GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
Supporting Information for
Contrasting correlation patterns between environmental factors and chlorophyll levels in the global
ocean
Jianfeng Feng1, Joël Marcel Durant2, Leif Chr. Stige2, Dag Olav Hessen2, Dag Øystein Hjermann2, Lin Zhu1, Marcos
Llope3, Nils Chr. Stenseth2*
1
Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria at Ministry of Education, College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071,China.
2
Centre of Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066
Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway.
3
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Cádiz, Puerto Pesquero, Muelle de Levante s/n, PO Box
2609, E-11006 Cádiz, Andalucía, Spain.
Contents of this file
Figures S1 to S14
Introduction
The supporting information includes the satellite-derived monthly ocean chlorophyll data (CHL) together with
publicly available environmental data SST (Figs. S1-S3), SOL (Figs. S4-S6) and WSPD (Figs. S7-S9) from
1997 to 2013. The normal Q–Q probability plots were used to check if they were approximately normally
distributed (Fig. S10). Autocorrelation functions (ACF) and partial autocorrelation functions (PACF) were used
to detect if there was autocorrelation among the residuals (Figs. S11, S12). Time series data of CHL, SST,
SOL and WIND in NADR province proposed by longhurst [2007] and Reygondeau et al. (2013) (Fig. S13).
Partial effects of SST, WIND on CHL in NADR province proposed by longhurst [2007] and Reygondeau et al.
(2013) (Fig. S14).
References:
Longhurst, A. R. (2007), Ecological geography of the sea, Academic Press
Reygondeau, G., Longhurst, A., Martinez, E., Beaugrand, G., Antoine, D., & Maury, O. (2013). Dynamic biogeochemical provinces in
the global ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 27(4), 1046-1058.
1
Figure S1. Time series of chlorophyll concentration(CHL, [mg m−3], bars) and sea-surface temperature (SST,
°C, circles) for the 12 temperate ocean provinces from 1997 to 2013.
2
Figure S2. Time series of chlorophyll concentration(CHL, [mg m−3], bars) and sea-surface temperature (SST,
°C, circles) for the 12 tropical/subtropical ocean provinces from 1997 to 2013.
3
Figure S3. Time series of chlorophyll concentration(CHL, [mg m−3], bars) and sea-surface temperature (SST,
°C, circles) for the 6 equatorial ocean provinces from 1997 to 2013.
4
Figure S4. Time series of chlorophyll concentration(CHL, [mg m−3], bars) and solar radiation (SOL, [W m-2],
circles) for the 12 temperate ocean provinces from 1997 to 2013.
5
Figure S5. Time series of chlorophyll concentration(CHL, [mg m−3], bars) and solar radiation (SOL, [W m-2],
circles) for the 12 tropical/subtropical ocean provinces from 1997 to 2013.
6
Figure S6. Time series of chlorophyll concentration(CHL, [mg m−3], bars) and solar radiation (SOL, [W m-2],
circles) for the 6 equatorial ocean provinces from 1997 to 2013.
7
Figure S7. Time series of chlorophyll concentration(CHL, [mg m−3], bars) and wind speed (WSPD, [m s-1],
circles) for the 12 temperate ocean provinces from 1997 to 2013.
8
Figure S8. Time series of chlorophyll concentration(CHL, [mg m−3], bars) and wind speed (WSPD, [m s-1],
circles) for the 12 tropical/subtropical ocean provinces from 1997 to 2013.
9
Figure S9. Time series of chlorophyll concentration(CHL, [mg m−3], bars) and wind speed (WSPD, [m s-1],
circles) for the 6 equatorial ocean provinces from 1997 to 2013.
10
-1
1
3
NPPF
-3
-1
1
3
-3
SSTCA
-1
1
0.4
0.0
-0.6
Sample Quantiles
0.2 0.6 1.0
-0.4
Sample Quantiles
0.6
0.2
-0.2
Sample Quantiles
-3
NADR
3
-3
SSTCI
-1
1
3
SSTCP
Sample Quantiles
3
Sample Quantiles
Sample Quantiles
-3
1
-3
-1
1
3
NPSW
-3
-1
1
0.2
-0.2
0.2
-0.2
0.4
3
NPSE
Sample Quantiles
Sample Quantiles
-1
-0.4 0.0
0.0
3
3
-3
SATL2
-1
1
3
ISSG2
Sample Quantiles
1
NASE
0.2
-1
Sample Quantiles
-3
-0.4
0.4
0.0
3
0.3
1
NASW
Sample Quantiles
-1
-0.4
0.4
0.0
-0.4
-3
-1
1
3
-3
NPTG
-1
1
-3
-1
1
0.1
-0.1
-0.3
0.0
-0.2
3
SATL1
3
-3
ISSG1
-1
1
3
SPSG1
Sample Quantiles
-3
-0.3 -0.1 0.1
0.1
3
0.15
1
NATR
Sample Quantiles
-1
-0.3 -0.1
0.4
0.0
-3
Sample Quantiles
Sample Quantiles
0.2
-0.4
3
0.2
1
SPSG2
Sample Quantiles
-1
0.6
0.0 0.2
Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles
-0.3
1
3
-3
-1
1
-3
-1
1
3
-3
ETRA
-1
1
0.05
-0.10
0.00
-0.15
0.1
-0.3 -0.1
3
PEQD
Sample Quantiles
Sample Quantiles
MONS
3
PNEC
-3
-1
1
3
WARM
0.10
-1
Sample Quantiles
-3
0.0
0.2
3
0.2
1
WTRA
Sample Quantiles
-1
Sample Quantiles
-3
-0.2
-0.2
0.0
Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles
-0.2
-3
-1
1
3
-3
-1
1
3
-3
-1
1
3
-3
-1
1
3
-3
-1
1
3
-0.05
-0.20
0.0
-0.2
0.0
-0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.2
0.0
0.2
Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles
-0.2
residuals
Sample Quantiles
SampleDeviance
Quantiles
Sample Quantiles
1
KURO
SANTP
Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles
-3
Sample Quantiles
-1
Sample Quantiles
-3
-0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8
0.5
-0.5 0.0
3
0.8
1
GFST
SANTI
Sample Quantiles
-1
SANTA
0.4
-3
Sample Quantiles
PSAW
Sample Quantiles
1.0
0.5
0.0
Sample Quantiles
PSAE
-3
-1
1
3
Theoretical
quantiles
Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical
Quantiles
Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles
Figure S10. Normal Q–Q probability plots of the residuals for the final selected model of every ocean
province.
11
8
4
8
0.0
4
8
Lag
Lag
Lag
0
4
8
0
ACF
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.4
ACF
0.0
8
0.8
Lag
0.8
Lag
0.8
SATL2
0.8
NPSW
4
0
4
8
0.4
0.8
ACF
0
NPSE
0
0.4
0.8
Lag
NASE
8
8
Lag
-0.2
0
4
SSTCP
NASW
4
0
0
4
4
8
ISSG2
1.0
4
0.0
-0.2
ACF
0.8
0.0
0
8
Lag
0.6
8
4
SSTCI
-0.2 0.2
4
0.4
ACF
0.8
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.8
0.4
0.0
0
0
1.0
8
Lag
8
NADR
ACF
ACF
4
Lag
4
0.4 0.8
1.0
0.6
-0.2 0.2
0
Lag
0.4
8
0
4
8
SPSG1
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
8
0
4
8
0
4
8
0
4
8
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.0
0.4
ACF
4
0.8
ISSG1
0.8
SATL1
0.8
NPTG
0.8
NATR
0.8
SPSG2
0
4
8
0
4
8
WARM
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
8
4
Lag
8
0
4
8
LagLag
0
(month)
4
Lag
8
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.0
0.0
0
0.4
ACF
ACF
0.0
0.4
ACF
0.4
4
0.8
PNEC
0.8
ETRA
0.8
PEQD
0.8
MONS
0.8
WTRA
0.4
1.0
8
Lag
0.6
1.0
4
0.6
0
SANTP
0.2
8
SSTCA
0.0
0
ACF
0.8
4
NPPF
-0.2 0.2
0.8
0
0.4
0.0
0
KURO
-0.2 0.2 0.6
ACF
0
ACF
ACF
0.0
8
ACF
0.8
4
SANTI
GFST
0.0
ACF
0
ACF
0.4
ACF
0.4
0.0
ACF
0
ACF
SANTA
0.8
PSAW
0.8
PSAE
0
4
8
Lag
0
4
8
Lag
Figure S11. ACF plots of the residuals for the final selected model of every ocean province.
12
2
6
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
(month)
Figure S12. PACF plots of the residuals for the final selected model of every ocean province.
Lag
10
2
Lag
Lag
6
Lag
10
2
6
10
10
Lag
Lag
Lag
2
2
6
PEQD
ETRA
6
Lag
Lag
6
10
10
10
2
2
2
6
Lag
6
6
6
0.15
SATL2
PNEC
Lag
0.00
Partial ACF
2
-0.15
Lag
10
-0.15
0.15
SSTCI
SSTCP
Lag
Lag
0.00 0.10
Partial ACF
0.00
Partial ACF
0.00 0.10
Partial ACF
6
0.1
2
6
2
-0.1
NPSW
-0.15
Lag
0.15
Lag
0.00
-0.15
Lag
10
Partial ACF
-0.15
NPSE
0.15
2
6
SATL1
ISSG1
SPSG1
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
Lag
0.00 0.10
10
Partial ACF
0.00
Lag
0.00 0.10
Partial ACF
2
0.15
6
0.00
0.1
0.15
0.00 0.10
Partial ACF
-0.1
Partial ACF
0.0
Partial ACF
-0.3
-0.15
0.1
Partial ACF
-0.2
-0.15
0.00 0.10
Partial ACF
-0.1
-0.15
Partial ACF
SANTI
0.00
2
6
Partial ACF
-0.15
Partial ACF
-0.15
SSTCA
0.00 0.10
NPPF
Partial ACF
NPTG
0.00 0.10
2
10
-0.15
-0.15
NASE
0.00 0.10
Partial ACF
-0.15
0.15
Partial ACF
0.00
KURO
0.15
10
Partial ACF
-0.15
NASW
0.00 0.10
-0.15
Partial ACF
GFST
0.00
6
SANTA
-0.15
MONS
10
6
-0.15
WTRA
2
10
Partial ACF
2
6
10
6
0.15
NATR
0.00 0.10
2
6
2
0.00
10
Partial ACF
-0.15
0.0
Partial ACF
-0.2
2
10
Partial ACF
SPSG2
0.00 0.10
10
-0.15
0.10
Partial ACF
-0.05
10
6
0.15
6
2
0.00
2
6
10
Partial ACF
-0.15
-0.20
2
6
PSAW
-0.15
0.15
Partial ACF
2
6
0.00 0.10
Partial ACF
0.00
Partial ACF
2
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
Partial ACF
PACF
PSAE
SANTP
NADR
10
2
10
2
10
2
10
2
10
2
6
6
6
6
6
10
ISSG2
10
Lag
10
WARM
10
Lag
10
Lag
13
1.0
NADR province proposed by Reygondeau [2013]
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
Chlorophyll
1.0
NADR province proposed by Longhurst [2007]
2000
2005
2010
2005
2010
year
14
16
12
12
14
SST
16
18
18
year
2000
2000
2005
2010
2000
2010
year
50 100
50 100
SOL
200
200
year
2005
2005
2010
2005
2010
year
6
8
8
10
10
12
12
year
Wind Speed
2000
14
2000
2000
2005
2010
2000
2005
2010
year by longhurst [2007] and
Fig. S13. Time series data ofyear
CHL, SST, SOL and WIND in NADR province proposed
Reygondeau et al. (2013)
14
NADR province proposed by Reygondeau [2013]
-0.4
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
NADR province proposed by Longhurst [2007]
12
14
16
18
12
14
18
SST
-0.4
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
SST
16
6
8
10
12
8
12
14
Wind Speed
-0.4
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Wind Speed
10
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
CHL t-1
-0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
CHL t-1
Fig. S14. Partial effects of SST, WIND on CHL in NADR province proposed by longhurst [2007] and
Reygondeau et al. (2013)
15