!! bZU;wt & ysVj!!
(Govt. New Science College, Rewa)
=Sekfld laLdj.k vad izFke ekg vxLr 2012 laiknd & MkW0 jkt fd'kksj frokjh
MkW0 Jherh vatyh flag
MkW0 'kSytk lpku
laj{kd &
izkpk;Z
lqfopkj %& mnkRrrk ds fcuk fo}oku vkSj izcq)rk ds fcuk f'k{kk v/kwjh gksrk
gSA
dksjk HkkSfrdoknh txr dkxt ds Qwy tSlk gksrk gSA & MkW0
'kadjn;ky 'kekZ
laikndh;
egkfo|ky; dk lekpkj i= ¼bZ & U;wt ysVj½ dk izFke vad dks izdkf'kr
djrs gq;s vR;ar g"kZ gks jgk gSA e0iz0 'kklu ds funsZ'kkuqlkj
xq.koRrk
foLrkj
o"kZ
2012
gsrq
izLrkfor
dk;Z
;kstuk
esa
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds izfrHkk fu[kkjus ds fy;s rFkk egkfo|ky; esa fd;s x;s
egRoiw.kZ uokpkjksa dks c<+kok nsus gsrq ;g izFke vad ,d iz;kl
gSA thou esa lQyrk ikus ds fy;s csgn t#jh gS fd gj vkus okys volj ds
fy;s Lo;a dks csgrj <ax ls rS;kj dj fy;k tk;sA vkt ds ifjos'k esa gekjh
cqf) psruk o lksp nqfu;knkjh o O;kolkf;drk esa vf/kdkf/kd dsfUnzr
gksrh tk jgh gSA vusd voljksa ij ge viuh vksj ls iwjk iz;kl djus ds
ckotwn lQyrk ls oafpr jg tkrs gSA vlQyrk, dqaBk vkSj fujk'kk dh vksj
ys tkrh gS blls mcjus dk ,d gh jkLrk gS fd gesa ldkjk
Red lksp rFkk le; izca/ku ds lkFk Lo;a dks thoUr rFkk mtkZoku
cuk;s j[kuk gksxkA
& MkW0 jktfd'kksj frokjh
MkW0 'kSytk lpku
!! izkpk;Z lans'k !!
uohu f’k{k.k l= esa vki lHkh dk ‘kkldh; ek/kojko lnkf’kojko xksyoydj
egkfo|ky; esa gkfnZd Lokxr gSA vk/kqfud dky dh fodkl ;k=k esa f’k{kk dk
lokZf/kd egRo cgqr vf/kd gSA f’k{kk us gh bl ns’k dh rdnhj vkSj rLohj cny
dj j[k nh gSA f’k{kk ds vusd vk;ke gS tks jk”Vªh; fodkl esa f’k{kk ds egRo
dks js[kkafdr djrs gSaA okLrfod :Ik esa f’k{kk dk vk’k; gS ^^Kku^^ Kku dk
vkdka{kh gS ^^f’k{kkFkhZ^^ vkSj bls miyC/k djrk gS ^^f’k{kd^^A rhuksa
ijLij ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gSa] ,d ds cxSj nwljs dk vfLrRo ughaA ;gka f'k{kk
O;oLFkk dks lapkfyr djus okyh izca/ku bdkbZ ds :Ik esa egkfo|ky;ksa dh
Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA tgka Nk=ksa dks ,slk izf”k{k.k nsus dk
iz;Ru gksxk tks mUgsa izR;sd O;fDr esa lqanj ns[kus vkSj mlesa tks dqN
vPNk gS] mls xzg.k djus ;ksX; cuk;sA
;qok thou egklaxzke gS ;k dgs rks thou dk _rqjkt gS cl t:jr gS mls
lgh y{;] fn’kk mRlkg vkSj vkRecy dh] ge vius egkfo|ky; esa ,slk gh
okrkoj.k nsus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA egkfo|ky; ifjokj dk lnL; cuus ds ckn bldh
mUufr vkSj fodkl esa vkidh lgHkkfxrk gksA gekjk mn~ns”; fdrkch dhM+s
iSnk djuk ugha cfYd ns'k ds Hkkoh vPNs ukxfjd cukuk gS] tks jk”Vª dh
le`f) ds fy;s dke djsaA
‘kqHkdkeukvksa lfgr]
MkW0 vatyh flag
izkpk;Z
'kS{k.ksRrj xfrfof/k;kW %
[ksy&dwn % egkfo|ky; esa 'kklu ds [ksy dSys.Mj ds vuqlkj 'krjat]
dcM~Mh] cSMfeUVu ,oa fØdsV dh xfrfof/k;kW lapkfyr dj egkfo|ky;
dh Vhe cukbZ xbZ ,oa f[kykfM+;ksa }kjk ftyk Lrj ij egkfo|ky; dk
izfrfuf/kRo fd;k x;kA ch-,l-lh0 prqFkZ lsesLVj ds ,d Nk= dk p;u
gS.Mcky ds fy;s fo'ofo|ky;hu Vhe esa gqvk gSA
;qok mRlo % ;qok mRlo ds varxZr 27 flracj ls 29 flracj rd vk;ksftr
fd;s x;sA fofHkUu fo/kkvksa esa p;fur Nk=@Nk=kvksa dks ftyk Lrjh;
izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkxhnkjh gsrq Hkstk tk jgk gSA
,u-,l-,l % egkfo|ky; esa jkls;ks ds varxZRk lapkfyr iq:"k ,oa efgyk
vdknfed xfrfof/k;ka % egkfo|ky; esa 'kks/k rFkk lsfeukj dk fu;fer
vk;kstu fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ouLifr 'kkL= foHkkx vc rd 7 'kks/k laxks"Bh
tSo fofo/krk ,oa laj{k.k ds {ks= esa vk;ksftr dh tk pqdh gSaA l= 2012
& 13 esa ouLifr 'kkL= foHkkx rFkk HkkSfrd 'kkL= foHkkx esa 'kks/k
lsehukj gsrq izLrko ;wthlh {ks=h; dk;kZy; Hkksiky dks izsf"kr fd;k tk
pqdk gSA egkfo|ky; dh jlk;u 'kkL= dh lgk- izk/;kid MkW 'kSytk lpku
}kjk gky gh esa 'kks/k ifj;kstuk ¼,UVh bu¶ysesaVªh Mªzx ij½ dk dk;Z
iw.kZ fd;k x;k gSA HkkSfrd 'kkL= foHkkx esa varfj{k fdj.kks dk
izHkko fo"k; ij 'kks/k ifj;kstuk dk;Z izxfr ij gSA MkW 'kSytk lpku ds
xq.koRrk foLrkj o"kZ 2012&13 %
ekxZn'kZu esa nks Nk=ksa dks ih,p-Mh- dh mikf/k blh l= esa izkIr
gqbZ
gSA foLrkj o"kZ 2012&13 gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk ds varxZRk
xq.koRrk
egkfo|ky; esa ekg tqykbZ esa fuEufyf[kr dk;Z iw.kZ fd;s x;sA
izosf'kr Nk=@Nk=kvksa gsrq fnukad 2-7-12 ls 10-7-12 rd lsrq
d{kkvksa dk lapkyu fd;k x;k ftlesa egkfo|ky; ds izk/;kidksa us viuh
d{kk, yhA izfrHkk cSad dk xBu dj fy;k x;k gS rFkk izfrHkk cSad ds
fo'ks"kKksa }kjk fu;ekuqlkj d{kkvksa dk lapkyu fd;k x;kA
MkW th- Mh- ikBd] fjVk;MZ izk/;kid HkkSfrdh ,oa MkW eqds'k ;saxy]
fj;sDV jhok
egkfo|ky; ifjlj esa c`{kkjksi.k dk;Z djk;k x;k ftlesa ou foHkkx ls 20 ux
Vªh xkMZ izkIr dj jksfir ikS/kksa dks lqjf{kr fd;k x;kA Hkk"kk lq/kkj
vfHk;ku ds varxZRk Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks la[;k izkpk;Z Mk- vatyh flag
miyfC/k;kW
}kjk fgUnh fo"k; ij orZuh vU;
,oa ys[ku
esa gqbZ =qfV;ksa ds laca/k esa
foLrkj
ls tkudkjh
nh x;hA
egkfo|ky;
esa ck;ksVsDukykWth
foHkkx ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds
izkstsDV dk izstsUVs'ku ,y-lh-Mh- izkstsDVj ds ek/;e ls djk;k x;kA
LukrdksRrj d{kk ds Nk=@Nk=k,Wa blh ekg ,-ds-,l- fo'ofo|ky; lruk
esa lfEefyr gq,A
!! fjlpZ uksV !!
MkW0 vatyh flag] izkpk;Z
jk"Vªdfo & jke/kkjh flag fnudj
dfo Økafrn'khZ gksrk gSA oLrqr% bl vuar /kjrh ij u tkus fdrus yksx vkrs
gS vkSj ,d le;kof/k ds ckn pys tkrs gSA lalj.k dk LoHkko gS fd fdUrq dqN ,sls
O;fDr gksrs gS tks bl /kjrh ij fuokl djus okys izR;sd psru izk.kh] muds vfLrRo dk
vuqHko djrk gSA bldk dkj.k gS ml O;fDr ds O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo dkA oSf'k"V~;
fnudj dsoy ,d dfo ugh Fks D;ksafd dfo og gksrk gS tks dsoy vkt ds lanHkZ esa
dgs rks 'kCn jpuk djrk gS] 'kCn la?kVu djrk gS fdUrq fnudj dsoy 'kCn lk/kd ek=
ugh Fks os 'kCnkFkZ ds iz.ksrk vkSj izorZd FksA O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k
,sls lgt vkSj lkekU; #i ls ugha gksrkA ,d lqn`<+ mnkRr vkSj votZukiw.kZ
O;fDrRo ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s mls vusd la?k"kZ] dlkSfV;ksa vkSj ijh{kkvksa ls
xqtjuk iM+rk gSA egkdfo fnudj ds eguh; O;fDrRo dk jkt ;gh phts gSA O;fDr
gksrk gS rks mldk O;fDrRo Hkh gksrk gS fdUrq O;fDrRo ogh gksrk gS fd ftlds
oSf'k"V; dk xku yksx ekul ;qx&;qx rd djrk jgsA ,d f'k{kdh; thou ls ysdj dqyifr dh
eguh; in dh tks yach ;k=k mUgksus r; dh blds ihNs lalkj ds la?k"kZ vkSj
FkisMs+ gh jgsA dfo og ugh gksrk tks dsoy lk{kkr HkksDrk gksrk gS] dfo og
gksrk gS tks ijEijk ;k fdlh ?kVuk dk HkksDrk gksA egkdfo fnudj ds lkeus ,slh u
tkus fdruh fo"ke fLFkfr;ka vkbZ] mUgksus vius g`n; dh vka[kks ls lkjh
fLFkfr;ksa dks ij[kk rFkk vuqHko fd;k vkSj ,d egku O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
ml O;fDr dk ;g ,glkl dsoy ,glkl cudj ugh jg x;k vfirq vusd&vusd 'kCnksa esa
jpukvksa ds #i esa izdV gks x;kA ;s xaazFk vkSj jpuk,a ugh mudh /kkj.kk,a gS]
euksfodkj gS] mudh laosnuk,a gSA
tSfod L=ksrksa
mi;ksfxrk
dk
laj{k.k]
izca/ku
,oa
lrr
(Biological Resources Conservation, Management & Sustainable Uses)
izks- LdUn feJk] foHkkxk/;{k] ¼ouLifr ,oa tSo izkS|ksfxdh½
tSo fofo/krk ds laj{k.k ,oa lrr fodkl esa tSo izkS|ksfxdh dk egRoiw.kZ
;ksxnku gSA orZeku esa Hkzw.k dYpj] mŸkd ,oa dksf'kdk dYpj] ikWysu dYpj]
gfjr Dyksuh; xq.ku] teZIykTe laj{k.k] lksekDyksuy fofo/krk vkfn ds }kjk tSo
fofo/krk dk laj{k.k fd;k tk jgk gSA ekuo dY;k.k gsrq tSo fofo/krk dk vuqiz;ksx
fo'ks"k :i ls fpfdRlk] m|ksx] d`f"k] i;kZoj.k] vuqokaf'kd bathfu;jh vkfn {ks= esa
fd;k tk jgk gSA
ck;ksVsDukykWth esa ekuo thou ds yxHkx lHkh igyqvksa dks izHkkfor
fd;k gSA blds fØ;k {ks= dk foLrkj i;kZoj.k ls ysdj ekuo LokLF; ,oa ekuo tuu ds
fu;a=.k rd gSA ck;ksVsDukykWth dk fo'o O;kikj esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS
vkSj ;g jkstxkj] mRiknu ,oa O;kikj esa u;s&u;s volj iSnk dj jgh gSA ekuo LokLF;
dh j{kk ds fy, ck;ksVsDukykWth vfr egRoiw.kZ gSA ekuksDyksuy
,UVhckWMht] Mh-,u-,- izksc] fjdkWfcusUV] oSDlhUl] thu Fksjsih dh rduhd vkfn
jksx funku ds fy;s mi;ksxh gSaA dksf'kdkvksa ls foyx fd;s x;s ,UykbEl [kk|
lalk/ku] is; lq/kkj] fMVtsZUV] ck;kslsUlj cukus esa mi;ksxh gSaA vkf.od tSfodh
dh rduhdksa ds mi;ksx ls ,UtkbEl ds vehuksa vEy d.kksa esa Qsjcny djds
muds xq.kksa esa lq/kkj djus ds dbZ iz;kl lQy gq, gSaA
vkS|ksfxdh lw{ethoh tSls okbjl] QUtkbZ] oSDVhfj;k] ,ehck vkfn dk mi;ksx
dhVuk'kh ds :i esa rFkk ikni jksxksa ds fu;a=.k ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA oSDVhfj;k
ds LVªsu lhost mipkj fMVkWDlhds'ku] [kfut rsyksa ds fo?kVu esa mi;ksxh
gSaA bu foVªksdYpj }kjk tUrqvksa ,oa ikni dksf'kdkvksa ls dbZ ewY;oky mRikn
izkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA vuqokaf'kd bathfu;jh }kjk thuksa dk LFkkukarj.k fd;k tkrk
gSA bu fof/k;ksa ls Qlyksa ds y{k.kksa esa mi;ksxh lq/kkj fd;s x;s gSaA
bu foVªks rduhd }kjk ikS/ks dk Rofjr Dyksuh; xq.ku] vuqokaf'kd fofo/krk
dh mRifÙk] gkseksthul ykbuks dk 'kh?kz mRiknu vkfn dk egRoiw.kZ dke gks
jgk gSA bl izdkj ck;ksVsDukykWth dh mi;ksfxrk,¡ yxHkx vlhe gSaA bldh
mi;ksfxrk dh lhek Lo;a ekuo Kku ,oa dYiuk rFkk foosd dh lhekvksa ij fuHkZj
gksxhA
A ROAD MAP ON ENERGY CONSERVATION AND ENERGY
EFFICIENCY IN INDIA
- Dr. R. K. Tiwari Prof. of Physics
Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency:
Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy
consumption. Energy conservation can be achieved through increased efficient energy use, in
conjunction with decreased energy consumption and/or reduced consumption from conventional
energy sources. Energy conservation can result in increased financial capital, environmental quality,
national security, personal security, and human comfort Individuals and organizations that are direct
consumers of energy choose to conserve energy to reduce energy costs and promote economic
security. Industrial and commercial users can increase energy use efficiency to maximize profit.
National movement to accelerate the development process and cope with increasing energy
demands, conservation and energy efficiency measures are to play a central role in our energy policy.
Energy conservation can significantly reduce the need for fresh investment in energy supply systems
in coming years.
Application of QSAR in Drug Discovery
By - Dr. Shailja Sachan Asstt. Prof. Chemistry
Synthesis of a new drug is a very complex and time taking process. QSAR may be helpful to
make it easier .QSAR model predicts the activities of new compounds. There are a lot of molecules
which may be active in the treatment of different diseases .But the selection of a new drug for the
synthesis as a particular medicine is very difficult.
The problem becomes more serious when a compound which is to be synthesized is of
unknown action. To solve these problems development of methods for theoretical lead generation
was needed. Once a lead compound with promising properties has been found the required biological
activity must be optimized and side effects are minimized or eliminated by variation in the structure.
QSAR study may be helpful for the prediction of the activity as well as toxic effect also. A Quantitative
Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) can then be utilized to help guide chemical synthesis. So,
Drug discovery often involves the use of QSAR to identify chemical structures that could have good
inhibitory effects on specific targets and have low toxicity (non-specific activity).
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SPICES PLANTS
(Keerti Shrivastava & Skand Mishra, Department of Botany & Biotech)
Plant derived products have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. At present, it is
estimated that about 80% of the world population rely on botanical preparation as medicines to meet
their health needs. Many of the spices posses medicinal properties and have a profound effect
on human health. Since they affect, many functional processes, researcher carried out on separate
varieties of spices have shown that these natural substances posses the property of curing several
common ailments. Certain specific spices can serve as powerful natural drugs like antibiotics,
carminatives, antidepressants, analgesics, tranquilizers, cholesterol reducers, antihypertensive,
diuretics, anti-inflammatory agents, blood vessels dilators and so on.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: AN EMERGING FIELD
(Bhavna Dwivedi, Guest Faculty, Dept. of Botany & Biotech)
Bio-Technology is a research oriented science, a combination of Biology and Technology. It
covers a wide variety of subjects like Genetics, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Virology,
Chemistry and Engineering and is also concerned with many other subjects like Health and Medicine,
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Cropping system and Crop Management, Ecology, Cell Biology,
Soil science and Soil Conservation, Bio-statistics, Plant Physiology, Seed Technology etc. BioTechnology is the use of living things, especially cells and bacteria in industrial process.
There are many applications of biotechnology such as developing various medicines,
vaccines and diagnostics, increasing productivity, improving energy production and conservation.
Biotechnology's intervention in the area of animal husbandry has improved animal breeding. It also
helps to improve the quality of seeds, insecticides and fertilizers. Environmental biotechnology helps
for pollution control and waste management.
SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
(Minakshi Pandey, Guest Faculty, Dept. of Botany & Biotech)
The fusion of technology with knowledge creates what the world once assumed as miracles
and biotechnology can be considered as a perfect example where the knowledge of biology when
blended with technology is making the world a better place by enhancing the quality of life and
alleviating the human sufferings.
‘Biotechnology’, the term was coined by a Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky and is defined as
per the UN convention on biological diversity as, “Any technological application that uses biological
system or living organisms to make or modify the process or products for specific use.”Effusing life to
life, through life, is what biotechnology is about. The idea of modifying products to suit specific
applications and engineer them to make more viable, inspired man to reach the pinnacle where
Biotechnology stands today. Biotechnology has touched almost every aspect of human life and has
carved its niche too. Biotechnology dealing with medical and health care is termed as Red
biotechnology. It is Green biotechnology, when it concerns about agricultural processes and White
biotechnology when comes to industrial processes.
Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
(Pratibha Mishra Guest faculty Dept. of Chemistry)
Polymers are formed by polymerization of monomers. Polymer chemistry is that branch of
chemistry, which deals with the study of synthesis and properties of polymers or macromolecules.
Prior to the early 1920's, chemists doubted the existence of molecules having molecular weights
greater than a few thousand. This limiting view was challenged by Hermann Staudinger, a German
chemist with experience in studying natural compounds such as rubber and cellulose. He formulated
a polymeric structure for rubber, based on a repeating isoprene unit (referred to as a monomer).
Wallace Carothers invented the first synthetic rubber called neoprene in 1931, the first polyester, and
went on to invent nylon, a true silk replacement, in 1935. For his contributions to chemistry,
Staudinger received the 1953 Nobel Prize. The terms polymer and monomer were derived from the
Greek roots poly (many), mono (one) and meros (part). On the basis of origin, polymers are classified
into natural and synthetic polymers.
ROLE OF DATA MINING IN BIOINFORMATICS
(Shailendra Singh, Guest Faculty Dept. of Physics & Comp. Sc.)
Data Mining is the process of discovering new patterns from large sets of data,
involving statistical analysis, machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence,
hypothesis tests etc. The process of knowledge discovery from data is to verify the
patterns produced by the data mining algorithms occur in the wider data set. It is
common for the data mining algorithms to find patterns in the training set which are not present in the
general data set. This is called overfitting. To overcome this, the evaluation uses a test set of data on
which the data mining algorithm was not trained. The learned patterns are applied to this test set and
the resulting output is compared to the desired output. Data mining helps to develop a Knowledge
Discovering in Database (KDD). Data mining focus on efficiency and scalability of knowledge. Data
mining has two approaches - predictive and descriptive. The predictive analysis involves
classification, regression, clustering, association analysis, artificial neural networks, Support Vector
Machines (SVM) and Genetic Algorithms, whereas descriptive models are based on exploration. It
consists of numerical analysis, graphical representation and bivariate analysis.
Evolution of Biotechnology And Its Application
By:-Dr. Rahul Rupesh Dwivedi, Department Of Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the
processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services. From its
inception, biotechnology has maintained a close relationship with society. Although
now most often associated with the development of drugs, historically biotechnology
has been principally associated with food, addressing such issues as malnutrition and
famine. The history of biotechnology begins with zymotechnology, which commenced
with a focus on brewing techniques for beer. By World War I, however,
zymotechnology would expand to tackle larger industrial issues, and the potential of industrial
fermentation gave rise to biotechnology. However, both the single-cell protein and gasohol projects
failed to progress due to varying issues including public resistance, a changing economic scene, and
shifts in political power.
STUDENT CORNER :Science of DNA Fingerprinting in justice to the wild animals
Niharika Mishra, M. Sc. Biotechnology
Since last thousands of years human being are killing the innocent wild animals just for fun or
for economic benefits !As a result ,thousands of the animal species have become extinct and many of
them are at the verge of extinction ! Killing of the endangered animals is a crime, but the criminals
simply escape most of the time because of lack of evidence. In the year 2003, we developed a DNA
based technology that changed the way the wildlife crimes are investigated in this country. The name
of this technology was “Universal primer Technology and it was capable to establish whether a drop
of blood, piece of meat, skin or even a single hair is that of a human or animal, if animal, which
species of animal. India obtained worldwide patent for this invention [USA patent 7141364, Australia
patent 2001258719, China patent ZL01823181.0, South Africa patent 2003/7489, India Patent
224401]. For the first time, a national Wildlife Forensic Cell was established in the LaCONES of
CCBM, Hyderabad to investigate the case of wildlife offense. Till date, more than 500 cases of wildlife
related crimes have been solved using this invention and the criminals have been booked.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE TREATMENT
Namrata Dwivedi, M.Sc. Biotechnology IIIrd Sem
Healthcare Biotech products and techniques can be found in four major areas of healthcare,
including: biopharmaceuticals, gene therapy, diagnostic testing and tissue replacement.
Biotechnology has made a huge difference in human health care and has now enabled scientists to
develop products which can give quicker and more accurate tests, therapies that have a lot less side
effects and vaccines which are safer than ever before.
MAJOR ADVANCE BIOTECHNOLOGY IN DIGINOSIS
Ruby Singh, M.Sc. Biotechnology IIIrd Sem
Medical conditions and diseases are now being detected more accurately and quickly due to
the advancement of biotechnology based tools, an example of the benefits biotechnology has brought
us, and one which most people will be able to relate to, is the home pregnancy testing kit.The new
generation of home testing kits are able to provide results which are more accurate and are able to be
used much earlier than the ones a few years ago.Illnesses such as strep throat and other infectious
diseases are now diagnosed within minutes enabling treatment to begin at a much earlier time where
previous tests could take a few days. Without biotechnology, a new simpler blood test couldn’t have
been developed which allows us to measure the amount of “bad” cholesterol in the blood, before this
conventional methods required separate blood tests which took longer to obtain the results and were
much more costly.Certain types of cancer such as ovarian and prostrate cancer now rely on
biotechnology-based tests by taking a simple blood test and thus eliminating the need for expensive
and invasive surgery.We benefit because not only are the tests cheaper but they are a lot more
accurate and quicker than any previous tests prior to the use of biotechnology, this allows Doctors to
make a diagnosis earlier in the diseases progress and begin treatment of the disease quicker, which
greatly increases the patients prognosis.Prior to the use of biotechnology based tests diagnosis could
only be made when the disease had progressed far enough to provide measurable indicators.
DNA Sequencing by Maxam Gilbert Method
Sharad Verma, M.Sc. Biotechnology IIIrd Sem
The Maxam-Gilbert method of nucleotide sequence determination is based on preferential,
base-specific methylation followed by chemical cleavage to generate a nested set of endlabeled
derivatives. In 1976-1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method
based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases. Although Maxam
and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of
Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing, Maxam-Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more
popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each
read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the
chain-termination method Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical
complexity prohibiting its use in standard molecular biology kits, extensive use of hazardous
chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up.
Egg-laying chickens - husbandry systems through biotechnology
Vishwajeet tiwari, M.Sc. Biotechnology IIIrd Sem
Poultry farming is the raising of domesticated birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and
geese, for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. Poultry are farmed in great numbers with
chickens being the most numerous. More than 50 billion chickens are raised annually as a source of
food, for both their meat and their eggs. Chickens raised for eggs are usually called laying hens whilst
chickens raised for meat are often called broilers. In total, the UK alone consumes over 29 million
eggs per day. In the US, the national organization overseeing poultry production is the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). In the UK, the national organization is the Department for Environment, Food
and Rural Affairs (Defra).