CHICAGO STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF NURSING
SYLLABUS
Course Title:
Nursing Informatics
Course Number:
NURS 5135
Semester and Year:
Spring 2012
Semester Hours:
3 Credits
Day/Time:
Thursdays 5pm – 7:50pm
Location:
BHS 100
Pre-requisites:
NURS 5117, NURS 5145, NURS 5000
Co-requisites:
NURS 5111, NURS 5115
Faculty:
Dr. Shakirudeen Amuwo
samuwo@csu.edu
BHS 610, Ext 3882
Office hours: Wednesday & Thursdays, 1:00 pm – 3:30 pm
Dr. Bea Ade-Oshifogun, Course Director
jade@csu.edu BHS 228, Ext. 3917
Office hours: Tuesday, 1:00 pm – 3:30 pm
Required Text:
McGonigle D. & Mastrian K.G. (2012) Nursing Informatics and the Foundation of Knowledge
(2nd Ed.). Jones & Barlett Learning, Boston, MA, McGraw-Hill.
Course Description:
This course is an introduction to health informatics and it involves a broad coverage of
technology concepts underlying general computing and information management as it is applied
to the continuum of healthcare delivery. Topics include computer networks, communications
protocols, data architecture, Internet, basic computer security, database management, graphical
user interfaces, client/server systems and enterprise applications. This course cannot be taken for
credit by students who are health information managers.
Students Learning Outcomes: (Must cover the spectrum of Bloom’s Taxonomy)
After the completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. Distinguish between medical informatics, nursing informatics and consumer informatics
(Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis).
2. Discuss the relationship between major issues in health care and the deployment of
information technology (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis).
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3. Differentiate between computer and information literacy (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis).
4. Identify characteristics that define nursing informatics as a specialty area of practice
(Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge).
5. Forecast the roles that nursing informatics and health information technology will play in
the health care delivery system five years from the present (Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Evaluation).
6. Identify types of information systems used within health care institutions (Bloom’s
Taxonomy: Knowledge).
7. Demonstrate knowledge of information system and its implementation in health care
informatics (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge).
8. Compare and contrast mobile and wireless devices in the various forms of basic
technology and implications for use (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis).
9. Compare and contrast the relationship between the personnel health record (PHR) and
electronic health record (HER) (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis).
10. Examine how the nurse can maintain information systems secure and confidential
(Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis).
11. Differentiate between the nursing process and critical pathways/protocol approaches to
the design of a nursing system (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis).
12. Demonstrate competencies in information systems training (Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Synthesis).
Value Added Learning Outcomes: (Only mandatory for combined 4000/5000 level courses)
After the completion of this course, students will:
1. Identify an area of interest in Nursing Research (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge).
2. Develop an Entity Relationship Diagram and Data Dictionary for a Health Information
System (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis).
3. Design a Cybernetic System for the collection of data in Nursing Research (Bloom’s
Taxonomy: Synthesis).
4. Evaluate the impact of developments in Electronic Medical Records technologies and
standards on the evolution of health information systems (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Evaluation).
Program Objectives: See example below
The graduates of the Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) program will be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Critically examine and synthesize theories, advanced knowledge, and current research
findings for nursing, other health care disciplines and health care organizations (Bloom’s
Taxonomy: Synthesis).
Demonstrate competence in improving the delivery of nursing and health care by
influencing social and health policy development (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application).
Demonstrate the capacity to plan, merge, implement, and evaluate health promotion and
disease prevention programs (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application).
Design and evaluate systems that support evidence-based standards of nursing practice in
education and in a variety of health care settings (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation).
Integrate research-based problem solving and decision making when designing nursing
care modalities (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis).
Apply research and instructional skills in program evaluation and administration.
Demonstrate professional growth that contributes to the advancement of the nursing
profession (Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application).
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Program Objectives and Student Learning Outcome Link
NURS 5135: Nursing Informatics satisfies the program objective competencies #1, #4, #5 and
#6.
Accommodations for Students with Disabilities/Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
The Abilities Office of Disabled Student Services is here to help you make your experience
while at Chicago State University accessible and successful. The Abilities Office provides
services and accommodations for qualified students with verified disabilities in accordance with
provisions of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Students with disabilities who require reasonable accommodation to fully participate in this
course should notify the instructor. Such students must be registered with the Abilities Office of
Disabled Student Services, SUB 190, (773) 995-4401.
Emergency Evacuations Plan
Emergency Evacuations: All emergencies occurring on campus, life threatening and nonlife threatening, should be reported to the campus police by calling ext. 2111 from any
campus phone and either 911 or (773) 995-2111 from a cell phone. Evacuate a building
when the fire alarm sounds, you smell gas or smoke, see fire or is instructed to do so by
staff or emergency personnel. You may also receive instructions over the university’s
public address system and RAVE, the emergency notification system.
Emergency Notification Program: If possible, assist individuals with disabilities who
require assistance to egress from an upper floor or sub-ground level floor of a building.
Once an evacuation has been mandated, all evacuees should meet at a designated location
where attendance must be taken. If anyone is missing, emergency personnel must be
informed immediately. Visit www.getrave.com/login/csu for additional information.
Policies and Procedures
Course Requirements:
1.
All papers are to be typed, 12 fonts and double spaced with 1” margins. Each page of the
assignment needs to be numbered. APA format from the 5th edition of the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association should be used in all assignments for
citations and referencing. All papers must be submitted on or before the scheduled due
date. Five points will be deducted from the total course grade for each day a paper is
late. This will include weekends.
2.
All examinations must be taken as initially scheduled. If a student misses an exam or
quiz, the student may take a make-up exam at the discretion of the instructor. A make up
exam is not an automatic guaranteed option.
Assignment Descriptions
Assignment information will be provided in class along with due dates. Late assignments will be
penalized a minimum of 10 points.
Withdrawal from Courses:
Students must file an Add/Drop form, in the office of the Registrar, before the withdrawal
transaction is official. Simply ceasing to attend or notifying the instructor is not sufficient and
will result in the final grade of “F”.
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Criteria for Grading:
Grades for examinations will be assigned according to:
90 – 100% = A
80 – 89% = B
75 – 79% = C
65 – 74% = D
64% or less = F
Bibliography, Other References and Resource Materials
Patrick W. O'Carroll, William A. Yasnoff, M. Elizabeth Ward, Laura H. Ripp, and Ernest L.
Martin, Editors.(2002) Public Health Informatics and Information Systems Published by
Springer-Verlag, New York
Hebba, T. & Czar, P. (2009). Handbook or informatics for nurses & healthcare professionals.
(4th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Term Paper / Project Presentation
Design a Cybernetic System for the for the collection of data in Nursing Research
8 page minimum- not including diagrams or bibliography
1. Select a topic of interest in Nursing Research which you would like to study.
2. Provide background information on this topic detailing why it is of interest.
3. Develop a Master Plan for collect information on topic you would to study. This
should include:
a. Statement of Corporate Institutional Goals and Objectives
 i.e., what type information would like to collect as part of your research
and why.
b. Statement of Information System Goals and Objectives
 i.e., What are the goals of the cybernetic system that you are developing
c. Priorities of the Application Portfolio
 i.e., This provides information on what need to be done in order to insure
the effectives of the cybernetic system
d. Specification of Oval System Architecture and Infrastructure
 i.e., Where will the data be housed, how it will be transferred, and how
will security issues be addressed
e. Software Development Plan
 i.e., What type of software will be used to collect analyze and house the
data
f. Infrastructure Management Plan
 i.e., Who will manage, monitor, and take care of any maintenance
4. Requirement Discovery
a. Purpose
 i.e., Why it cybernetic system is being developed
b. Background
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
i.e., Details what the cybernetic system will do, and what needs to happen
for it to work effectively
c. Scope
 i.e., Where the date will be collected from
d. General Product Description
 i.e., General info on the cybernetic system
5. Functional and Non-Functional Requirements
a. Introduction
 i.e., Provide detailed information on what needs to happen in order for the
cybernetic system to work. What relationship need to be made, who needs
to do what, discuss the hierarchical structure of the system.
b. Inputs
 i.e, What information would the cybernetic system collect
c. Conversion Process
 i.e., If data from different sources is collected what information will be
gathered and will it be gathered and evaluated.
d. Outputs
 i.e., refers to the results of the services and resources that the cybernetic
system provides
e. Sensor
 i.e., refers to the relevance and meaning of the data and outputs that are
gathered
f. Monitor
 i.e, refers to the rules and regulations that must be followed by the
cybernetic system
g. Control Process
 i.e., refers to the controls put in place to maintain quality of information
gathered by the cybernetic systems.
h. Environmental Factors
 This refers to external factors that can have an effect on the information
gathered by cybernetic systems.
6. Entity Relationship Diagram System Diagram
7. Discussion and Conclusion
8. Bibliography or References.
Criteria for Grading:
Assignments
- 20%
Quizzes
- 10%
Midterm Exam
- 25%
Final Exam
- 25%
Attendance
- 5%
Course Project
- 15%
---------------------------------Total
=100%
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COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
1.
Student Responsibilities
In order to achieve the objectives of the course, the student is expected to:
A.
Complete all required readings.
B.
Select and read supplementary resource materials as required for individual
understanding and increased knowledge of particular content.
C.
Review content from former courses whenever such content can increase
understanding of specific concepts presented in this course.
D.
Complete all course assignments on time.
E.
Consult with faculty as often as necessary for clarification.
F.
Utilize resources, including faculty, to facilitate own learning.
G.
Exhibit personal conduct consistent with guidelines contained in University and
Department of Nursing policies.
2.
Codes of Conduct
The learner is expected to adhere to the university policy on student conduct as described
in the Department of Nursing Student Handbook for Success.
3.
Attendance
Students are expected to be present and on time for all lectures and laboratory meetings.
If a student must be late or absent he/she is responsible for notifying the instructor. The
student is responsible for any content missed because of his/her tardiness or absence.
6.
Course Examination
A student who is absent during the administration of a scheduled unit examination must
follow this procedure:
A.
Notify the instructor prior to the exam.
B.
Meet with the instructor prior to the next scheduled class to discuss the possibility
of a make-up unit examination.
C.
If permission for a make-up examination is granted, it must be taken prior to the
next scheduled unit examination.
7.
Life-long Learning/Dynamic Profession
Nursing is a dynamic profession with ever changing knowledge base affected by new
information in the scientific arena. Available information in the nursing field will be
integrated in this course in both theory and practice. As such, students may be assigned
additional readings and assignments as deemed necessary during the semester.
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CHICAGO STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
STUDENTS BEHAVIOR EXPECTATIONS
Students enrolled in the College of Health Sciences courses are expected to:
1.
Complete assigned readings prior to class.
2.
Meet assignment, task and schedule deadlines.
3.
Attend all classes and off campus visits and trips.
4.
Be punctual to all classes and off campus visits and trips.
5.
Contribute positively to classroom discussions and activities.
6.
Maintain positive non-verbal demeanor in class.
7.
Interact with peers and instructors in a respectful and professional manner.
8.
Exhibit appropriate habits of self care, hygiene, and grooming.
9.
Dress appropriately and decently to class. Tank tops, cut off shorts, “see through” dresses
are not permitted.
10.
Dress professionally (semi-formal or formal dress) for presentations and all arranged off
campus visits and trips.
11.
All cell phones must be silenced or set to vibrate during class time. If you make or accept a
call during class time, you must leave the classroom for the duration of the call. During
testing, all electronic devices, such as cell phones, PDAs, palm pilots, etc. must be put
away in your bag and not used. If an electronic device is found with you during testing, you
will not be allowed to complete the test. Similarly, if you leave the classroom during
testing without the permission and supervision by the instructor, you will not be allowed to
complete the test. Any violation of this policy on the use of electronic devices will affect
your grade and standing in the program according to course, Department, College, and
University regulations and guidelines.
12.
Abide with the University, College and Department policies, procedures and code of
conduct. Refer to the University catalog and Department Student Hand Book Manual for
details.
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ASSESSMENT GRID AND COURSE SCHEDULE
GL- Group Lab in Class; GA- Group Assignment; IA- Individual Assignment
Date
Objective
1.
1/19/12
2.
1/26/12
3.
2/2/12
4.
2/9/12
5.
2/16/12
6.
2/23/12
7.
3/1/12
3/8/12
8.
Distinguish between
medical informatics,
nursing informatics and
consumer informatics
Discuss the relationship
between major issues in
health care and the
deployment of
information technology.
Differentiate between
computer and
information literacy.
Identify characteristics
that define nursing
informatics as a
specialty area of
practice
Forecast the roles that
nursing informatics and
health information
technology will play in
the health care delivery
system five years from
the present.
Identify types of
information systems
used within health care
institutions
Demonstrate knowledge
of information system
and its implementation
in health care
informatics.
Instructor
Content
Activities
Introduction
Study Textbook Chapters 1, 2, & 4
Dr. S. Amuwo
Health Care and
Information Technology
Study Textbook Chapters 2, 9, & 7
Dr. S. Amuwo
Information Literacy
Study Textbook Chapters 2, 3, 4 & 9
Dr. S. Amuwo
Introduction to
Nursing Informatics
Study Textbook Chapters 1, 4, 6 & 8
Dr. B. Ade
Study Textbook Chapters 9, 10 & 11
Dr. B. Ade
Forecasting and Nursing
Informatics
Blooms
Analysis
Evaluation
MCQ
Synthesis
Essay
questions
MCQ
Analysis
MCQ
Knowledge
Evaluation
MCQ
Short Essay,
MCQ
Exam 1 (covers weeks 1-4)
Information systems in
healthcare
Study Textbook Chapters 9, 11, 12 &
13
Dr. S. Amuwo
Information System and
healthcare informatics
Study Textbook Chapters 20 & 21
Dr. S. Amuwo
Compare and contrast
8
Knowledge
MCQ
Lab
assignment
GA
mobile and wireless
devices in the various
forms of basic
technology and
implications for use
Nursing Informatics and
Basic technology
Study Textbook Chapters 9, 15 & 19
Dr. S. Amuwo
SPRING
BREAK
SPRING
BREAK
Personnel health record and
electronic health record
Study Textbook Chapters 17 & 22
Exam 2 (covers weeks 5-8)
Dr. S. Amuwo
Information security
Study Textbook Chapters 5, 10, 15 &
19
Dr. B. Ade
11. Differentiate between
the nursing process and
critical
pathways/protocol
approaches to the
design of a nursing
system
Nursing process in the
design of a nursing system
Study Textbook Chapters 16
Dr. B. Ade
Analysis
MCQ
12. Demonstrate
competencies in
information systems
training
Evidence –Based Practice
in Nursing Informatics
Study Textbook Chapters 23-27
Dr. S. Amuwo
&
Synthesis
EBP Project
for each
specialty.
GI
12. Demonstrate
competencies in
information systems
training
Evidence –Based Practice
in Nursing Informatics
Synthesis
EBP Project
for each
specialty.
GI
3/15/12
Written
assignment
IA
Analysis
Lab
Assignment
GA
9.
3/22/12
3/29/12
4/5/12
4/12/12
4/19/12
Compare and contrast
the relationship between
the personnel health
record (PHR) and
electronic health record
(HER).
10. Examine how the nurse
can maintain
information systems
secure and confidential
Analysis
Analysis
Dr. B. Ade
Study Textbook Chapters 23-27
Dr. S. Amuwo
&
Dr. B. Ade
4/26/12
Review
Project Due
5/3/12
Final Exam
Final Exam
5/10/12
Final copy of Project Due
Final copy of Project Due
9
MCQ
Synthesis
&
Evaluation
Evaluation
Synthesis
&
Evaluation
EBP Project
for each
specialty.
GI
Appendix 1-2—Bloom’s Taxonomy (For reference purposes only---Not needed in the syllabus)
Category
Example and Key Words (verbs)
Examples: Recite a policy. Quote prices from memory to a customer. Knows the safety
1. Knowledge: Recall data or
rules.
information.
Key Words: defines, describes, identifies, knows, labels, lists, matches, names, outlines,
recalls, recognizes, reproduces, selects, states.
2.
Comprehension: Understand
the meaning, translation,
interpolation, and
interpretation of instructions
and problems. State a problem
in one's own words.
3.
Examples: Rewrites the principles of test writing. Explain in one's own words the steps for
performing a complex task. Translates an equation into a computer spreadsheet.
Key Words: comprehends, converts, defends, distinguishes, estimates, explains, extends,
generalizes, gives an example, infers, interprets, paraphrases, predicts, rewrites,
summarizes, translates.
Application: Use a concept in
a new situation or unprompted
Examples: Use a manual to calculate an employee's vacation time. Apply laws of statistics
use of an abstraction. Applies
to evaluate the reliability of a written test.
what was learned in the
4.
classroom into novel situations
Key Words: applies, changes, computes, constructs, demonstrates, discovers, manipulates,
in the work place.
modifies, operates, predicts, prepares, produces, relates, shows, solves, uses.
Analysis: Separates material
Examples: Troubleshoot a piece of equipment by using logical deduction. Recognize logical
or concepts into component
fallacies in reasoning. Gathers information from a department and selects the required tasks
parts so that its organizational
for training.
structure may be understood.
Distinguishes between facts
Key Words: analyzes, breaks down, compares, contrasts, diagrams, deconstructs,
and inferences.
differentiates, discriminates, distinguishes, identifies, illustrates, infers, outlines, relates,
selects, separates.
5.
Synthesis: Builds a structure
Examples: Write a company operations or process manual. Design a machine to perform a
or pattern from diverse
specific task. Integrates training from several sources to solve a problem. Revises and
elements. Put parts together to
process to improve the outcome.
form a whole, with emphasis
on creating a new meaning or
Key Words: categorizes, combines, compiles, composes, creates, devises, designs,
structure.
explains, generates, modifies, organizes, plans, rearranges, reconstructs, relates,
reorganizes, revises, rewrites, summarizes, tells, writes.
Examples: Select the most effective solution. Hire the most qualified candidate. Explain and
6.
Evaluation: Make judgments
justify a new budget.
about the value of ideas or
materials.
Key Words: appraises, compares, concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends,
describes, discriminates, evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies, relates, summarizes,
supports.
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CURRICULUM MAPPING
(Not needed in the syllabus, but each department must develop one and
make it available; preferably on the website)
Course
Program
Objective #1
Educate nurses who will
contribute significantly
to the health, education,
business, political, and
social structure of the
nation and the world.
NURS 5135: Nursing
Informatics
√
Program
Objective #2
Enhanced the
knowledge of the
learner to develop
analytical skills,
broad-based view
points and the
ability to link
theory to practice.
√
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Program
Objective #3
Produce nurses who are
capable of designing a
research study to
provide answer to a
clinical, educational
and administrative
problem.
Program
Objective #4
Nursing Informatics Assignment 1
a) Explain why an intensive knowledge of traditional public health fields--such as epidemiology,
biostatistics, community health sciences, health administration, environmental health sciences--is
insufficient for the development and application of informatics in nursing.
b) Discuss the relative impact of (1) public health reform, (2) the growth in managed care, and (3)the
information technology revolution as drivers of change in the way that nursing professionals view and
use computerized health information systems.
c) Value is said to be a function of cost, service, and quality. To what extent does an investment in IT
result in an increase in the value of health services?
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Nursing Informatics Assignment 2
The Information Resource Management (IRM) planning functions are:
1. Specification of the information architecture that will best meet the needs of the organization
2. Selection of the software that will best meet the needs of the organization's strategic plan
3. Writing code for the databases to be included in the organization's information architecture
4. Examining and redesigning business processes to be supported by the information architecture
5. Developing the organization's mission statement as part of the strategic plan
6. Determining the hardware that will be used to support the information architecture
Consider these IRM planning functions and determine the level at which these functions would be
performed under the Zachman Framework.
Choose from the following levels in a health organization. a) Executive level b) Information
Technology Management c) Programmers Provide a brief explanation of why you made the choices
above.
Nursing Informatics Assignment 3
Provide an example of a nursing services delivery (or disease prevention/health promotion) system.
You may choose from a topic related to your role preparation (community health, nursing education
or nursing management) or any health promotion topic of interest to you: i.e. clinical laboratory
services, case management, smoking cessation, teenage pregnancy prevention, HIV prevention,
AVIAN Flu prevention, women's health promotion, men's health promotion, exercise promotion
among youth or elderly, hypertension control, West Nile eradication, SARS prevention, etc, etc., the
choice is yours.
Explain why it constitutes a system (it must have unity of purpose, complexity, stability/ equilibrium,
deterministic or probabilistic, etc). Briefly describe the major components of the system.
Describe the cybernetic components and their functions; provide a least 2 system inputs, 2
conversion processes, 2 outputs and a simple cybernetic component of your system.
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Nursing Informatics Assignment 4
Choose a topic below and write a short paragraph, approx. 200-250 words, describing the role
that this topic plays in nursing informatics.
(1) Impact of wireless networking in healthcare Explain the significance of wireless networking
and its impact on mobile computing applications in Healthcare.
(2) Tablet PCs in healthcare Describe the current and potential use of Tablet PCs in healthcare, in
particular, when used with wireless networks.
(3) Using Voice over IP There is a major push across the country to use computer networks to carry
telephone communication throughout the enterprise and beyond, at significant savings. Explain how
Voice over IP works and how it could be used in healthcare.
(4) 4G Broadband wireless use by healthcare professional The increasing wide accessibility and
speed of 4G broadband wireless in metropolitan areas facilitates convenient ubiquitous computing
and Internet access. Describes the pros and cons of using 3G broadband wireless by the healthcare
industry.
Nursing Informatics Assignment 5
1. Given the federal mandate for an electronic health record adopted for all healthcare service areas
by the end of this decade and the growth of regional health information organizations (RHIOs),
discuss four (4) key issues you feel are important to consider related to data, technology, and
planning for nurses to help improve patient medical record information flow between providers,
hospitals, labs, health departments and CDC.
2. What impact will SNOMED-CT, ICD-10 and other clinical vocabularies have on health disease
incidence reporting?
3. What are your suggestions to encourage nurses buy-in to support improved public health
routine data submission and surveillance within the proposed National Health Information
Network?
Nursing Informatics Assignment 6
1. Locate one (1) recent article (2006-present) from a nursing journal you typically read in, that is
focused on HIPAA requirements for an aspect of personal (patient) health information Privacy or
Security which is of relevance to you. Cite the article and summarize the article's primary issue(s).
2. Describe three (3) examples of ways to ensure that patient-identifiable personal health information
breaches can be prevented?
4. In the event of a disaster or other public health event, what steps or measures can be taken to
facilitate rapid access to and protection of vital patient health information?
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Nursing Informatics Assignment 7
Develop an Entity Relationship Diagram and Data Dictionary for a Health Information System.
Remember that during the requirements discovery stage under the systems analysis phase, you identify all the
functional and non-functional requirements of the information system. (You may want to revisit the requirements
discovery homework.) These requirements can be translated into the processes that must take place and the data
required for these processes in order to develop the information system. You create these requirements on your
own or by interviewing users about the types of functions they want the new system to perform.
The next task is to build the data models which are graphical maps about the data of the organization, the
processes, and the relations among the data. The data models are tools for communicating between the
development team and the users--like the architects designs. The success of the information system and the
database design depends critically on the accuracy of the data model in describing the flows of data, transactions,
and user requirements. THE ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL IS THE TOTAL PACKAGE OF THE DATA MODELS,
NARRATIVES, DICTIONARIES AND ACCESS PATTERNS. The programming staff relies on this data model to
develop the physical databases. Computer scientists cannot develop the data model without the assistance of health
informatics experts. In developing the ERD's, examine your requirements definition and identify the functional
requirements. Then identify the entities and the attributes from the functional requirements.
Determine the primary attributes, fields or data that uniquely identify the specific occurrence of an entity. Validate the
model through normalization. Then determine the relationships between the attributes.
For example, the entity patient has the following attributes: ID Number, Name, Birth date, Address. If the patient had
a diagnosis and lab tests, date of diagnosis and number of lab tests are not attributes that describe the entity
patient. They fall under different entities ( see figures 5-9 to 5-14, and 5-18 in your reading materials on the Design
and development of Information Systems'. The process of grouping entities in order to eliminate redundancies in the
data model is called normalization.
Your ERD must look like figure 5-18. You need to understand figures 5-9 to 5-14 in order to do the ERD. You may
send me draft designs for clarification.
As an example, let us examine the functional requirements of a Mammography Screening Information System.
Some Functional Requirements are:
1. Capture patient identification information
2. Calculate the time since last mammogram
3. Capture radiographic images
4. Capture test results
5. Compile summary information on patient visits and test results.
6. Process billing information, including insurance claims
7. Compute statistical information
8. Compile statistical reports on suspicious abnormalities, false positives, and false negatives.
9. In order to build the ERD we must identify data that will satisfy the functional requirements. We identify the
entities, their attributes, primary keys, and the relationships between the entities. Let us take the functional
requirements-- Capture patient information.
1. Entity: Patient. Medical Record Number, Last Name, First Name, Gender, Date of Birth, Address, Cite, State,
Zipcode, Day Phone, Evening Phone, Insurance Number,
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