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Chaosia purpurea, a new mycorrhizal species associated with epiphytic orchids in tropical
Asia
Susumu Takamatsua, Toru Okudaa, Takashi Yaguchib, Yoshitaka Onoc, Gen Okadac,*
a
The affiliation and address of the author
The affiliation and address of the author
c
The affiliation and address of the author
b
*
Corresponding author:
G. Okada
Tel: +xx xx xxx xxxx
Fax: +yy yy yyy yyyy
E-mail: abcd@efg.hi.jp
Text: 15 pages; tables: 2; figures: 3
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1
Abstract
(Full papers: 200 words or less. Short communications/Notes: 100 words or less)
Please provide an abstract with a length of no more than 200 words for Full papers and Reviews
or 100 words or less for Short communications and Notes. The abstract should not contain any
undefined abbreviations or unspecified references. In general, do not include the names of
authorities for taxa in the title and abstract.
Keywords
title)
(up to 5 words; in alphabetical order; do not repeat words already present in the
Atractiellales, Phalaenopsis, Phylogeny, Pucciniomycotina, Taxonomy
2
1. Introduction
papers/Reviews)
(primary heading; in bold; hierarchically numbered; ONLY used for Full
Start the first paragraph without indentation. Italics and boldface type should be specified using
the features of standard word-processing software. A Short communication and Note should not
be divided into sections, except for References.
Start subsequent paragraphs with indentation. Use tab stops or other commands for indents;
do not use the space bar. Cite references in the text by surname of the author(s) and year of
publication in parentheses. Articles should be cited chronologically (Domsch et al. 1980a, b;
Cooke and Rayner 1984; Chatasiri and Ono 2005).
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Morphology
[second-level heading; in italics; hierarchically numbered; you may use the
second-level headings (but not hierarchically numbered) for Short communications/Notes, if
necessary]
Start second-level headings at the left margin in italics but not boldface. Authors are urged to
deposit voucher specimens and cultures in public herbaria and culture collections. The registered
specimen numbers or strain numbers must be cited in the paper.
According to the recommendations in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae,
fungi, and plants, authors describing new species or new infraspecific taxa are recommended to
deposit a living culture (ex-type culture), whenever practicable, in at least two institutional
culture or genetic resource collections, and cite these accession numbers in the paper.
2.2. Molecular phylogeny
2.2.1. DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and sequence alignment
heading; in italics; hierarchically numbered)
(third-level
Third-level headings are in italics; bold formatting is not used. Molecular sequence data must be
deposited in a molecular sequence repository (DDBJ, http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp; EMBL,
http://www.ebi.ac.uk; or GenBank, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/) and the accession
number(s) must be cited in the paper.
2.2.2. Phylogenetic analyses
Third-level headings are italicized. Authors are requested to deposit sequence alignments in
TreeBASE (http://treebase.org/treebase-web/) or in other public databases and to indicate the
accession number in the manuscript.
3
3. Results
3.1. Morphology
Start the first paragraph after main headings here. Do not start sentences with numbers, symbols,
or abbreviated words (e.g., abbreviated taxon names). Do not forget to cite all figures in the text
(e.g., Fig. 1; Fig. 1A, B; Fig. 1Aa, b, Ba, b; Figs. 1, 2; Figs. 1, 2, 4; Figs. 1–3).
3.2. Taxonomy
Chaosia purpurea S. Takam., G. Okada & Y. Ono, sp. nov.
Figs. 1, 2.
MycoBank no.: MB #####.
Diagnosis in English.
Type: Country, locality, host or substrate, date of isolation or collection, isolator or collector,
registration numbers: e.g., Malaysia, Peris Prov., Chupin, in roots of Phalaenopsis violacea
Teijsm. & Binn., 1 January 2009, leg. Y. Ono (holotype, TNS-F-#####; isotype, TFM:FPH#####; ex-type culture, JCM #####, CBS #####).
Gene sequences ex-holotype: AB ##### (18S), AB ##### (ITS), AB ##### (EF-1α).
Etymology: Purpureus, from the color of orchid flower.
Start the description in English. Record measurements as length by width (or diameter). Place
exceptional dimensions in parentheses. Indicate mean values separately.
Example: (10–)13–16(–18.5) × 7–8(–9) μm, 15.5 × 7.5 μm on average.
Habitat and distribution: xxxxxxxxxx.
Additional specimens/cultures examined: xxxxxxxxxx.
3.3. Molecular phylogeny
4. Discussion
4.1. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Chaosia species
4.2. Ecology of Chaosia purpurea
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. All the experiments undertaken in this study comply
with the current laws of the country where they were performed.
4
Acknowledgments
This study was supported, in part, by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (no. XXXXX) from
the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. We thank Dr. YYYYY, National Museum of
Nature and Science, Tsukuba, for providing Phalaenopsis plants for inoculation experiments.
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Figure legends
Fig. 1 – Chaosia purpurea (TNS-F-#####). A: Light micrograph of a transverse section through
the root of Phalaenopsis violacea. B: TEM image showing root colonization in P. violacea. C:
Simple-septate basidia (LM). D: Basidiospores (LM). E: Basidiospores (SEM). Bars: A 20 μm; B
1 μm; C–E 5 μm.
Fig. 2 – Neighbor-joining tree derived from the 18S rRNA gene sequences from the 50 fungi
classified in the Atractiellales. The scale bar indicates one base change per 100 nucleotide
positions. Bootstrap values were calculated from 1000 replications.
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Fig. 1 – Sample figure 1.
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Fig. 2 – Sample figure 2.
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Fig. 3 – Sample figure 3. (The font size should be larger than that shown in this figure)
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Table 1 – Comparison of Chaosia purpurea with similar species.
Size of
Species
Associated plant
Source
basidiospores (μm)
C. purpurea Phalaenopsis violacea 10–15 × 7–12
This study
C. viridi
P. appendiculata
18–23 × 9–15
Tubaki (1950)
Kobayasi and Hiratsuka
C. nigra
P. amboinensis
6–10 × 5–6.5
(1920)
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Table 2 – Taxa sequenced in this study.
Anamorph
a
b
Locality
Strain no.
DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL accession no.
18S
ITS
EF-1α
Chaosia purpurea
Malaysia
ATCC ##### a
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
C. purpurea
Thailand
CBS #####
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
C. nigra
Indonesia JCM #####
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
Helicogloea lagerheimii Sweden
MAFF #####b
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
Atractiella solani
NBRC #####
AB ######
AY ######
AF ######
Poland
Ex-holotype.
Ex-neotype.
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Supplementary data
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