MI End of Course Review
Unit 1
1.1
1. What is a medical intervention?
2. What are the main categories of interventions that function to maintain human health?
3. How do scientists gather evidence during the potential outbreak of an infectious disease?
4. What is bioinformatics?
5. How can DNA sequences be used to identify disease pathogens?
6. What is an antibody?
7. How do antibodies identify and inactivate antigens?
8. How can the ELISA assay be used to detect disease?
9. Why is it important for doctors to know the concentration of disease antigen present in a patient’s system?
10. What steps do scientists take to diagnose, treat, and prevent future spread of a disease outbreak?
1.2
1. How do antibiotics work to fight bacterial infections?
2. What methods do bacteria use to share antibiotic resistant genes?
3. What actions are humans taking that are contributing to bacteria becoming resistant to commonly used antibiotics?
1.3
1. How do frequency and amplitude affect how humans interpret sound?
2. What causes different types of hearing loss?
3. How is hearing loss diagnosed?
4. What interventions are available for patients with hearing loss?
5. What are the bioethical concerns related to the use of cochlear implant technology?
1.4
1. What is vaccination?
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MI End of Course Review
2. How does a vaccine activate the body’s immune system?
3. How has vaccination impacted disease trends in our country?
4. What methods are used to produce vaccines in the laboratory?
5. What is recombinant DNA technology?
6. What are the molecular tools used to assemble recombinant DNA?
7. How can recombinant DNA and bacterial cells be used to produce vaccines?
8. How can engineered plasmids be inserted into bacterial cells?
9. What is epidemiology?
10. How can epidemiologists assist with the detection, prevention, and treatment of both chronic and infectious
disease?
Unit 2:
2.1
1. What is genetic testing?
2. What are the duties of a genetic counselor?
3. What is the goal of PCR?
4. What are the steps of the PCR process?
5. What is the relationship between phenotype and genotype?
6. What are SNPs?
7. How can restriction enzymes and electrophoresis be used to identify SNPs and determine genotype?
8. What medical interventions and lifestyle modifications can help a pregnant woman have a healthy pregnancy?
9. What can amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling tell a couple about their developing fetus?
2.2
1. How can genetic diseases be cured if scientists could replace faulty genes?
2. What vectors can be used to transfer DNA to human cells?
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MI End of Course Review
3. How might gene therapy open the door to genetic enhancement?
4. What medical interventions are available for couples who would like to choose the gender of their child?
5. Should parents be able to design their children?
6. What is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?
7. What are some of the ethical dilemmas surrounding current and future reproductive technology?
Unit 3:
3.1
1. What fundamental characteristics do all cancers have in common?
2. In what ways are diagnostic imaging technologies used to diagnose and treat disorders?
3. What do DNA microarrays measure?
4. How is DNA microarray technology used to determine the differences in gene expression between different tissue
samples?
5. How are the similarities of gene expression patterns between different individuals calculated?
3.2
1. In what ways do different risk factors increase the chance that a person will develop cancer?
2. How can lifestyle changes reduce the risk for developing cancer?
3. How can molecular tests be used to detect inherited genetic mutations associated with certain cancers?
4. How can viruses lead to cancer?
5. What is the importance of routine cancer screenings?
3.3
1. What can a cancer patient receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy expect during treatment?
2. How is biofeedback therapy used to help patients improve their health or manage pain?
3. In what ways do artificial limbs allow patients who have suffered from the loss of a limb regain lost function?
4. How do advances in technology allow for the development of artificial limbs that look and move like actual human
limbs?
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MI End of Course Review
5. How do physical and occupational therapists help patients with disabilities or patients recovering from surgery or
injury?
3.4
1. Why do some drugs affect individuals in different ways?
2. How can information in our genes affect how our bodies interact with certain medications?
3. How are clinical trials set up to ensure all data collected is valid and that all human subjects are treated ethically?
Unit 4
4.1
1. What role does insulin play in diabetes?
3. How can bacterial plasmids be used to produce proteins such as insulin?
4. What is bacterial transformation?
6. How does amino acid structure relate to the overall shape of a protein?
7. What is chromatography?
8. How can chromatography be used to separate proteins?
9. How can electrophoresis be used to check the purity of a protein sample?
10. What is SDS-PAGE?
11. How does protein electrophoresis differ from DNA electrophoresis?
4.3
1. What (or who) decides who should receive a donated organ?
2. How are organ donors and recipient matched?
3. What general surgical techniques are necessary for a live donor kidney transplant?
4. What are the roles of the various members of the surgical transplant team?
5. How does a heart transplant compare to a kidney transplant?
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