CHAPTER 1 TEST STUDY GUIDE
Vocabulary to Know
Binomial Nomenclature Two-word naming system
Biogenesis
Theory that living things come only from living things
Cell
Smallest unit of an organism that carries on the functions of life
Control
Standard to which the outcome of a test is completed
Conclusion
Logical answer to a question based on data & observation
Development
All of the changes that take place during the life of an
organism
Genus
Group of similar species
Homeostasis
An organism’s ability to keep proper conditions inside no
matter what is going on outside the organism
Hypothesis
Prediction that can be tested
Kingdom
First & largest category used to classify organisms
Organism
Any living thing
Phylogeny
Developmental history of an organism or how it has
changed over time
Response
Reaction to a stimulus
Science
An organized way of studying things & finding answers to questions
Scientific Law
Statement about how things work in nature that seems to
be true all the time
Scientific
Problem-solving technique used to investigate observations
Methods
that can be made about living & nonliving things
Scientific Theory
Explanation of things or events based on scientific
knowledge that is the result of many observations &
experiments
Spontaneous Generation
Idea that living things come from nonliving things
Stimulus
Anything that causes some change in an organism
Variable
Something in an experiment which can change; the
“experimental” group
Concepts to Know
1- Develop a purpose
2- Research your problem
3- Develop a hypothesis
Steps of Scientific
4- Test the hypothesis with an experiment
Method
5- Analyze data
6- Draw conclusions
7- Report Results
Can it be a guess or someone’s opinion? No
How does a hypothesis become a theory? Many scientists
Properties of a
repeat their own experiments or those of another
Theory
scientist. If results of these experiments always support
the hypothesis, the hypothesis can be called a theory.
Why can theories change? Data or information from new
experiments might change conclusions – then theories can
change.
Properties of a
Explain how/why a law can change. Laws can be modified
Law
as more information becomes known. They are less likely
to change than theories.
Living things are organized. Cells take in materials from
their surroundings, have an orderly structure & contain
instructions for cell organization & function.
5 Characteristics
Living things respond. Living things interact with their
of Living Things +
surroundings in order to survive AND respond to internal
One Detail to
stimuli in order to maintain homeostasis.
Support Each
Living things use energy. Energy comes directly (plants use
raw materials + sun’s energy to make food) or indirectly
from the sun (animals consume & use food as a source of
energy; ultimately that energy came from sun).
Living things grow & develop. Organisms take in raw
material & make more cells (*How is this done for multicelled organisms? How is this done for single-celled
organisms?), and organisms change as they grow.
Living things reproduce. Organisms make more of their
own kind & without this, living things wouldn’t replace
those individuals that die.
Name two
1. A Place to Live
requirements of
How does the environment limit organisms? Extreme
living things
environments (altitude/temp) aren’t suitable for many
organisms
Why does an organism need living space in its
surroundings? Living space is needed to provide enough
resources, mates, area for waste, protection of/provision
for offspring
2. Raw Materials
Name some examples of raw materials. Water, proteins,
fats, sugars
When and by Whom
Mid-1800s, Louis Pasteur (French chemist) provided
was spontaneous
enough evidence to disprove theory of spontaneous
generation disproved?
generation
What is the relationship
Using gases & conditions that Oparin described,
between Oparin, Miller & Miller & Urey tested Oparin’s hypothesis
Urey?
KNOW SCIENTISTS, THEIR EXPERIMENTS, AND CONCLUSIONS DURING THE
EARLY STUDIES OF THE ORIGINS OF LIFE
Earliest classifications
Animals? Grouped based on human traits
Plants? Grouped based on their use as medicines
Aristotle Greek philosopher
History of
When? >2000 yrs ago
Classification
Based on? Division between plants & animals; Broken into
smaller groups based on presence/absence of structures
Linnaeus Swedish naturalist
When? Late 18th century
Based on? Looking for organisms w/similar structures
Four criteria for classification:
Modern
1- Similarities in structure
Classification
2- Fossil record
3- Hereditary information
4- Early stages of development
1- Kingdom
2- Phylum
3- Class
Classification
4- Order
Categories
5- Family
6- Genus
7- Species = Smallest classification category
Who developed? Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial
How? First word = Genus (Group name)
Nomenclature
Second word = Species (Individual name, giving
information about appearance, location found, discoverer)
Examples Acer rubrum (Red maple), Acer saccharum (Sugar
maple), Equus zebra (Zebra), Camelus dromedaries (Dromedary
camel)
Why are
1- Common names can be misleading
scientific
2- Help avoid mistakes
names
3- Organisms with similar histories are classified together
used?
4- Give descriptive information about the species
5- Allow info about organisms to be organized easily & efficiently
Tools for identifying 1- Field guide
organisms
2- Dichotomous key
Define Detailed list of identifying characteristics ordered
Dichotomous keys
Field guides
into two questions per step & includes scientific names
Arranged how? In steps with 2 descriptive statements at
each step.
BE SURE TO UNDERSTAND HOW TO USE ONE OF THESE!!
Define Descriptions & illustrations of organisms &
information about where each organism lives