Biology Honors MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Goals of Science
What does Science include
What does Science not include, it’s limitations
Definition of Science
Remember:
Science is a way of knowing about the natural world
Science is always changing
Science helps make predictions about the natural world
Scientific Methodology includes:
Observing and asking questions
Making inferences and forming hypotheses
Conducting controlled experiments
Collecting and analyzing data
Drawing conclusions
Definition/Know about:
Observation
Inference
Hypothesis
Data
Variable
Independent vs. Dependent variables
Control group
Controlled experiment
December 2014
1.2 Science in Context:
4 Scientific Attitudes
Inspiration for Ideas come from…
Role of technology in Science
Peer-review: Define, What’s it purpose and importance
Scientific Theory vs. everyday use of the word Theory
Bias =
Importance of Understanding Science
1.3 Studying Life
Bios = ______________, logy =_________________
List and know the details of the 8 characteristics of life
 Characteristics of living things
o Universal genetic code (also in 7.2 and 7.3)
o Cellular Basis of life- smallest unit of life = cell (Chap 7)
o Growth and Development—Chap 10
o Responding to Stimulus
o Homeostasis ( more in 7.4)
o Reproduction-asexual vs. sexual (more in Chap 10)
o Obtaining and Using Energy--Metabolism (Chap 8 and 9)
o Evolution
9 Big Ideas in Biology (pg s 20-21)
Be able to discuss Big Ideas in Biology, but you do not need to memorize the list of them.
Definitions and know in context:
Stimulus, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Evolve, Biosphere
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
2.1 Nature of Matter
Atoms vs. Molecules Be able to read/use a Periodic Table
Particles of an atom and their charges, Where are they located in an atom.
Atomic Mass and Atomic Number
Two types of bonds
The difference between these two
Valence electrons
Ions =
If an atom loses electron (s) is it a positive or negative ion?
If an atom gains electron (s) is it a positive or negative ion?
When given an ion, know how many Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons it has.
Compounds, properties
2.2 Properties of Water
Atoms of water, how arranged?
Unique properties of water
Hydrogen bonds and polarity, why is water polar?
Be able to draw water molecules, showing their intermolecular bonds and bonds between different
molecules
Allows for:
Cohesion =
Surface Tension =
Adhesion =
High Heat Capacity =
Define solution, suspensions
Buffers =
2.3 Carbon Compounds
Elements of life
Macromolecules and examples
How formed?
polymerization, monomers and polymers
4 types: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins
What they are made of, which elements?
THEIR FUNCTION!!!!! What is their purpose?!
2.4 Reactions and Enzymes
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Def. of chemical reactions
Catalysts and enzymes, How do they work?
3 things affecting rate of enzymes
Chapter 7: The Cell
 Cell theory, three statements.
 Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes, differences & similarities, what organisms are classified as which?
 Animal vs. plant cells, which has what organelles?
 ALL organelles and their parts if we talked about that. Ex: Nucleolus in Nucleus.
o Cell Wall
o Cell Membrane
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Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough and Smooth
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
 Centrioles, Microfilaments, Microtubules
o Vacuole, Vesicles
o Cytoplasm
o Nucleus
o Structure
o Function/Jobs
o Label them in a drawing
Lipid bi layer structure and function
Passive vs. active transport
Passive transport-does NOT use energy
o Diffusion- high to low
o Facilitated Diffusion- high to low through a protein channel
o Osmosis, water moves from high water to low water or Low solutes to High solutes
Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic solutions. What happens when a cell placed in these?
Active Transporto 3 types: Protein pumps- low to high so takes energy
o Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Definition of homeostasis, How do cells keep it?
Cells are specialized in Multicellular organisms
An ex of a eukaryote and a prokaryote, Ex of unicellular vs. Multi-cellular
Levels of organization: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, an Example of EACH.
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
H2O
CO2
Light
Be able to label
energy carriers.
O2
C6H12O6
Sugars
Photosynthesis:
In words:
Carbon Dioxide + Water + light ---------> Sugars + Oxygen
In Symbols:
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6 H2O + 6 CO2 --------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Light
Chloroplasts = organelle in plants where photosynthesis takes place.
o Stroma
o Double Membrane
o Thylakoids
o Granum/Grana
Pigments =light absorbing molecules in chloroplasts/Thylakoid membranes
o Examples:
o Purpose?
Energy = ability to do work
o Why do all organisms need it?
o Use it for what?
o Energy carriers…ATP and NADPH
ATP= adenosine triphosphate
o Not good at storing LARGE amounts of energy, good at transferring energy
o An energy carrier
o ATP= fully charged with energy
o ADP= adenosine diphosphate, NOT fully charged.
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Add energy, by adding phosphate group. Release energy but breaking bonds between 2nd and
3rd phosphate group.
Obtaining Energy
o ATP made from FOOD energy in the mitochondria
o Autotrophs and Examples
 Chemosynthesis vs. Photosynthesis
o Heterotrophs---Carnivores, Herbivores and Examples
Light
o How does it travel=wavelengths
 Wavelengths
o Its role in Photosynthesis
Biochemical Pathways = a series of reactions where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the
next.
o What does Cellular Respiration supply to Photosynthesis
o What does Photosynthesis supply for Cellular Respiration
o Cellular Respiration =
 Who Performs it
 It’s Equation
o Photosynthesis=
 Who Performs it
 It’s Equation
Photosynthesis
o Purpose and 2 reactions
o Know Equation and pictures of the 2 cycles, (see previous pg)
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Light Dependent Reactions
 Purpose
 What is needed, what is made
 Why, how?
 Energy from?
 Occurs where?
 Role of electrons
Calvin Cycle/Light Independent Reactions
 Purpose
 What is needed, what is made?
 How and Why?
 Energy from where to make these sugars
 Role of the Carbon Dioxide
 Occurs where?
3 factors affecting Photosynthesis
o Water
o Sunlight
o Temperature
Why plants important to Heterotrophs?
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration:
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Calorie definition =
Calorie per gram of fat, protein, carbohydrates
Know how to calculate calories from grams known
Photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration
Aerobic vs. anaerobic
Words and symbols of cellular respiration equation
o In symbols: 6 O2 + C6H12O6  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
o In words:
Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP and heat)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Ins/reactants
Glucose (6 Carbon)
NAD+
2 ATP
2 pyruvic acids (from Glycolysis)
Oxygen, O2
FADH2 and NADH (carries H+ and e-)
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Outs/products
2 pyruvic acid (3 carbons)
NADH
4 ATP (NET = 2 ATP)
CO2
4ATP
NADH and FADH2
H2O
32 ATP
3 steps of cellular respiration
o In and Outs of all 3 steps
o Main function/product of each of the steps, where do the steps occur?
o Energy carriers are NADH, FADH2 and ADP/ATP
o TOTALS 1 glucose = 36 ATPS, 36% of glucose energy into ATP, 64% released as heat
 Fermentation definition =
 2 types
o Alcohol Fermentation
 Ins and outs
 Who does it?
o Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Ins/Outs
 Who does it?
 Need Oxygen to get rid of Lactic Acid build up, that’s why huff and puff after exercise
 Main purpose of Fermentation = 1 way to get NAD+ back so can do glycolysis again to get the 2 ATP
 Exercise and Energy:
o 1st few seconds, use ATP stored in muscles
o 90 secs of activity use fermentation, beyond that need Cellular Respiration
o 15-20 minutes use stored up glycogen
o 20+ minutes…use fats and other stored molecules for energy
Know the picture of Glycolysis pg 255 and the overall Cellular Respiration picture 260
Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division
10.1 Growth, Development, Reproduction
 Why do cells grow and divide? 3 reasons
 Cell growth leads to certain issues for a cell. What issues?
 Cell division =
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Reproduction =
Compare and contrast Asexual and Sexual reproduction
10.2 Cell Cycle
 DNA, how packaged? Double helix, Histone proteins, Nucelosomes, coils, supercoils, chromosomes.
 Define Chromatin, Chromosome, Centriole, Spindle, Centrosome, Centromere, Chromatids
 Cell Cycle includes 2 main phases.
o Interphase includes G1, Synthesis, G2
 Describe 3 stages and what happens in each
o Cell Division, M Phase = Mitosis + Cytokinesis
 Describe 4 phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
 Be able to draw them and tell what happens in each
 Cytokinesis =
 Difference between Cytokinesis in plants and animals
Format:
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150-200 Multiple Choice
o Some of these are fill in the blank style with 4 choices.
o Some are True/false—filled in on bubble sheet True=A False=B
Short Response, 1-2 words to 1-3 sentences
Labeling: Cell parts, Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration diagrams, mitosis
Fill in the Blank---with Word Bank
Maybe 1-3 Short Essay: 1-2 paragraphs.
o Think about the Big themes of Biology and how they applied to what you know about cells,
photosynthesis/cellular respiration. Themes such as: Matter and Energy, Cell Theory, Science as
a Way of Knowing.
REVIEW SESSION: Monday, December 15th 3:15-4:45pm in F-3
EXAM: Tuesday, December 16th 12:30PM
Pencil ONLY on Scantron
Pen okay on other sections
F block-- Room D-1
C block -- Room D-2
B block Room -- D-3
Questions: Email me cellis@maclay.org Only from your Maclay email.