Section B3
Paper #6202
Disclaimer — This paper partially fulfills a writing requirement for first year (freshman) engineering students at the
University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering. This paper is a student, not a professional , paper. This paper is based on publicly available information and may not be provide complete analyses of all relevant data. If this paper is used for any purpose other than these authors’ partial fulfillment of a writing requirement for first year (freshman) engineering students at the University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, the user does so at his or her own risk.
Katherine Bruce, kkb31@pitt.edu
, Sanchez 10:00, Valerie
Kristofic, vak34@pitt.edu
, Lora 4:00
Revised Proposal – Creating feasible and effective methods for advancing regenerative medicine is currently viewed as the next step for modern medicine. It is relevant to medicine research. Scholarly articles, journals, and other academic resources will be used to explain these points. a wide spectrum of patients, from amputees to those with failing organs. In regenerative medicine, 3D printing is a new and evolving technology, and the quickly increasing rate of discoveries of potential applications has surprised researchers and science enthusiasts alike.
One benefit of using 3D printing is that 3D printers are an additive manufacturing process, meaning that it does not require the destruction or manipulation of a larger source.
Instead, in additive manufacturing, the product is created layer by layer from a computer model using readily available resources. Bioprinting has the ability to print cells in a similar process.
On type of cell that can be bioprinted is stem cells. Stem cells are one the most useful types of cells because they are able to differentiate into a variety of tissues and can be tailored to meet the individual needs of patients [1]. 3D printing has already been used to generate functional tissues and to create detailed tissue models for research [2]. The combination of stem cells and 3D printing could be key to developing a method for sustainable personalized medicine.
Given that every individual’s body is extremely complex and unique, treatments that use cells directly taken from that individual are more likely to be successful than other methods.
Mesenchymal stem cells are found in the bone marrow and have been identified as a potential standard for clinical treatment [3]. They are able to develop into cartilage and skin, and they have been prototyped to become nerves, blood vessels, bones, liver cells, and heart tissue substitutes [3].
The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the most common methods of 3D bioprinting and the ethical dilemma behind using stem cells in research while emphasizing the benefits provided by mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine. The combination of these factors provides a sustainable solution to a variety of medical problems. While examining the many benefits of this technology, the potential shortcomings of this process, including any problems with
3D bioprinting, will also be considered. For example, this paper will compare the limited viability of 3D printed cells against the high value of creating soft tissue to regenerative
[1] S.Tae, S. Lee, J. Park, G. Im. (2006). “Mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.”
IOP Science. (online article). http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-6041/1/2/003
[2] S. Murphy, A. Atala. (2014). “ 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs.”
Nature Biotechnology . (online article).
http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n8/full/nbt.2958.htm
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[3] J. Snyder, A. Son, Q. Hamid, C. Wang, Y. Lui, W. Sun.
(2015). “Mesenchymal stem cell printing and process regulated cell properties.” IOP Science.
(online article). http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1758-
5090/7/4/044106/meta;jsessionid=CF2037576C5179AC6B9
BDCB6859CCA1D.c3.iopscience.cld.iop.org
A. Balogova, D. Harvanova, R. Hudak. (2015). “3D cultivation of mesenchymal stromal cells from adipose tissue in alginate beads.” IEEE.
(online article). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/icp.jsp?arnumber=7061848
This article introduces 3D bioprinting and describes many of the different aspects including the process and the materials used. There is in depth information about the type of cells used and the environment that these cells need to be kept in. These researchers studied different hydrogels in addition to isolating and encapsulating mesenchymal stem cells. Additionally, they were able to conclude that the cells were better cultivated in a 3D environment compared to a
2D environment.
G. Banis, I. K. Chan, S. Lisa. (2014). “FDM bioprinter to promote mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis.”
IEEE.
(online article). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/icp.jsp?arnumber=6972719
This article highlights the need for organ replacements because demand outweighs supply. Additionally, the authors describe fused deposition modeling, a 3D printing technique using mesenchymal stem cells. The printer specifications
University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering
2016/01/29
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Katherine Bruce
Valerie Kristofic and possible alterations to the machine are also described in detail as well as its performance in multiple tests.
Specifically, this team of researchers worked towards 3D printing cartilaginous tissue.
H. Dong-Heon, C. Dong-Woo, P. Falguni, H.Hyun, J. Jinah,
R. Jong-Won. (2015). “ Biomimetic 3D tissue printing for soft tissue regeneration.”
Biomaterials.
(online journal). http://www.sciencedirect.com.pitt.idm.oclc.org/science/articl e/pii/S0142961215004998
This research paper was a joint effort of multiple prestigious universities in South Korea. The paper provides arguments for the relevance of tissue printing in the future of healthcare and also provides an in depth discussion of the use of mesenchymal stem cells in bioprinting adipose tissue.
The intended use of this source is to explain the applications and relevance of tissue printing and mesenchymal stem cells.
G. Gao, X. Cui. (2015). “Three-dimensional bioprinting in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.”
Biotechnology Letters.
(online journal). http://link.springer.com.pitt.idm.oclc.org/article/10.1007%2
Fs10529-015-1975-1 . p.1-9.
Several authors from a university in China contributed to this scholarly article. It gives an overview of the most recent advances in tissue bioprinting and provides evidence for 3D printing’s positive application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This source further supplements knowledge of the most recent bioprinting technologies and adds support to the case for bioprinting and tissue engineering.
S. Leckart. (2013). “HOW 3-D PRINTING BODY PARTS
WILL REVOLUTIONIZE MEDICINE.” Popular Science.
(online article). http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-
07/how-3-d-printing-body-parts-will-revolutionize-medicine
A reputable science magazine published this article.
Using statistics and examples, the article analyzes the current benefits and future prospects of bioprinting and regenerative medicine but also notes several hurdles in the developing technology. This article will act as a preview to current obstacles being faced in bioprinting and as an informant on several paths outlined to overcome these problems.
B. Lo, L. Parham. (2009). “Ethical Issues in Stem Cell
Research.” Endocrine Reviews.
(Online Article). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726839/
This ethical article dives into the ongoing dispute about the use of stem cells from oocytes and embryos. For religious and political reasons, some people believe that a human embryo is a person, and therefore the destruction of an embryo is murder. It goes on to describe the recent history of the use of embryos in research as well as the US government’s involvement in the creation of laws around this heated debate. Additionally, the necessity for the confidentiality of the donors of biological materials is explained.
S. Murphy, A. Atala. (2014). “ 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs.” Nature Biotechnology . (Online Article). http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n8/full/nbt.2958.htm
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This article serves as an overview of different 3D bioprinting techniques including biomimicry, autonomous self-assembly, inkjet bioprinting, and others. In addition to discussing techniques, the materials used in 3D bioprinting are explained as wells as the challenges in finding suitable materials. The authors of this journal article look ahead and explain the future of 3D bioprinting and the challenges that scientists will eventually have to overcome.
S. Willerth, S. Sakiyama-Elbert (2008). “Combining Stem
Cells and Biomaterial Scaffolds for Constructing Tissues and Cell Delivery.”
StemBook.
(online article). http://www.stembook.org/node/450.html
This scholarly article, provided by a university in St.
Louis, works to describe the different types of cellular support structures used in tissue engineering. Educated conclusions about the current state of biomaterial scaffolds are also provided, as well as suggestions for the future of the field. This article will be used to give preview of the logistics of the processes of tissue engineering.
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