South Australian Enhanced Abattoir
Surveillance Program
CALENDAR YEAR REPORT ON RESULTS FOR 2014
EAS Program
2014 REPORT ON RESULTS (January to December)
© Government of South Australia 2015
Disclaimer
PIRSA and its employees do not warrant or make any representation regarding the use, or results of the use, of the
information contained herein as regards to its correctness, accuracy, reliability and currency or otherwise. PIRSA
and its employees expressly disclaim all liability or responsibility to any person using the information or advice.
All enquiries
Elise Matthews – Biosecurity SA
Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA)
33 Flemington Street, Glenside SA 5061
T 08 8207 7837 M 0477 340 232
elise.matthews@sa.gov.au
Celia Dickason – Biosecurity SA
Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA)
33 Flemington Street, Glenside SA 5061
T 08 8207 7807 M 0423 780 607
celia.dickason@sa.gov.au
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Table of Contents
............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................................... II
1.
EAS PROGRAM OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................................1
2.
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................2
3.
SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................................2
4.
GENERAL FINDINGS ..............................................................................................................................................3
5.
KEY CONDITIONS .................................................................................................................................................8
1.
Arthritis/Polyarthritis .......................................................................................................................................8
2.
Cheesy Gland (CLA) ....................................................................................................................................10
3.
Grass Seeds ...............................................................................................................................................12
4.
Pneumonia and Pleurisy ...............................................................................................................................14
5.
Rib Fractures ...............................................................................................................................................16
...........................................................................................................................................................................18
...........................................................................................................................................................................19
7.
Sheep Measles (Cysticercus ovis) .................................................................................................................20
6.
APPENDIX .........................................................................................................................................................24
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1. EAS Program Overview
The Enhanced Abattoir Surveillance (EAS) Program provides feedback to identifiable South Australian (SA)
producers on 20 specified diseases and conditions detected in their sheep. For simplicity within this report the word
“condition” will be used. Feedback is not provided for lines without conditions detected (known as “clean lines”).
The program has been running since 2007 with the primary aim of enabling sheep producers to make management
decisions that will help to maximise their production efficiency and increase profitability. This can be achieved
through a healthier flock on-farm and less trimming/condemnation on the slaughter floor. A healthier SA flock is also
paramount in securing trade access to both present and future market opportunities.
This program currently operates at both SA Thomas Foods International (TFI) export abattoirs (Murray Bridge and
Lobethal).
1
The program is predominantly funded by the South Australian sheep industry through the Sheep Industry Fund with
some funding provided by the National sheep industry through Animal Health Australia.
Data is collected on the basis of the condition being a flock problem, that is it affects 5% or more of the sheep within
a line. Individual animal information is not recorded or reported for this program.
In addition to individual feedback, de-identified EAS data has been fundamental in driving research projects and has
highlighted key conditions of concern for regional focus groups.
In 2014 there were 17,000 consignments recorded as part of this program. This resulted in 4,900 feedback letters
being posted to SA producers.
2. Introduction
Information shown in this report is based on calendar years and includes data collected from TFI abattoirs, Murray
Bridge and Lobethal, from January 2007 through to December 2014. Detailed regional information will be displayed
for the previous four years.
The most prevalent and/or significant conditions are reported and discussed here and results are presented by age
category, i.e. lambs and mutton. For simplicity within this report the term “lamb” will be used for the age category
lamb/hogget (animals <2years old).
Analysis of key conditions is on direct South Australian (SA) lines. SA market lines are excluded in this report, as
their source properties and regions are not recorded for this program.
This annual report differs from those previously presented as in addition to the overall percentage of affected sheep
(prevalence) it includes:
 the percentage of producers consigning sheep with a condition; and
 the average percentage of a condition seen within affected lines (i.e. how heavily affected are the lines with
a condition).
This shows how the data can be viewed in different ways, and assists with visualising the trends seen in both the
regions and SA as a whole.
Please note that the vertical axis of each graph has been customised to the limits of the data it is showing. This
ensures finer detail can be seen and is important that this is taken into account when comparing different graphs.
3. Summary of Information
The following is a brief synopsis of the information contained within this report.
Over half the sheep processed at TFI in 2014 (both age categories) were sourced directly from SA producers.
All State regions were well represented in the data collected during 2014. The Yorke Peninsula/Mid North, the Eyre
Peninsula and the Murray Mallee supplied significantly more lambs and the Eyre Peninsula supplied significantly
more mutton when compared to other State regions.
41% of all commercial properties in SA consigned one or more lines directly to TFI in 2014. Kangaroo Island
properties were best represented with 68% of properties consigning sheep directly during the year. It is also likely
that a far greater percentage of SA properties are represented in the data through saleyard consignments.
Arthritis is a State wide issue, with mutton affected four times more than lamb (<1% vs up to 4%). In 2014 one
quarter of Mid South East producers consigned arthritic lamb and over half of producers from the Mid South East,
Lower South East and Northern/Pastoral regions consigned arthritic mutton. On average nearly one in 10 carcasses
were trimmed for the condition within affected lines.
2
Cheesy Gland (CLA) remains a problem in mutton sourced from the Northern/Pastoral region. In 2014 three times
the number of mutton were affected with CLA from this region (14%), when compared to all other State regions, and
close to three quarters of producers consigned affected lines. Within these affected lines one in five carcasses was
trimmed for CLA, which is double the level for all other State regions. There has been a concerning increase in the
percentage of CLA-affected mutton from the Mid South East in the past three years, with the percentage rising from
3% to 10%.
Grass seeds continue to impact the SA sheep industry. In 2014 three times the number of producers (25%) from
the Murray Mallee and Upper South East regions consigned seedy lamb lines and the overall percentage of affected
lambs (9%) was also three times greater from these regions when compared to the remainder of the State.
Conversely less than 1% of Kangaroo Island lambs were affected with grass seeds in 2014. An average of half to
two thirds of carcasses are trimmed within affected lines (depending on State region). It is expected that reduced
grass seed contamination levels will be seen as a result of the dry spring of 2014.
Pneumonia and pleurisy are state wide issues. In mid 2014 the reporting of pneumonia and pleurisy were
separated. Data collected since then shows a higher percentage of lambs affected with pneumonia that pleurisy,
and the opposite is true for mutton. One third of SA producers consigned mutton with pneumonia, whereas a
staggering nine out of 10 producers consigned mutton with pleurisy. Within affected lines the percentage of
carcasses with pneumonia was over double (15%) that of carcasses with pleurisy (7%).
Sarcocystis is a problem specific to Kangaroo Island (KI). In 2014 one third of mutton consigned from the island
were affected and close to half of the carcasses within affected lines contained cysts. Very few KI producers are
unaffected by the condition, with 80% of producers consigning affected mutton.
Although the State-wide prevalence of rib fractures is low, the condition is of concern to producers from the
Adelaide Hills/ Fleurieu Peninsula, Lower and Mid South East and Kangaroo Island. Since 2007 there has been a
significant rise in both the percentage of producers who consigned affected lambs and the overall percentage of
affected lambs. In 2014 a quarter of producers from the Lower South East and Kangaroo Island consigned lambs
with rib fractures and on average one in 10 carcasses were trimmed for rib fractures within affected lines.
Sheep measles is a state wide issue. Over the past four years, an upward trend has been seen in the percentage of
mutton affected and the percentage of producers consigning affected mutton. This follows the downward trend seen
during the first four years of the program. In 2014, four out of five SA producers consigned affected mutton with the
highest percentage (93%) being Lower South East producers consigning affected lines. State-wide nearly one in 10
carcasses contain cysts within these affected lines.
4. General Findings
The distribition of sheep processed at TFI is widespread and encompasses all State Property Identification Code
(PIC) regions as shown in figure 3.1. As has been seen in previous years, in 2014 the largest number of lambs were
sourced from the Yorke Peninsula/Mid North, the Eyre Peninsula and the Murray Mallee. Together these three
regions supplied more than half the SA lamb processed at TFI. The Eye Peninsula was also the largest supplier of
mutton, in 2014 just under a quarter of mutton processed was from this region. This is shown in figure 3.2.
3
4
5
In 2014 more than half the sheep processed were directly consigned SA sheep, as shown in figure 3.3. This is very
similar to previous years.
6
41% of all SA sheep properties, registered as having 100 sheep or more, consigned sheep to TFI in 2014. 100 or
more sheep is the number we used to classify a property as commercial rather than a lifestyle or hobby farm. By
State region this percentage is shown in table 1. All State regions were well represented with the highest percentage
of properties represented from Kangaroo Island (68%). It is also likely that a far greater percentage of properties are
represented in the EAS program data through saleyard consignments.
State region
Percentage of properties registered with ≥100 sheep that directly
consigned sheep to TFI in 2014
Kangaroo Island
68%
Eyre
61%
Yorke Peninsula/Mid North
46%
Murray Mallee
45%
Northern/Pastoral
35%
Upper South East
31%
Barossa/Lower North
28%
Mid South East
28%
Lower South East
25%
Adelaide Hills/Fleurieu
23%
Table 1. The percentage of properties in SA (registered as having ≥100 sheep), by State region, that directly
consigned sheep to TFI during 2014.
7
5. Key Conditions
1. Arthritis/Polyarthritis
Arthritis is a State wide issue.
Consequences of arthritis
Arthritis is a welfare concern and affects on-farm productivity due to reduced growth and culling. At the abattoir
arthritic joints are trimmed and this can result in a significant reduction in carcass weight. In severe cases, where
four or more joints are affected, carcasses may be condemned.
State wide SA (figure 4.1.1):

Overall the percentage of sheep affected with arthritis has shown a downward trend since 2007 (both age
categories).

Since 2007 there has also been a downward trend in the percentage of producers consigning arthritic
sheep (both age categories). In 2014 12% of SA producers consigned arthritic lambs and nearly half
consigned arthritic mutton.

In 2014 within affected lines the average percentage of arthritis was 8% (lamb lines) and 7% (mutton lines).
This means that nearly one in 10 carcasses was trimmed within these lines. There has been no change in
this over the last three years.
By region (figure 4.1.2 and figure 4.1.3 – found in Appendix):


Lamb (2014)
o
In all regions less than 1% of lambs were affected with arthritis.
o
By region the highest percentage of producers consigning arthritic lambs were those from the Mid
South East where a quarter of producers consigned affected lines.
Mutton (2014)
o
The percentage of mutton affected with arthritis was higher than for lamb and ranged from 1% to
4% across all State regions.
o
Over half of the producers from the Mid South East, Lower South East and Northern/Pastoral
regions consigned arthritic mutton.
EAS information assisting research and extension
Dr Joan Lloyd is currently undertaking a MLA funded project investigating arthritis and its association with tail
length. She has used a biometrician to analyse data generated from the EAS program and has spent
considerable time at the Murray Bridge abattoir collecting data and arthritic specimens for laboratory analysis. Dr
Lloyd has also been weighing arthritic trim on the slaughter floor and we hope that some economic parameters
for arthritis (at the abattoir) will result from her findings. Once finalised, the EAS team will inform SASAG of the
findings and recommendations of this interesting project.
8
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2. Cheesy Gland (CLA)
Due to their pastoral management system, CLA is a key issue for the Northern/Pastoral region of SA. As most
spread of infection occurs at shearing, CLA is predominantly a disease of mutton.
Consequences of CLA
On farm, CLA infection results in reduced wool production (up to 7% clean fleece weight in the year of infection) and
wool contamination from ruptured abscesses or abscesses cut open during shearing. Occasionally ill-thrift, wasting
and poor reproductive performance is seen. At the abattoir, CLA abscesses must be trimmed from the carcass and
this results in reduced carcass weight. In the case of generalised infection, causing emaciation, the carcass is
condemned.
Northern/Pastoral vs all other State regions (figure 4.2.1):

State wide, since 2007, the percentage of mutton affected with CLA has decreased significantly. In 2014
the percentage of mutton affected from the Northern/Pastoral region was 14%, nearly three times the level
seen from all other State regions.

Close to three quarters of Northern/Pastoral producers consigned CLA affected mutton in 2014. In all other
State regions just over half of the producers consigned affected mutton.

Mutton lines consigned from the Northern/Pastoral region are more heavily affected with CLA than other
areas. In 2014 nearly one in five mutton carcasses had CLA in affected lines from this region, double the
level seen in affected lines from all other State regions. However since 2007 there has also been a
significant decrease in the average percentage of CLA within affected lines. This is seen State wide.
By region (figure 4.2.2 – found in Appendix):

It is important to note there has been a rise in the percentage of mutton with CLA in the Upper South East
in the last three years. The level has risen from 3% to 10%.
EAS information assisting research and extension
The EAS program has provided Zoetis with regional trend information to assist the delivery of extension
workshops and producer tours of the Murray Bridge abattoir during 2014 and 2015. 10 workshops/abattoir tours
are planned for 2015 with two of these delivered thus far. In addition to CLA these workshops also cover
information on arthritis, vaccine lesions, grass seeds, sheep measles and pleurisy.
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3. Grass Seeds
Grass seeds continue to have a significant impact on the SA sheep industry, especially in the Upper South East and
Murray Mallee regions.
Due to the significant impact grass seeds have on the sheep industry as a whole, both on farm and at the abattoir,
excellent resources have been developed to assist producers in managing grass seeds on their property. These are
available through MLA at www.mla.com.au/winningseeds and www.mla.com.au/seedstipandtool.
There is a considerable climatic influence on grass seeds. For this reason it is expected that lower levels of grass
seed contamination will be seen in 2014. The extent of this will become apparent when looking at 12 months of data
ending in June 2015 as lambs from the dry spring of 2014 will continue to be processed into 2015.
Lamb information will be displayed here, as based on the contamination levels seen and premium value of lamb, the
significance of grass seeds is far greater in lambs.
Consequences of grass seeds
On farm, significant impact associated with grass seeds can be seen. As few as 25 seeds in a lamb can reduce
postweaning daily gain by up to 50% and deaths can result from bacterial infection, tetanus and flystrike. Wool value
is also affected with vegetable matter discounts applying to contaminated fleeces.
At the abattoir seeds must be trimmed from the carcass, resulting in reduced carcass weight. Heavily infested
carcases can be trimmed by 4-5kg and skin may be discounted by up to 50%. Depending on the severity of
contamination and value of the cuts contaminated, penalties are applied on a c/kg basis. This is to account for
reduced throughput (slowing/stopping of the chain), excess labour and time required to trim seedy carcasses as well
as downgrading of the product. When carcase fat is trimmed the meat dries out in the chiller and the product is
downgraded, it is no longer saleable as a well presented high value chilled product but instead sold as a low value
frozen product.
Murray Mallee and Upper South East vs all other State regions (figure 4.3.1):

In 2014 the percentage of lambs with grass seeds from the Murray Mallee/Upper South East regions was
9%, three times higher than the level seen in the remainder of the State.

In 2014 one in four Murray Mallee/Upper South East producers consigned seedy lambs. This is three times
higher than for all other State regions.

In 2014 the average percentage of affected sheep within seedy lines was 65% from the Murray
Mallee/Upper South East regions and 53% for all other State regions. This is a similar finding to previous
years. This means on average two out of three sheep required trimming in affected lines from the Murray
Mallee/Upper South East regions and one in two from all other State regions.
By region (figure 4.3.2 – found in Appendix):

The percentage of lambs in the Upper South East affected with grass seeds in 2014 has marginally
increased when compared to 2013. A different pattern is seen in the Murray Mallee where a one third
reduction in the percentage of lambs affected with grass seeds was seen between 2013 and 2014.

In 2014 less than 1% of Kangaroo Island lambs were affected with grass seeds.
EAS information assisting research and extension
In 2013 the EAS program provided information to Anne Collins (Rural Solutions) for a project ‘Winning Against
Seeds SA’. She was also involved in the National Grass Seed Action Plan which aims to standardise the
approach taken by all abattoirs towards classifying grass seed contamination.
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4. Pneumonia and Pleurisy
In previous years, pleurisy and pneumonia were reported as one condition (i.e. pleurisy/pneumonia), as they are
linked conditions, with pleurisy the sequalae to pneumonia. This was changed during mid 2014, when the EAS team
requested them to be reported separately by the abattoir. The reason for this change was due to the different
consequences at the abattoir between for each condition.
For this reason the information displayed here is for six months of data – July to December 2014.
Pleurisy and pneumonia are State wide issues.
Consequences of pneumonia and pleurisy
Both conditions result in on farm production loss due to reduced growth rate/weight loss. In severe cases deaths will
be incurred. Producers may lose considerable carcass weight from trimming for pleurisy as the whole rib cage may
be trimmed, whereas they are not paid for lungs (although this is an indirect industry cost). In fresh cases of pleurisy
(i.e. where there is pus in the chest cavity) carcasses will be condemned; this is seen occasionally.
State wide SA (figure 4.4.1):

During July to December 2014 a higher percentage of lambs were affected with pneumonia than pleurisy.
The opposite is true for mutton. This is to be expected, as although pneumonia and subsequent pleurisy
most commonly affect sheep when they are lambs, weaners and hoggets, once active pneumonia and
pleurisy has resolved, permanent adhesions from pleurisy remain between the lungs and chest wall. It is
these adhesions (remnants of previous pleurisy) that are being detected in mutton lines when in many
cases, active pneumonia has resolved.

One third of SA producers consigned mutton with pneumonia where as nine out of 10 producers consigned
mutton with pleurisy during July to December 2014.

Within affected lines during July to December 2014 the percentage of carcasses with pneumonia was over
double (15%) that of carcasses with pleurisy (7%). Again this is expected as not all cases of pneumonia will
progress to pleurisy.
By Region (figures 4.4.2 and 4.4.3 – found in Appendix):

During July to December 2014 the highest percentage of mutton with pneumonia originated from the Upper
South East region (6%). Conversely the lowest percentage of lambs with pneumonia also originated from
this region (0.2%).

Lines affected with pneumonia from the Northern/Pastoral region contained the highest percentage of
affected carcasses, with nearly one third of lambs affected within these lines.

Within affected lines the percentage of carcasses with pleurisy was similar in lines of lambs and mutton
from the Northern/Pastoral region. In all other state regions mutton lines were more heavily affected with
pleurisy.
EAS information assisting research and extension
During her time working on the Murray Bridge slaughter floor for the arthritis/tail length project Dr Joan Lloyd
noticed pleurisy as being a significant issue with regards to carcass trim. Dr Lloyd has since applied for, and has
been provided with, EAS data to be used to initiate a project to explore the issue of pleurisy and pneumonia
further. Dr Lloyd has secured funding for initial analysis and endeavors to progress this project based on her
initial findings.
14
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5. Rib Fractures
Rib fractures continue to cause concern for lamb producers in the following State regions:
 Kangaroo Island,
 Mid South East,
 Lower South East, and to a lesser extent;
 Adelaide Hills/Fleurieu.
Although the abattoir trimming of the rib cage is usually less than for pleurisy, the on-farm affects of rib fractures
include stillbirths and reduced lamb growth rates. Rib fractures are also a welfare concern. The condition is thought
to be multi-factorial and associated with mineral deficiencies (availability) or imbalances – especially copper, vitamin
D, and calcium.
By region or regional group (figure 4.5.1, figure 4.5.2 found in Appendix):

Since 2007 there has been a significant increase in the percentage of producers who consigned lambs with
rib fractures and the overall percentage of lambs affected. 7% of producers consigned affected sheep in
2014.

Despite the statistically significant increase over time the overall the percentage of sheep affected is low.
Only 0.5% of lambs were affected state wide in 2014.

Within affected lines the percentage of affected sheep has remained stable at 8% for the past four years.

In 2014 a quarter of producers from the Lower South East and Kangaroo Island consigned lambs with rib
fractures.

The overall percentage of sheep affected ranged between 1% and 2% for Kangaroo Island, the Mid and
Lower South East and Adelaide Hills/Fleurieu during 2014.

During 2014 affected lines from the above mentioned regions had an average of 9% of sheep affected with
rib fractures.
EAS information assisting research and extension
Dr Colin Trengove has begun a PhD through the University of Adelaide investigating rib fractures in SA. His
hypothesis is a primary copper deficiency in ewes. Dr Trengove will be conducting an epidemiological review of
the EAS data generated on rib fractures in addition to on-farm studies, including treatment/control studies
utilising liver biopsies, bone pathology and post mortem findings. The EAS team anticipates the generation of
management strategies that will be of benefit to individual affected producers and the SA sheep industry
generally.
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6. Sarcocystis
Sarcocystis is, and has always been, rife on Kangaroo Island where feral cats transmit the condition. The issue is
negligible in other State regions. Sarcocytis is predominantly seen in mutton lines at the abattoir as mutton has a
longer time to acquire the condition.
Consequences of sarcocystis
Carcasses are trimmed at the abattoir resulting in losses however the condition has no affect on sheep health onfarm.
Kangaroo Island (figure 4.6.1):

Since 2007 there has been a slight downward trend in the overall percentage of sheep affected. In 2014 the
percentage of mutton affected was over one third of sheep consigned.

In 2014 over 80% of producers consigned mutton lines containing sarcocystis. A similar percentage has
been seen over the last three years.

Affected lines are heavily infected. In 2014 on average just under half of the carcasses in each line
contained cysts.
EAS information assisting research and extension
The EAS program is currently assisting Pip Masters, Feral Cat Project Officer in Natural Resources on Kangaroo
Island. Pip is using EAS information to submit a case to the Federal Threatened Species Commissioner to fund
work on cat control. In addition to this work Dr David Peacock, Biosecurity Research Officer – Pest Animals is
drafting a paper looking at historical records of Kangaroo Island fauna and as part of this will be commenting on
the impact of feral cats on the KI sheep industry. EAS information has been provided to Dr Peacock to assist
with this paper.
18
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7. Sheep Measles (Cysticercus ovis)
The level of sheep measles is of concern for all State regions of SA. Higher levels of sheep measles is seen in
mutton lines as mutton have a longer time to acquire the condition.
The EAS team recommends that the SA sheep industry considers investing further in sheep measles awareness
and management strategies. Ovis Management Ltd in New Zealand (www.sheepmeasles.co.nz) is one example of a
strategy where the meat industry and suppliers are working together to address the problem.
During 2014 a sheep measles poster was developed. This has been printed and distributed to PIRSA regional
offices for Animal Health Advisors to be use at producer workshops, field days and display at major saleyards. A
copy of this poster has been included on page 22 of this report.
Consequences of sheep measles
Sheep measles goes unnoticed on-farm. It causes no adverse affect to sheep health or productivity, however can
have a significant impact at the abattoir. Carcasses found to have generalised infestation, i.e. five or more cysts in
the musculature, are condemned. Carcasses with less than five cysts in the musculature are trimmed and any
affected organs containing cysts (e.g. the heart) are condemned. This results in losses for producers and the
abattoir alike.
State wide SA (figure 4.7.1):



Overall since 2007 there has been a downward trend in the percentage of sheep affected with sheep
measles (both age categories). However in the last four years there has been a significant increase
(doubling) in the percentage of mutton with sheep measles.
Since 2007 there has also been a downward trend in the percentage of producers consigning affected
lambs but an overall upward trend in the percentage of producers consigning affected mutton. In 2014, one
in five producers consigned lambs with the condition while four out of five producers consigned affected
mutton.
In the last three years the average percentage of lambs with sheep measles in affected lines was greater
than what was seen in mutton lines. In 2014 an average of 12% of lamb carcasses had sheep measles in
affected lines, whereas in mutton lines the level was a third less.
By Region (figure 4.7.2 and 4.7.3 – found in Appendix)



The distribution of sheep measles is similar across all State regions with the difference in the percentage of
sheep affected varying only 2% (1% to 3% for lambs and 6% to 8% for mutton) in 2014. However the Mid
South East represents the highest value in both categories.
More producers from the Lower South East consigned affected lines than any other State region during
2014. 42% consigned affected lamb and 93% consigned affected mutton.
There was very little variation in the percentage of sheep with sheep measles within affected mutton lines.
In 2014 there was only 1% variation across all State regions.
EAS information assisting research and extension
Dr David Jenkins from Charles Sturt University is continuing his research into sheep measles. He published a
paper in 2014 in the International Journal of Parisitology with his findings when investigating if sheep measles
can be carried by foxes. Dr Jenkins found the sheep measles tapeworm in 2 foxes out of 499 examined. Existing
control methods aimed at dogs on farm are still strongly recommended, as the involvement of foxes is still
poorly/incompletely understood. If foxes played a major role in sheep measles transmission in South Australia it
would be expected that Kangaroo Island would have a lower prevalence, when in fact the prevalence on
Kangaroo Island is not dissimilar to other State regions.
20
21
22
6. References
1. 2007, Australian standard for the hygienic production and transportation of meat and meat products for human
consumption, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria.
2. Collins, A (ed) 2013, Winning against seeds: management tools for your sheep enterprise, Meat & Livestock
Australia Ltd, North Sydney, New South Wales.
3. Jenkins, DJ, Urwin, NAR, Williams, TM, Mitchell, KL, Lievaart, JJ & Armua-Fernandez, MT 2014, ‘Red foxes
(Vulpes vulpes) and wild dogs (dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) and dingo/domestic dog hybrids), as sylvatic hosts
for Australian Taenia hydatigena and Taenia ovis’, International Journal for Parisitology: Parasites and Wildlife
no. 3, pp75-80.
4. Lane, J, Jubb, T, Shephard, J, Webb-Ware, J & Fordyce, G 2015, Priority list of endemic diseases for the red
meat industries, Meat & Livestock Australia Ltd, North Sydney, New South Wales
23
5. Appendix
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32