Name
: A’in Ratna Mulyani
NIM
: 2201409058
Rombel
: 2 (403-404)
TOPICS IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS
Assignment 3:
Communicative Competence
Communicative competence is the ability to use the language correctly and appropriately
to accomplish communication goals. The desired outcome of the language learning process is the
ability to communicate competently, not the ability to use the language exactly as a native
speaker does.
Celce-Murcia specified that the various components of communicative competence were
interrelated and that it was important to properly describe the nature of these interrelationships in
order to fully understand the construct of communicative competence.
This 1995 model is a pyramid enclosing a circle, surrounded by another circle. The circle
inside the pyramid is discourse competence, the core or central competence. The three points of
the triangle are the top-down sociocultural competence and the bottom-up linguistic competence
and actional competence. The arrows indicate that the various components are constantly
interacting with each other and the discourse component. This construct thus placed the
discourse component in a central position where the lexico-grammatical resources, the actional
organizing skills, and the sociocultural context all come together and shape the discourse. The
circle surrounding the pyramid is strategic competence, an available inventory of
communicative, cognitive, and metacognitive strategies that allow a skilled interlocutor to
negotiate meanings, resolve ambiguities, and to compensate for deficiencies in any of the other
competencies.
1. Sociocultural Competence
Sociocultural competence refers to the speaker’s pragmatic knowledge, i.e. how to express
messages appropriately within the overall social and cultural context of communication. This
includes knowledge of language variation with reference to sociocultural norms of the target
language.
Celce-Murcia et al. (1995: 23–24) describe several sociocultural variables, three of which are
most crucial in terms of the current model.

social contextual factors: the participants’ age, gender, status, social distance and their
relations to each other re: power and affect.

stylistic appropriateness: politeness strategies, a sense of genres and registers.

cultural factors: background knowledge of the target language group, major
dialects/regional differences, and cross cultural awareness.
The above competencies can be acquired in part through some knowledge of the life and
traditions as well as knowledge of the history and literature of the target language community.
An extended living experience among members of the target language group is probably the best
experience for language acquisition if the learner has adequate basic preparation in both
linguistic and sociocultural competence coupled with good powers of observation.
2. Discourse Competence
Discourse competence refers to the selection, sequencing, and arrangement of words,
structures, and utterances to achieve a unified spoken message. This is where the top-down
communicative intent and sociocultural knowledge intersect with the lexical and grammatical
resources to express messages and attitudes and to create coherent texts. Celce-Murcia et al.
(1995: 13–15) describe several sub-areas of discourse competence, four of which are most
important with regard to the current model:

cohesion: conventions regarding use of reference (anaphora/cataphora), substitution/
ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical chains (i.e. Halliday and Hasan l976).

deixis: situational grounding achieved through use of personal pronouns, spatial terms
(here/there; this/that), temporal terms (now/then; before/after), and textual reference (e.g.
the following table, the figure above).

coherence: expressing purpose/intent through appropriate content schemata, managing
old and new information, maintaining temporal continuity and other organizational
schemata through conventionally recognized means.

generic structure: formal schemata that allow the user to identify an oral discourse
segment as a conversation, narrative, interview, service encounter, report, lecture,
sermon, etc.
3. Linguistic Competence
Linguistic competence includes four types of knowledge:

phonological: includes both segmentals (vowels, consonants, syllable types) and
suprasegmentals prominence/stress, intonation, and rhythm).

lexical: knowledge of both content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) and unction words
(pronouns, determiners, prepositions, verbal auxiliaries, etc.).

morphological: parts of speech, grammatical inflections, productive derivational
processes.

syntactic: constituent/phrase structure, word order (both canonical and marked), basic
sentence types, modification, coordination, subordination, embedding.
4. Formulaic Competence
Formulaic competence is the counterbalance to linguistic competence. It refers to those fixed and
prefabricated chunks of language that speakers use heavily in everyday interactions. It had been
largely ignored prior to seminal work by Pawley and Syder (l983), Pawley (1992), and Nattinger
and DeCarrico (l992), whose work brought this domain to general attention.

routines: fixed phrases like of course, all of a sudden and formulaic chunks like How do
you do? I’m fine, thanks; how are you?

collocations: verb-object: spend money, play the piano adverbadjective: statistically
significant, mutually intelligible adjective-noun: tall building, legible handwriting

idioms: e.g., to kick the bucket = to die; to get the ax = to be fired/terminated

lexical frames: e.g., I’m looking for ______________. See you (later/tomorrow/ next
week, etc)
5. Interactional Competence
Interactional competence has at least three sub-components relevant to the current model:

actional competence: knowledge of how to perform common speech acts and speech act
sets in the target language involving interactions such as information exchanges,
interpersonal exchanges, expression of opinions and feelings, problems (complaining,
blaming, regretting, apologizing, etc.), future scenarios (hopes, goals, promises,
predictions, etc.)

conversational competence: inherent to the turn-taking system in conversation

non-verbal/paralinguistic competence
6. Strategic Competence
According to Oxford (2001: 362), strategies for language learning and use are “specific
behaviors or thought processes that students use to enhance their own L2 learning.” Such
behaviors are either (1) learning strategies or (2) communication strategies. Of Oxford’s learning
strategies, three are most important for our purposes. They are: cognitive, metacognitive, and
memory-related. According to Celce-Murcia, the communication strategies consist of
achievement, stalling, self-monitoring, interacting, and social.