4. Refractories in metallurgy: introduction to types and wear mechanisms (03/06/2014)
A high performance is expected of refractories in the metal industry, especially for the consumable linings in furnaces
and ladles. They are exposed to liquid materials at high temperature and have to withstand tough conditions. This
course aims to give an understanding of the behavior of the refractories while the furnace is in operation. This course
should give you sufficient theoretical background to discuss with suppliers on possible improvements or to compare
refractory datasheets.
An overview of refractory materials is given with a focus on applicability in metallurgy, especially in the areas of the
audience. Then, the possible wear mechanisms occurring in high-temperature furnaces and ladles are explained. The link
is made to what is observed in analysis of damaged (“post-mortem”) linings and bricks. Participants are encouraged to
send in questions for discussion or bring demo materials (a selection may need to be made).
09.30: Registration
10.00: What is a refractory?
 Boundary conditions for a refractory
 Oxides and other compounds and their high temperature resistance
10.30: Production of refractories
 Raw materials found in nature
 Processes for upgrading and binding
11.00: Refractories in metallurgy
 Overview of different types of refractories from different raw materials and processing, examples of datasheets
 Advantages and limitations of the different types
 Examples of suppliers
 Different wear mechanisms affecting refractories in general
13.00: Sandwich lunch
14.00: Refractory wear in furnaces and ladles
 What are normal wear mechanisms and lifetime in metallurgy
 Observations of accelerated wear
 Wear testing in lab and industrial scale
15.00: Analysis of a worn refractory lining and bricks
 What can be observed in post mortem analysis
 Clues for determining the wear mechanism
16.00: Opportunity for discussion