Latin I
Final guide
Test format: TBA
I. Grammar Define the following terms:
Term
Definition
Accusative
Action verb
Adjective
Adverb
Case
Conjugation
Conjunction
Declension
Direct object
Gender
Imperative
Indirect object
Indicative
Infinitive
Inflection
Interjection
Linking verb
Macron
Mood
Nominative
Noun
Number
Object of preposition
Person
Predicate nominative/noun,
adjective
Preposition
Pronoun
Subject
Tense
Vocative
Voice
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Latin I
II. Nouns
Final guide
A. Cases & Grammatical functions
Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives
follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fuī futūrus “to be.”
e.g. Caecilius est argentārius _________________________________________________________
e.g. Cerberus est īrātus ______________________________________________________________
[Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession]
Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or
what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the
dative case.
e.g. Caecilius Holconiō favet. __________________________________________________
Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action
verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.
e.g. Grumiō pāvōnem coquit. __________________________________________________
ad ____________________
prope _______________________
per ___________________
in + Acc. _____________________
e.g. ambulant ad forum. __________________________________________________
Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “SIDSPACE.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that
start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant.
sine_______________________________
sub _______________________________
in____________________________
prō _______________________________
dē____________________________
ā/ab______________________________
cum_______________________________
ē/ex______________________________
e.g. Grumiō fābulam dē ancillā nārrat. ______________________________________________
Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case
1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the __________________.
2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in _____.
For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in _____.
3. The vocative case often appears with the _____________________________ mood of the verb.
4. Give the vocative for Caecilius ______________________________
5. Give the vocative for Metella _______________________________
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Latin I
Final guide
6. Give the vocative for Grumiō _______________________________
7. Give the vocative for Cerberus ______________________________
8. Give the vocative for “Slaves!” ______________________________
9. Give the vocative for “Mothers!” ____________________________
B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension endings.
Complete the table with the correct endings.
1st Declension
Singular
Plural
2nd Declension
Singular
Plural
3rd Declension
Singular
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
For practice, decline the words below.
vīlla
Singular
cibus
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
canis
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
via
Singular
puer
leō
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
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Latin I
Final guide
via
Singular
puer
Plural
Singular
leō
Plural
Singular
Plural
Ablative
Vocative
Identify the case of each noun in the following sentences.
puellae gladiatōrēs in arenā vident.
__________
__________
__________
leō pedem agricolae in silvā ostendit.
__________
__________
__________
__________
III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number and gender. N.B. Adjectives do not have to
agree with the nouns they describe in declension.
e.g. turba maxima erat in forō. ____________________________________________________________
e.g. tū servum fidēlem nōn habēs. _________________________________________________________
e.g. servus fidēlis pecūniam in cubiculō custōdit. _____________________________________________
Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:
e.g.
notus_______________
notior_______________
notissimus_______________
celer_______________
celerior_______________
celerrimus_______________
Choose the adjective which correctly completes coquus cenam __________ parat.
a.) optimum
c.) optimam
b.) optimi
d.) optima
Some adjectives are irregular in how they form their comparatives and superlatives. Fill in the chart
below with the correct forms and English translations.
Positive
Comparative
Superlatives
bonus
“good”
malus
“bad”
magnus
“great”
parvus
“small”
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Latin I
Final guide
Positive
Comparative
Superlatives
multus
“much”
IV. Pronouns
Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:
ego – I
Nominative Sing.
tū – you
Genitive Sing.
Dative Sing.
Accusative Sing.
Ablative Sing.
Nominative Plural
Genitive Plural
Dative Plural
Accusative Plural
Ablative Plural
Define the following pronouns:
eum ____________________
V. Verbs
hic _____________________
ille _____________________
A. Principal parts
Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three.
Principal part
First principal part
Second principal part
Third principal part
Example
portō “I carry, do
carry, am carrying”
portāre “to carry”
portāvī “I carried, did
carry, have carried”
Use
First person singular present active
Present active infinitive:
 yields the present active stem
 used for present and imperfect tenses
active
 used for imperative active mood
 identifies the conjugation
First person singular perfect:
 yields perfect active stem
 used for perfect active tense
The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which
conjugation the verb belongs.
First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre.
Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre.
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e.g. laudāre
e.g. vidēre
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Final guide
Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere
Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre
N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific
conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a
consistent and predictable manner.
e.g.
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus
absum, abesse, afuī, afutūrus
Answer the following questions about nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus “to sail.”
1. What is the perfect stem?
____________________
2. What is the first person singular present active?
____________________
3. What is the first person singular perfect active?
____________________
4. What is the present active infinitive?
____________________
5. What is the present stem?
____________________
6. To which conjugation does this verb belong?
____________________
B. Conjugating verbs
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus “love.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus “sit.”
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Latin I
Final guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus “say, tell.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
st
1 singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus “feel.”
Present
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Imperfect
Perfect
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Latin I
Final guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fuī, futūrus “be.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
st
1 singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Identify the correct tense of the following verbs.
She kept leading. __________
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We did lead. __________
I am leading. __________
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Latin I
Final guide
You have led. __________
You lead. __________
They used to lead. __________
He does lead. __________
They led. __________
It leads. __________
dūcēbat __________
dūcō __________
dūxistis __________
dūcitis __________
dūcit __________
dūcēbāmus __________
dūcēbātis __________
dūcis __________
dūxit __________
Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs
_______________
Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
_______________
C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person(s).)
Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs:
Singular
Plural
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus
sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus
e.g. dā cibum servō! ___________________________________________________________________
e.g. legite epistulas! ____________________________________________________________________
Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.
e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! __________________________________________________________
puerī, nōlīte currere! _______________________________________________________________
VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
e.g.
intentē _______________
ferōciter _______________
graviter _______________
VII. Prepositions identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.
e.g. Metella coquum in culīnam vocat.
Quīntus canem in viā videt.
e.g. servī lectum ex tricliniō in hortum trahunt.
e.g. Melissa cum Grumiōne in forō lentē ambulābat.
VIII. Dependent clauses
Some conjunctions introduce dependent/subordinate clauses, which cannot stand by themselves but
depend on the rest of the sentence (main/independent clause). Postquam introduces temporal clauses, and
quod introduces causal clauses. All clauses must contain their own verb.
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Latin I
Final guide
e.g. Postquam Clēmēns montem Vesuvium vīdit et tremōrēs sensit, ad Caecilium cucurrit.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Caecilius ad vīllam cucurrit et ātrium intrāvit, quod Metellam quaerēbat.
____________________________________________________________________________________
IX. Quam
With the positive adjective, quam means how.
With the comparative adjective, quam means than.
With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible.
e.g. Quam callidus est Quīntus! __________________________________________________________
e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. __________________________________________________
e.g. pūgnāvit quam fortissimē. ___________________________________________________________
IX. Interrogatives/Question words
-ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question.
nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes.
num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no.
e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _________________________________________________________
e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _____________________________________________________
e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? ______________________________________________________
Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.
e.g. quis _______________ quid _______________ ubi _______________ cūr _______________
X. Culture
Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance,
familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics.
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