar and anxiety disorders.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67 Suppl 1:8-15.
[J Clin Psychiatry. 2006]
The effect of anxiety disorder comorbidity on treatment resistant
bipolar disorders.
Depress Anxiety. 2008; 25(2):91-7. [Depress Anxiety.
2008]
Review
Illness course, comorbidity, gender, and suicidality in
patients with bipolar disorder.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67 Suppl 11:8-11.
[J Clin Psychiatry. 2006]
» See reviews... | » See all...
Cited by PubMed Central articles
Clinical variables and implications of the personality on the
outcome of bipolar illness: a pilot study.
Casas-Barquero N, GarcíaLópez O, Fernández-Argüelles P, Camacho-Laraña M. Neuropsychiatr Dis
Treat. 2007 Apr; 3(2):269-75. [Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007]
Comparison of mania patients suitable for treatment trials versus
clinical treatment.
Talamo A, Baldessarini RJ, Centorrino F. Hum
Psychopharmacol. 2008 Aug; 23(6):447-54. [Hum Psychopharmacol.
2008]
Patient Drug Information
Lithium (Eskalith CR® , Eskalith® , Lithobid® ) Lithium is used to
treat and prevent episodes of mania (frenzied, abnormally excited mood)
in people with bipolar disorder (manic depressive disorder; a disease that
causes episodes of depression, episodes of mania, and ...
Source: AHFS Consumer Medication Information
9: Dev Psychopathol. 2006 Fall;18(4):971-88.
Links
Defining and validating bipolar disorder in the preschool period.
Luby J, Belden A.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110,
USA. luby@psychiatry.wustl.edu
The clinical characteristics and adaptive functioning of preschoolers
who met DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder versus psychiatric and
healthy comparison groups were investigated. A community-based
sample of 303 preschoolers (3-6 years of age) and their caregivers
was ascertained. Diagnostic classification based on parent report of
mania symptoms was made using an age-appropriate psychiatric
interview. Results indicated that 26 preschoolers met DSM-IV criteria
for bipolar disorder who could be identified based the presence of 13
core age-adjusted mania items. These children could be clearly
differentiated from children in two psychiatric groups (DSM-IV
disruptive disorders, and major depressive disorder) and a "healthy"
comparison group based on a specific symptom constellation.
Findings indicated that preschoolers in the bipolar group were
significantly more (p < .05) impaired than the two psychiatric and
healthy groups based on independent measures. Further, even after
controlling for comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (81%
comorbidity rate), the bipolar group remained significantly (p < .05)
more impaired in multiple domains compared to preschoolers with
DSM-IV disruptive disorders and healthy controls. Findings suggested
that children as young as 3 years can manifest DSM-IV bipolar
disorder when age adjusted symptom descriptions are employed, and
that these children can be distinguished from healthy and disruptive
disordered preschoolers. Recommendations for future research in this
area that integrates developmental and mental health models are
made.
PMID: 17064425 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Clinical characteristics of bipolar vs. unipolar depression in
preschool children: an empirical investigation.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2008
Dec; 69(12):1960-9. Epub 2008 Dec 2. [J Clin Psychiatry. 2008]
Occult mood disorders in 104 consecutively presenting children
referred for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a
community mental health clinic.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Oct; 64(10):1170-
6; quiz, 1274-6. [J Clin Psychiatry. 2003]
Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity.
J
Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 May; 45(5):550-60. [J Am Acad
Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006]
Review
Prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar I disorder: review
of diagnostic validation by Robins and Guze criteria.
J Clin Psychiatry.
2005; 66 Suppl 7:21-8. [J Clin Psychiatry. 2005]
Review
A systematic review of rates and diagnostic validity of
comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar
disorder.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Nov; 68(11):1776-84. [J Clin
Psychiatry. 2007]
» See reviews... | » See all...
10: Clin Psychol Rev. 2006 Aug;26(4):379-95. Epub 2006 Feb 28.
Links
Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: translation
between clinical and preclinical studies.
Winstanley CA, Eagle DM, Robbins TW.
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EB,
UK. cath.winstanley@UTsouthwestern.edu
Impulsivity, broadly defined as action without foresight, is a
component of numerous psychiatric illnesses including attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mania and substance abuse. In
order to investigate the mechanisms underpinning impulsive
behavior, the nature of impulsivity itself needs to be defined in
operational terms that can be used as the basis for empirical
investigation. Due to the range of behaviors that the term impulsivity
describes, it has been suggested that impulsivity is not a unitary
construct, but encompasses a variety of related phenomena that may
differ in their biological basis. Through fractionating impulsivity into
these component parts, it has proved possible to devise different
behavioral paradigms to measure various aspects of impulsivity in
both humans and laboratory animals. This review describes and
evaluates some of the current behavioral models of impulsivity
developed for use with rodents based on human neuropsychological
tests, focusing on the five-choice serial reaction time task, the stopsignal reaction time task and delay-discounting paradigms.
Furthermore, the contributions made by preclinical studies using such
methodology to improve our understanding of the neural and
neurochemical basis of impulsivity and ADHD are discussed, with
particular reference to the involvement of both the serotonergic and
dopaminergic systems, and frontostriatal circuitry.
PMID: 16504359 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID: PMC1892795
Related articles
Review
Neurobehavioral mechanisms of impulsivity: fronto-striatal
systems and functional neurochemistry.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav.
2008 Aug; 90(2):250-60. Epub 2007 Dec 27. [Pharmacol Biochem
Behav. 2008]
Review
Impulsivity: a discussion of clinical and experimental
findings.
J Psychopharmacol. 1999; 13(2):180-92. [J Psychopharmacol.
1999]
Review
Cognitive neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder: current status and working hypotheses.
Dev Disabil Res Rev.
2008; 14(4):261-7. [Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008]
Performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) on a test battery of impulsiveness.
Child Neuropsychol. 2007
May; 13(3):276-304. [Child Neuropsychol. 2007]
Impulsive behavior in adults with attention deficit/ hyperactivity
disorder: characterization of attentional, motor and cognitive
impulsiveness.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007 Jul; 13(4):693-8. Epub
2007 May 18. [J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007]
» See reviews... | » See all...
Cited by PubMed Central articles
The influence of serotonin- and other genes on impulsive
behavioral aggression and cognitive impulsivity in children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Findings from a family-based
association test (FBAT) analysis.
Oades RD, Lasky-Su J, Christiansen H,
Faraone SV, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Banaschewski T, Chen W, Anney RJ,
Buitelaar JK, Ebstein RP, et al. Behav Brain Funct. 2008 Oct 20; 4:48.
Epub 2008 Oct 20. [Behav Brain Funct. 2008]
Contrasting effects of selective lesions of nucleus accumbens core
or shell on inhibitory control and amphetamine-induced impulsive
behaviour.
Murphy ER, Robinson ES, Theobald DE, Dalley JW, Robbins
TW. Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Jul; 28(2):353-63. [Eur J Neurosci. 2008]
Review
Impulsivity, compulsivity, and habit: the role of orbitofrontal
cortex revisited.
Torregrossa MM, Quinn JJ, Taylor JR. Biol Psychiatry.
2008 Feb 1; 63(3):253-5. [Biol Psychiatry. 2008]
» See all (5)...
11: Assessment. 2006 Mar;13(1):3-15.
Links
Measuring impulsivity in adolescents with serious substance and
conduct problems.
Thompson LL, Whitmore EA, Raymond KM, Crowley TJ.
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver. CO 80262, USA.
laetitia.thompson@uchsc.edu
Adolescents with substance use and conduct disorders have high
rates of aggression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), all of which have been characterized in part by impulsivity.
Developing measures that capture impulsivity behaviorally and
correlate with self-reported impulsivity has been difficult. One
promising behavioral measure, however, is a variant of the
continuous performance test, the Immediate Memory Test/Delayed
Memory Test (IMT/DMT). The authors showed significant group
differences between adolescents in treatment for serious substance
and conduct problems and community controls on impulsivity
measures, both behavioral and self-report, as well as on aggression
and problem behavior measures. Furthermore, the IMT/DMT
correlated significantly with self-reported impulsivity. In summary,
the IMT/DMT may be an effective behavioral measure of impulsivity in
adolescents.
PMID: 16443715 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Prospective effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,
conduct disorder, and sex on adolescent substance use and abuse.
Arch
Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Oct; 64(10):1145-52. [Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007]
Behavioral predictors of substance-use initiation in adolescents with
and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Pediatrics. 2006 Jun;
117(6):2030-9. [Pediatrics. 2006]
Measuring impulsivity in school-aged boys and examining its
relationship with ADHD and ODD ratings.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004
Jun; 32(3):295-304. [J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004]
Review
ADHD and substance use disorders: developmental
aspects and the impact of stimulant treatment.
Am J Addict. 2007; 16
Suppl 1:5-11; quiz 12-3. [Am J Addict. 2007]
Review
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, lifespan,
comorbidities, and neurobiology.
Ambul Pediatr. 2007 Jan-Feb; 7(1
Suppl):73-81. [Ambul Pediatr. 2007]
» See reviews... | » See all...
12: J Psychiatr Res. 2006 Dec;40(8):730-7. Epub 2005 Dec 20.
Links
The dopamine transporter gene and the impulsivity phenotype in
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case-control association
study in a Korean sample.
Kim JW, Kim BN, Cho SC.
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul
National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic
of Korea.
The dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) has been extensively studied
as one of the candidate genes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD). Several studies have reported on the association
between the DAT1 10-repeat allele and cognitive variables in ADHD.
However, few studies have been designed to ascertain the association
between DAT1 genotypes other than the 10-repeat allele and
cognitive endophenotypes in ADHD. The aim of this study was to
examine the relationship between the DAT1 genotypes and the
candidate endophenotypes, inattention and impulsivity symptoms, as
measured by the continuous performance test (CPT), in a Korean
sample of 85 children diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD. Compared to the
normal control group, the frequencies of the 9/10 genotype were
significantly higher in the ADHD probands (chi(2)=13.45, p=0.02,
OR=4.12, 95% CI: 2.21-12.34) and parents of probands
(chi(2)=11.60, p=0.03). The 9-repeat allele frequencies were
significantly higher in the ADHD probands (chi(2)=11.55, p=0.03,
OR=4.43, 95% CI: 1.55-11.78) and parents of probands
(chi(2)=12.70,p=0.03) than the normal control group. Compared to
the ADHD probands without the 9-repeat allele (n=74), the mean Tscore, with regard to the commission errors of the CPT, was
significantly higher (p<0.05) in the ADHD probands with the 9-repeat
allele (n=11). Compared to the ADHD probands with other DAT1
genotypes, the mean T-score, with respect to the commission errors
of the CPT, was significantly higher in the ADHD probands with the
9/10 genotype (p<0.05). The results of this study suggest the
possibility of an association between the DAT1 9-repeat allele and the
impulsivity phenotype of ADHD.
PMID: 16368111 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Association between dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype, leftsided inattention, and an enhanced response to methylphenidate in
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005
Dec; 30(12):2290-7. [Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005]
Association of the DAT1 polymorphism with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a family-based approach.
Am J Med
Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006 Apr 5; 141B(3):309-11. [Am J Med
Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006]
Association of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) 10/10-repeat
genotype with ADHD symptoms and response inhibition in a general
population sample.
Mol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul; 10(7):686-98. [Mol
Psychiatry. 2005]
Review
Polymorphisms of the dopamine transporter gene:
influence on response to methylphenidate in attention deficit-hyperactivity
disorder.
Am J Pharmacogenomics. 2004; 4(2):83-92. [Am J
Pharmacogenomics. 2004]
Review
A review and analysis of the relationship between
neuropsychological measures and DAT1 in ADHD.
Am J Med Genet B
Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008 Dec 5; 147B(8):1536-46. [Am J Med Genet
B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008]
» See reviews... | » See all...
13: J Appl Behav Anal. 2005 Summer;38(2):135-46.
Links
Evaluation of pharmacological treatment of impulsivity in children
with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Neef NA, Bicard DF, Endo S, Coury DL, Aman MG.
College of Education, The Ohio State University, 1945 N. High St., 367 Arps
Hall, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. neef.2@osu.edu
We used an assessment that involved competing reinforcer
dimensions in a concurrent-schedules arrangement to examine the
effects of stimulant medication on impulsivity (i.e., sensitivity of
choices to reinforcer immediacy relative to rate, quality, and effort)
with 4 students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The
assessments were administered in the context of a double-blind,
placebo-controlled, counterbalanced reversal design. Reinforcer
immediacy was the most influential dimension for 3 of the students
and the second most influential dimension for 1 of the students
across placebo and medication conditions; medication did not affect
these sensitivities.
PMID: 16033162 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID: PMC1226151
Related articles
Behavioral assessment of impulsivity: a comparison of children with
and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
J Appl Behav Anal.
2005 Spring; 38(1):23-37. [J Appl Behav Anal. 2005]
Relative benefits of stimulant therapy with OROS methylphenidate
versus mixed amphetamine salts extended release in improving the
driving performance of adolescent drivers with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Pediatrics. 2006 Sep; 118(3):e704-10.
[Pediatrics. 2006]
Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in
pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity.
Arch Gen
Psychiatry. 2005 Nov; 62(11):1266-74. [Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005]
Review
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, chronic tic disorder,
and methylphenidate.
Adv Neurol. 2006; 99:197-207. [Adv Neurol.
2006]
Review
Stimulant medications in adults with attention deficit
disorder.
Can J Psychiatry. 1984 Aug; 29(5):435-40. [Can J Psychiatry.
1984]
» See reviews... | » See all...
Cited by PubMed Central articles
A computerized test of self-control predicts classroom
behavior.
Hoerger ML, Mace FC. J Appl Behav Anal. 2006 Summer;
39(2):147-59. [J Appl Behav Anal. 2006]
Patient Drug Information
Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin® ) Dexmethylphenidate is used as
part of a treatment program to increase the ability to pay attention and to
decrease impulsiveness and hyperactivity in people with Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; more diffi...
Atomoxetine (Strattera, Dexedrine, Dextrostat, ...) How do ADHD
drugs compare in children aged 3-5 years?
Methylphenidate (Concerta® , Metadate® , Methylin® , ...)
Methylphenidate is used as part of a treatment program for attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; more difficulty focusing, controlling
actions, and remaining still or quiet than other people who are the same
ag...
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14: Dev Neuropsychol. 2005;28(1):459-72.
Links
Response inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with
and without oppositional defiant disorder screened from a
community sample.
Van der Meere J, Marzocchi GM, De Meo T.
Laboratory of Developmental and Experimental Clinical Psychology,
Groningen, The Netherlands.
The study compared performance of children with high levels of
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n=22), children with
ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD; n=19), and a control
group (n=20) on a Go-No-go test in a self-paced and computer-paced
condition. Each condition, in turn, was run in a reward and a
nonreward condition. The children were recruited through screening
of a school population without ADHD or ODD (N=450). Findings
indicated that children having high levels of ADHD plus ODD showed
poor impulse control in all 4 conditions. No poor impulse control was
found in the group with high levels of ADHD. This group
demonstrated slower RTs across the computer-paced conditions.
Findings were discussed in terms of the response-inhibition
hypothesis, as formulated by Barkley (1997), the delay-aversion
theory (Sonuga-Barke, 1995), and the state-regulation theory (Van
der Meere, 2002).
PMID: 15992251 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Association of ADHD and conduct disorder--brain electrical
evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype.
J Child Psychol
Psychiatry. 2003 Mar; 44(3):356-76. [J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003]
Response inhibition in children with DSM-IV subtypes of AD/HD
and related disruptive disorders: the role of reward.
Child Neuropsychol.
2001 Sep; 7(3):172-89. [Child Neuropsychol. 2001]
Review
The cognitive-energetic model: an empirical approach to
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000 Jan;
24(1):7-12. [Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000]
Executive functioning, temporal discounting, and sense of time in
adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001 Dec;
29(6):541-56. [J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001]
Review
[Oppositional defiant disorder: a review of neurobiological
and environmental correlates, comorbidities, treatment and
prognosis]
Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2004 Dec; 26(4):273-6. Epub 2005 Feb
23. [Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2004]
» See reviews... | » See all...
15: J Psychiatr Pract. 2001 Nov;7(6):391-403.
Links
The paraphilic and hypersexual disorders: an overview.
Krueger RB, Kaplan MS.
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State
Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032-2695, USA.
In this article, the first of a two-part series, the authors present
reasons for considering the paraphilic and hypersexual disorders
together and provide an overview of these disorders. The DSM-IV
diagnostic criteria for paraphilias are reviewed, and proposed criteria
for hypersexual disorders are presented. The question of whether the
paraphilic and hypersexual disorders should be considered within the
spectrum of obsessive-compulsive disorders is considered. The
authors then review the epidemiology of these disorders, and discuss
some implications of recent sexual predator legislation. The authors
discuss the etiology of the paraphilias and hypersexual disorders, and
consider the role of endocrinological function, findings from brain
imaging and neuropsychological testing, findings from primate
research, the monoamine hypothesis, the imprinting hypothesis,
social learning theory, the concept of courtship disorder, the role of
obsessive-compulsive elements, psychodynamic theories, and genetic
factors. The phenomenology of the paraphilias and hypersexual
disorders is discussed, including the tendency for multiple paraphilias
to co-occur, the lack of a specific offender profile, the predominance
of males among those with paraphilias, the incidence of a history of
victimization in individuals with paraphilias and compulsive sexual
disorders, the onset and course of both types of disorders, and the
lack of internal motivation for change in individuals with paraphilias
and hypersexual disorders. The authors then discuss disorders that
commonly co-occur with paraphilias and compulsive sexual disorders,
including mood disorders, substance abuse and dependence
disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and
impulse control disorders, and personality disorders. The second
article in the series will discuss the clinical assessment and the
behavioral and psychopharmacological treatment of these disorders.
A guide for clinicians and patients on where and how to find
specialized clinicians and treatment resources in the United States will
also be provided.
PMID: 15990552 [PubMed]
Related articles
Behavioral and psychopharmacological treatment of the paraphilic
and hypersexual disorders.
J Psychiatr Pract. 2002 Jan; 8(1):21-32. [J
Psychiatr Pract. 2002]
Hypersexual desire in males: are males with paraphilias different
from males with paraphilia-related disorders?
Sex Abuse. 2003 Oct;
15(4):307-21. [Sex Abuse. 2003]
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an overview.
J Psychiatr Pract.
2000 Jan; 6(1):3-17. [J Psychiatr Pract. 2000]
Review
Sexual deviancy: diagnostic and neurobiological
considerations.
J Child Sex Abus. 2003; 12(3-4):53-76. [J Child Sex
Abus. 2003]
Review
The neurobiology, neuropharmacology, and
pharmacological treatment of the paraphilias and compulsive sexual
behaviour.
Can J Psychiatry. 2001 Feb; 46(1):26-34. [Can J Psychiatry.
2001]
» See reviews... | » See all...
16: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;29(6):86577.
Links
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality
disorder.
Davids E, Gastpar M.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen Rhine Clinics Essen - Virchowstrasse 174, 45147 Essen, Germany.
eugen.davids@uni-essen.de
To evaluate the association between attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) and the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder
(BPD) in adulthood, a systematic review of published follow-up data,
mainly from observational studies was done. Electronic databases
Medline, PsychInfo and PSYNDEXplus were searched from their
earliest entries. All studies suggested significant relationships
between ADHD and BPD. From a phenomenological point of view
there seem to exist some similarities between these two disorders:
deficits in affect regulation and impulse control, substance abuse, low
self esteem and disturbed interpersonal relationship are common in
both conditions. From a neuropsychological point of view dissociation
in BPD might be regarded as a special form of behavioral inhibition
and sustained attention comparable to ADHD. Possible therapeutic
strategies of comorbid ADHD and BPD are discussed.
PMID: 15951086 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Review
Differential diagnosis and comorbidity of attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder
(BPD) in adults.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Sep; 256 Suppl
1:i42-6. [Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006]
Neuropsychological and behavioural disinhibition in adult ADHD
compared to borderline personality disorder.
Psychol Med. 2007 Dec;
37(12):1717-29. Epub 2007 May 17. [Psychol Med. 2007]
Inferior frontal white matter microstructure and patterns of
psychopathology in women with borderline personality disorder and
comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Neuroimage. 2007 Apr
1; 35(2):738-47. Epub 2007 Feb 6. [Neuroimage. 2007]
Disinhibition and borderline personality disorder.
Dev
Psychopathol. 2005 Fall; 17(4):1129-49. [Dev Psychopathol. 2005]
Review
A systematic review of rates and diagnostic validity of
comorbid adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar
disorder.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Nov; 68(11):1776-84. [J Clin
Psychiatry. 2007]
» See reviews... | » See all...
Cited by PubMed Central articles
Corpus callosum abnormalities in women with borderline
personality disorder and comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder.
Rüsch N, Luders E, Lieb K, Zahn R, Ebert D, Thompson PM,
Toga AW, van Elst LT. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2007 Nov; 32(6):417-22.
[J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2007]
17: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1442-51.
Links
Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity
survey replication.
Kessler RC, Adler LA, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK,
Faraone SV, Greenhill LL, Jaeger S, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustün
TB, Zaslavsky AM.
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, USA. kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
BACKGROUND: Despite growing interest in adult attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about predictors
of persistence of childhood cases into adulthood. METHODS: A
retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, childhood risk factors,
and a screen for adult ADHD were included in a sample of 3197 18-44
year old respondents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
(NCS-R). Blinded adult ADHD clinical reappraisal interviews were
administered to a sub-sample of respondents. Multiple imputation
(MI) was used to estimate adult persistence of childhood ADHD.
Logistic regression was used to study retrospectively reported
childhood predictors of persistence. Potential predictors included
socio-demographics, childhood ADHD severity, childhood adversity,
traumatic life experiences, and comorbid DSM-IV child-adolescent
disorders (anxiety, mood, impulse-control, and substance disorders).
RESULTS: Blinded clinical interviews classified 36.3% of respondents
with retrospectively assessed childhood ADHD as meeting DSM-IV
criteria for current ADHD. Childhood ADHD severity and childhood
treatment significantly predicted persistence. Controlling for severity
and excluding treatment, none of the other variables significantly
predicted persistence even though they were significantly associated
with childhood ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: No modifiable risk factors were
found for adult persistence of ADHD. Further research, ideally based
on prospective general population samples, is needed to search for
modifiable determinants of adult persistence of ADHD.
PMID: 15950019 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:
results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey
Initiative.
Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Jan 1; 65(1):46-54. Epub 2008 Nov 12.
[Biol Psychiatry. 2009]
The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States:
results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.
Am J
Psychiatry. 2006 Apr; 163(4):716-23. [Am J Psychiatry. 2006]
Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder.
Br J Psychiatry. 2007 May; 190:402-9. [Br J
Psychiatry. 2007]
Review
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective
overview.
Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1; 57(11):1215-20. Epub 2004 Dec
18. [Biol Psychiatry. 2005]
Review
Impact of comorbidity in adults with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2004; 65 Suppl 3:3-7. [J
Clin Psychiatry. 2004]
» See reviews... | » See all...
Cited by PubMed Central articles
Behavioral and genetic evidence for a novel animal model of
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive
Subtype.
Sagvolden T, Dasbanerjee T, Zhang-James Y, Middleton F,
Faraone S. Behav Brain Funct. 2008 Dec 1; 4:56. Epub 2008 Dec 1.
[Behav Brain Funct. 2008]
Does childhood treatment of ADHD with stimulant medication affect
substance abuse in adulthood?
Volkow ND, Swanson JM. Am J
Psychiatry. 2008 May; 165(5):553-5. [Am J Psychiatry. 2008]
The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview
schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): reliability of new psychiatric diagnostic
modules and risk factors in a general population sample.
Ruan WJ,
Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Smith SM, Saha TD, Pickering RP, Dawson DA,
Huang B, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008 Jan 1; 92(13):27-36. Epub 2007 Aug 13. [Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008]
» See all (8)...
18: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13 Suppl 3:23-30.
Links
The occurrence of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and
coexisting symptoms in a population study of 471 6-8-year old
children based on the FTF (Five to Fifteen) questionnaire.
Airaksinen EM, Michelsson K, Jokela V.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Kuopio, P. O. Box 1627, 70211
Kuopio 21, Finland. Eila.Airaksinen@uku.fi
OBJECTIVE: To study the usefulness of a new parent questionnaire
and to evaluate the prevalence of inattention, hyperactivity,
impulsivity and co-existing problems in a group of 6-8-year-old
children. METHOD: A questionnaire comprising 179 three-score-items
including the DSM-IV diagnostic symptom criteria on AD/HD and
questions on motor function, executive functions, perception,
memory, language and speech, learning, social skills and psychiatric
problems was used (5-15 questionnaire, FTF). The answers given by
parents of 6-8-year-old children in a community in Finland are
presented. RESULTS: The answers for 471 children, 230 boys and
241 girls, revealed a significantly higher rate of problems for boys
than for girls in all developmental domains. The number of children
with scores exceeding the mean +2 SD for inattention and/or
hyperactivity-impulsivity subdomains were 42. About an half of these
children had many coexisting problems, when the 90(th) percentile
score for each domain was used as a measurement. Of the 42
children 11 fulfilled the DSM-IV symptom list criteria (6/9 for
inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity) for AD/HD and 9 children
for subthreshold (5/9) AD/HD. CONCLUSION: A community-based
study revealed that 2.3% of 6-8-year-old children had the full
symptom list criteria (6/9) of AD/HD according to DSM-IV, and
another 1.9 % fulfilled the symptom criteria (5/9) for subthreshold
AD/HD. Coexisting problems were common. The severity of
symptoms of inattentiveness and hyperactivity-impulsivity correlated
significantly with the severity of coexisting problems.
PMID: 15692876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Behavioural problems and psychiatric symptoms in 5-13 year-old
Swedish children-a comparison of parent ratings on the FTF (Five to
Fifteen) with the ratings on CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist).
Eur Child
Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004; 13 Suppl 3:14-22. [Eur Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 2004]
How often do children meet ICD-10/DSM-IV criteria of attention
deficit-/hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder? Parent-based
prevalence rates in a national sample--results of the BELLA study.
Eur
Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Dec; 17 Suppl 1:59-70. [Eur Child
Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008]
The FTF (Five to Fifteen): the development of a parent
questionnaire for the assessment of ADHD and comorbid conditions.
Eur
Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004; 13 Suppl 3:3-13. [Eur Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 2004]
Review
What is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
J
Child Neurol. 2005 Dec; 20(12):994-1002. [J Child Neurol. 2005]
Review
The impact of preschool inattention, hyperactivity, and
impulsivity on social and academic development: a review.
J Child
Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul; 46(7):755-73. [J Child Psychol Psychiatry.
2005]
» See reviews... | » See all...
19: J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 15:35-44.
Links
Diagnosing and treating comorbid (complicated) bipolar disorder.
McElroy SL.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
45267, USA. susan.mcelroy@uc.edu
Comorbidity is the rule, not the exception, in bipolar disorder. The
most common mental disorders that co-occur with bipolar disorder in
community studies include anxiety, substance use, and conduct
disorders. Disorders of eating, sexual behavior, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity, and impulse control, as well as autism spectrum
disorders and Tourette's disorder, co-occur with bipolar disorder in
clinical samples. The most common general medical comorbidities are
migraine, thyroid illness, obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular
disease. Bipolarity is a marker for comorbidity, and comorbid
disorders, especially multiple conditions occurring when a patient is
young, may be a marker for bipolarity. Relatively few controlled
clinical studies have examined the treatment of bipolar disorder in the
context of comorbid conditions (i.e., complicated or comorbid bipolar
disorder). However, the first step in treating any type of complicated
bipolar disorder--stabilizing a patient's mood--may be associated with
improving the comorbid disorder. Standard mood stabilizers, atypical
antipsychotics, and non-antimanic antiepileptic agents are emerging
as potentially useful treatments for several of the disorders that
frequently co-occur with bipolar disorder, and therefore may be useful
treatments for comorbid bipolar disorder.
PMID: 15554795 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Review
[Antipsychotics in bipolar disorders]
Encephale. 2004
Sep-Oct; 30(5):417-24. [Encephale. 2004]
Pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder and comorbid conditions:
baseline data from STEP-BD.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Oct;
24(5):512-20. [J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004]
Review
Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of bipolar
disorder.
Psychosom Med. 2005 Jan-Feb; 67(1):1-8. [Psychosom Med.
2005]
Review
Pharmacological treatment of psychiatric comorbidity in
bipolar disorder: a review of controlled trials.
Bipolar Disord. 2006 Dec;
8(6):696-709. [Bipolar Disord. 2006]
Review
Recognizing and managing bipolar disorder in children.
J
Clin Psychiatry. 2005; 66 Suppl 1:18-23. [J Clin Psychiatry. 2005]
» See reviews... | » See all...
Cited by PubMed Central articles
Extended-release divalproex in bipolar and other psychiatric
disorders: A comprehensive review.
Stoner SC, Dahmen MM.
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007 Dec; 3(6):839-46. [Neuropsychiatr Dis
Treat. 2007]
Clinical variables and implications of the personality on the
outcome of bipolar illness: a pilot study.
Casas-Barquero N, GarcíaLópez O, Fernández-Argüelles P, Camacho-Laraña M. Neuropsychiatr Dis
Treat. 2007 Apr; 3(2):269-75. [Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007]
Comorbidity of Asperger's syndrome and Bipolar disorder.
Raja M,
Azzoni A. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health. 2008 Nov 17; 4:26. Epub
2008 Nov 17. [Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health. 2008]
Patient Drug Information
Thyroid (Armour® Thyroid) Thyroid is a hormone produced by the
body. When taken correctly, thyroid is used to treat the symptoms of
hypothyroidism (a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce
enough thyroid hormone). Symptoms of hypothyr...
Source: AHFS Consumer Medication Information
20: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004 Jun;32(3):295-304.
Links
Measuring impulsivity in school-aged boys and examining its
relationship with ADHD and ODD ratings.
Avila C, Cuenca I, Félix V, Parcet MA, Miranda A.
Department Psicologia Básica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I,
Castello, Spain. avila@nuvol.uji.es
Seven different laboratory measures of impulsivity were administered
to a group of 165 school-aged boys. Parents' and teachers' ratings of
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional/Defiant
Disorder were also obtained. Factor analyses of impulsivity measures
revealed the existence of a strong Inhibitory Control Factor including
measures derived from Stop Task, the Continuous Performance Test,
the Matching Familiar Figures Test, and the Circle Tracing Task. Other
forms of impulsivity like resistance to interference, the Wisconsin
Card Sorting Test and efficiency in the DRL Task loaded on a second
independent factor. The Inhibitory Control factor was correlated with
ADHD ratings, whereas the second factor was slightly related to the
presence of ODD symptoms. Discussion is focused on the relevance of
inhibitory control in impulsivity and ADHD research.
PMID: 15228178 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Confirmatory factor analysis of parents' and teachers' ratings of
DSM-IV symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Spanish
sample.
Psychol Rep. 2005 Dec; 97(3):847-60. [Psychol Rep. 2005]
Gender differences in the effects of oppositional behavior on
teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004 Apr;
32(2):215-24. [J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004]
Factor structure and cultural factors of disruptive behaviour
disorders symptoms in Italian children.
Eur Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;
21(6):410-8. Epub 2005 Dec 13. [Eur Psychiatry. 2006]
Review
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» See reviews... | » See all...
Cited by PubMed Central articles
Evidence for impulsivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
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Sanabria F,
Killeen PR. Behav Brain Funct. 2008 Feb 8; 4:7. Epub 2008 Feb 8.
[Behav Brain Funct. 2008]
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