Learning from the Fossil Record Grade 8 Science Name: Liam and Tyler Date: 2/23/11 Part1 of Performance Assessment Task In analyzing the fossils in each layer, the scientists were able to identify some key features that struck them as interesting. Unfortunately, the digital camera they used to take pictures was damaged and they are unable to send you pictures at this time. They would like, however, you to begin determining the possible inheritance of traits seen. They were able to send you the following descriptions. Deepest fossil layer: all short skull and jaw Long, skinny tail Long front legs Long back legs No flukes on the tail Next fossil layer: some short skull and jaw Long, skinny tail Long front legs Long back legs No flukes on the tail Next fossil layer: all Long skull and jaw Short, fat tail Front flippers Short back legs Flukes on the tail Next fossil layer: all Long skull and jaw Short, fat tail Front flippers No back legs Flukes on tail some long skull and jaw short, fat tail short front legs long back legs no flukes on the tail By studying present day animals with similar traits, they have inferred that: 1. Long skull and jaw are dominant over short skull and jaw 2. Short thick tail are dominant over long skinny tail 3. Long front legs is dominant over short front legs 4. Long back legs is dominant over short back legs 5. No flukes on tail is dominant over flukes on tail 1 Learning from the Fossil Record Grade 8 Science Name: Liam and Tyler Date: 2/23/11 They ask that you send a report of your findings on the possible genetics and inheritance of these traits. They do know all of these fossils are related as the area was isolated and no other animals could come in or go out of the area. Please include the following in your report. 1. How is it possible for the recessive short skull and jaw trait to change to a dominant long skull and jaw trait and stay that way permanently? 2. How is it possible for the recessive long, skinny tail trait to change to dominant short, thick tail trait and stay that way permanently? 3. How is it possible for the dominant long front legs trait change to a recessive short front legs trait and then turn into flippers? 4. How is it possible for the dominant long back legs trait to change to a recessive short bag legs trait and then disappear completely? 5. How is it possible for the dominant no flukes on tail trait to change to a recessive flukes on tail trait and stay that way permanently? Red text indicates the example that will be used by the teacher to model the process. Each answer will be scored on the following aspects: a. Does the reasoning behind the answer make sense and is it possible? 0 1 2 3 b. Is the reasoning behind the answer supported by data (e.g., Punnett Squares, diagrams, explanations)? 0 1 2 3 c. Where reasoning cannot be found using genetics, is a reasonable prediction made? 0 1 2 3 d. Is the report organized in a logical manner so the reader can understand the explanations provided? 0 1 2 3 2 Learning from the Fossil Record Grade 8 Science Name: Liam and Tyler Date: 2/23/11 2. In the first fossil layer, all of the organisms had long and skinny tails. This was because all of the organisms had the ss genotype, homozygous recessive. In the next fossil layer, both the long and skinny tails AND the short and thick tails came into existence. This means that both the ss and Ss/SS genotypes were present. The ss genotype was present because the creatures mated and had children with ss genotypes, which should be the only possible combination. Outside of genetics, the genes changed and somehow the animals ended up with the short and fat tail genes. It could have been possible that the short tail had developed through the environment and the genes changed in response. In the next fossil layer, the animals all had short, thick tails. This means that only the SS/Ss genotypes existed anymore. This could have been caused by the long skinny tails causing death to the animals, so all the animals having it died. Possibly it was dragging through the dirt and making more tracks that could be followed by predators. In the final layer, all of the animals again had short, thick. While this means that, yet again, the only genotypes were SS/Ss, it almost completely rules out the possibility of an Ss genotype existing. If it had been still around in the previous fossil layer, at least some of the animals in this layer would have been homozygous recessive (ss) and had the long, thin tails. It would just be too unlikely. This means that all the animals would be SS. 3. It is possible for the creature to change from long front legs (dominant) to short front legs (recessive). In the deepest layer, the organisms were either heterozygous or homozygous dominant. This is because in both situations, the parents relate effectively to their offspring in the next layer. In the next layer, some had short legs and others had long legs. The presence of short legs suggests that they had two heterozygous parents because both parents applied to having long legs and their children could have either had short legs or long. In the case of the offspring with long front legs, their parents could have either had been homozygous dominant or heterozygous. In the final two layers, the creature had flippers. A cause outside of genetics that is probably the reason for the change in its structure was the environmental adaptations it had to make. Flippers usually appear in a creature when they live underwater because it helps them swim. There was probably a time where the area where the animal lived became engulfed with pretty reasonable water levels. In order to survive in their environment, they probably evolved into a new form. This is the most likely reason why the dominant long front legs trait changed to a recessive short front legs trait and then turned into flippers. 4. It is possible for the creature to change from long back legs (dominant) to short back legs (recessive) and then disappear. In the deepest layer, the organisms were either heterozygous or homozygous dominant. This is because in both situations, the parents relate effectively to their offspring in the next layer. In the next layer, some had short legs and others had long 3 Learning from the Fossil Record Grade 8 Science Name: Liam and Tyler Date: 2/23/11 legs. The presence of short legs suggests that they had two heterozygous parents because both parents applied to having long legs and their children could have either had short legs. In the case of the offspring with long back legs, their parents were probably heterozygous or homozygous recessive. Based upon the other traits in the final two layers, you can infer the species was already beginning to evolve into its environment. This suggests that probably over time, the back legs had begun to shrink to the point where in the final fossil layer, the legs had vanished forever. It is also possible that the long legs began to leave because short legs kept being inherited more often. But I still believe that absence of back legs is due to the fact of the introduction of flippers to an aquatic environment. Back legs simply became a burden for the species due to the change of its environment. 5. It is possible for the creature to change from no fluke on tail (dominant) to a fluke on the tail (recessive). In the first two layers, the organisms were probably homozygous dominant. This is because in both of the layers, all of the organisms had no flukes. In the last two layers, the organism gained flukes due to evolution. This is highly likely, once again, due to the change of the environment. Since the animal gained a fluke on its tail, it suggests that it became an aquatic creature. Flukes help to allow an animal to swim underwater, being very vital to its survival in those environments. At the same time it is possible for the organism to have maintained its heterozygous traits for two fossil layers before permanently converting to homozygous recessive, but the likeliness is indescribably slim. The organism, once again, probably changed from having no flukes, to flukes on its tail due to the change of its environment. 4