Name: __________________________________
Date: ________________ Period: ____________
Chapter 12.4: Feudal Powers in Japan
1.
Identify Buddhism and Shintoism (key beliefs, interactions, etc)
Buddhism: spread from China via Korea…Buddha as a God…Four Noble Truths…Mahayana (masses),
Theravada (elites)=Zen Buddhism (meditation, reflection, elites/samurai)
Shintoism: Ethnic religion native to Japan…divinity of the emperor…ancestor veneration…kami- spirits
which dwell in nature
Combination of beliefs from Buddhism and Shintoism practiced by most Japanese
2.
Who was Prince Shotoku? (Time period, location, key achievements)
7th century CE…Japan…ruled as leader on behalf of his aunt…wanted to reform the government to be
more like the Chinese, attempted to implement the Civil Service Exam but failed…
3.
Make a Diagram for Japanese Feudalism
Bakufu- Tent Government
Emperor (figurehead)---------------------------------------Shogun (military leader)
Daimyo- “great lords”
Local Lords
Samurai
Peasants
Chapter 12.4: Feudal Powers in Japan
I.



A.




B.





C.




II.

A.




The Growth of Japanese Civilization
Japan’s island location: shaped growth of civilization
120 miles of water between Japan and Korea…500 miles of water between Japan and China
Sinification of Japan…relatively safe from invasion
The Geography of Japan
4,000 islands make up the Japanese archipelago
o Arc 1,200 miles long
Most Japanese live on four largest islands: Hakkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu
Advantages: mild climate, plenty of rainfall
Disadvantages: mountainous terrain…only 15% of land is arable…natural resources such as coal,
oil, and iron in short supply…late summer and early fall- typhoons…earthquakes and tidal waves
Early Japan
Chinese writings of AD 300 mention Japan…at that time, Japan was not united…hundreds of
clans controlled their own territories
Each clan worshiped its own nature gods and goddesses
Shintoism “way of the gods.” Ethnic religion native to Japan...spirits that dwell in nature (kami)
Shinto had no complex rituals or philosophy…based on respect for the forces of nature and
veneration of ancestors
KAMI- divine spirits that dwelled in nature…struck by beautiful scene in nature- home of kami
The Yamato Emperors
5th century: Yamato clan had established itself as the leading clan
Yamato claimed to be descended from sun goddess Amaterasu
By 7th century: Yamato chiefs called themselves emperors of Japan
o Early emperors did not control the entire country
o Japanese gradually accepted the idea of an emperor
Japan had an emperor who reigned as a figurehead and a power behind the throne who actually
ruled.
o Dual structure
The Japanese Adapt Chinese Ideas
Around 500 Japanese began to have more contact with mainland Asia
o Influenced by Chinese ideas and customs, which they learned about from the Koreans
(Sinification)
o 6th century- many Koreans migrated to Japan
Buddhism in Japan
One of the most important influences brought by Koreans to Japan was Buddhism
Mid-700’s Japanese imperial court officially accepted Buddhism in Japan
8th and 9th century: Buddhist ideas and worship had spread through Japanese society
Buddhism more complex than Shintoism
o Blending of ideas

Some Buddhist rituals became Shinto rituals, and some Shinto gods and goddesses were
worshipped in Buddhist temples
B. Cultural Borrowing from China
 Interest in Buddhism at the Japanese court led to enthusiasm for all things Chinese
 Prince Shotoku: converted to Buddhism…served as regent for his aunt, Empress Suiko
 607: Prince Shotoku sent first of 3 missions to Tang China
o Studied Chinese civilization firsthand
o 600 scholars, painters, musicians, and monks traveled on each mission
 Japanese adopted the Chinese system of writing, which reached Japan through the Koreans
 Japanese artists painted landscapes in the Chinese manner
 Japanese followed Chinese styles in simple arts of everyday living: cooking, gardening, drinking
tea, hairdressing
 For a time, Japan modeled its government on China’s
o Prince Shotoku planned a strong central government like that of the Tang rulers
o Tried to introduce the civil service exam…failed
o Japan: noble birth remained the key to winning a powerful position…Japan continued to
be a country where a few great families held power
 Japanese adapted Chinese ways to suit their own needs
 Eventually, Japanese imperial court severed ties with Tang empire…ended formal missions in the
late 9th century
III.
Life in the Heian Period
 794: imperial court moved the capital from Nara to Heian (modern Kyoto)
 Many of Japan’s noble families moved to Heian also
 Highly refined court society arose
 794-1185: Heian Period
 Elaborate ritual and artistic pursuits at court
 Rules dictated every aspect of court life
o Length of swords
o Color of robes
o Forms of address
o Noble women: hair to ankles, blackened teeth, dyed clothing to match seasons
 Everyone at court expected to write poetry and paint
o Court officials looked down upon the common people
 Accounts of Heian society from diaries, essays, and novels written by the women of court
 Lady Murasaki Shikibu: 11th century masterpiece: The Tale of Genji (account of life of a prince in
the imperial court…long prose narrative…considered world’s first novel)
 Sei Shonagon: wrote vivid sketches of court life in her diary, called The Pillow Book
IV.
Feudalism Erodes Imperial Authority
 During the Heian period, Japan’s central government was relatively strong
 Soon challenged by great landowners and clan chiefs, who acted more and more as independent
local rulers
A. Decline of Central Power
 For most of the Heian period, rich Fujiwara family held the real power in Japan
o Held many influential posts
o Middle of 11th century: power of the central government and the Fujiwaras began to slip
o Court families grew more interested in luxury and artistic pursuits than in governing
 Large landowners living away from capital set up private armies
o Countryside became lawless and dangerous
o Armed soldiers on horseback preyed on farmers and travelers, pirates took control of
the seas
o For safety, farmers and small landowners traded parts of their land to strong warlords in
exchange for protection
 Lords gained more power
 Feudal system of localized rule, like ancient China and medieval Europe
B. Samurai Warriors
 Bodyguard of loyal warriors to lords called Samurai (“one who serves”)
 Samurai lived according to code of Bushido (“way of the warrior”)
 Samurai was expected to show reckless courage, reverence for the gods, fairness, and
generosity toward those weaker than himself
 Dying an honorable death, was judged more important than living a long life
Japanese Samurai
 Lived by a code of honor called Bushido,
which values bravery and loyalty to their
lord above all else. Will commit ritual
suicide rather than face defeat or dishonor
(seppuku)
 Fight for lord in exchange for an allowance
 Expect women to live up to same values of
honor and courage
 Enter into battle with iron and leather
armor, swords, and bows and arrows


European Knights
 Live by code of honor called chivalry,
which values bravery and loyalty to
heavenly God, earthly lord, and chosen
lady. Code also demands that knights
show humility
 Fight for lord in exchange for land
 Regard women as weak creatures to be
idolized and defended
 Enter into battle with chain mail or plate
armor, broadsword, and lance
Lady Tomoe Gozen, famous female warrior of the 1180’s
The Zen Way: Zen School of Buddhism: popular among the samurai class…emphasized
spirituality through self-discipline and meditation appealed to warriors (elite)
C. The Kamakura Shogunate
 Late 1100’s, Japan’s two most powerful clans fought for power.
 30 years of war, Minamoto family emerged victorious
 1192: emperor gave Minamoto leader named Yoritomo the title of SHOGUN, “supreme general
of the emperor’s army.”
 Shogun had the powers of a military dictator
o Officials, judges, taxes, armies, roads were under his authority





Emperor still reigned from Kyoto, but the real center of power was the shogun’s military
headquarters at Kamakura
1200’s Kamakura Shogunate
Shoguns through 1868 (Meiji Restoration)
Shoguns: local lords held great power
o Loyal local lords received free land
o Shoguns also assigned a military governor to each province
o Governors called Daimyo “great lords”, were responsible for maintaining peace and
order
Kamakura shoguns turned back the two naval invasions sent by the Mongols in 1274 and 1281
o But Japanese victory over the Mongols drained Japan’s treasury
o Loyal samurai were bitter when the government refused to pay them
o Samurai attached themselves more closely to local lords
o Fighting between lords