Course Title: “Social Structure in Global Perspective”
Instructor: Vera P. Kulpina
Department: World Economy
Email: vkulpina@gmail.com
Target Audience:
The Course is designed for Bachelor students from Russia and abroad with concentrations in
International Economics, with a special interest in global and national social specifics and their
effects on economic development. It is preferable, though not compulsory, if the students have basic
knowledge of Sociology, Micro- and Macroeconomics and International Economic Relations
theory.
Course Description
- Aims of the course:
Aims of the course are: to study the major theories and concepts of social stratification, and explore
then through the prism of international economics including applied research; to analyze the major
impact of social processes (in terms of social groups formation, income inequality, role of the state,
urbanization, migration, etc.) on countries economic development and international economic
relations; to explore the differences between developed and developing countries, democratic and
authoritarian states social structures; to review international organizations policies addressing to
global social problems.
- Course as a part of the study programme, brief analysis of the course
Modern societies structure knowledge is one of the keys to understand global economic and social
trends and problems of the XXI century. Global social structure importance is rising in managing
international relations and is given more attention in both research and policy agendas. Despite this
there is lack of related courses in most Russian universities. Existing courses such as
Macroeconomics, Sociology only partially cover these aspects. Being interdisciplinary course at the
confluence of International Economics (Development Economics in particular), Sociology and
Political Economy, “Social structure in global perspective” aims at filling this gap. Therefore the
course provides a logical and necessary supplement to the curricular of the Bachelor program in
Economics (major “Economist-analyst”) offered by the Faculty of World Economy and
International Affairs of the HSE. Comparable courses are provided by International Economic and
Political Science departments of such universities as Carlton University (Ottawa, Canada),
University of Utah (Salt Lake City, USA).
One of the advantages of the course is that it combines both theoretical and practical parts. It starts
with examination of the major concepts and theories of social stratification, and also analyzes main
social groups (such as middle class and elites) role in socioeconomic development. A detailed study
of the latest social problems as well as players’ reaction on them is provided. Qualitative methods
of social structure analysis and including it as variable in other disciplines research are explored.
An important feature of the course is its critical nature, focused on cultivating analytical skills of the
students. All the theories and concepts explored within the course are compared with the real state
of affairs. Moreover, the practical part of the course explores the difference between modern
developed and developing countries social structures as well as particular countries social patterns
and their channels of impact on economic processes.
The course ends with analyzing the role of international organizations and countries’ collaboration
in solving global social problems such as poverty and international migration.
- Prerequisites:
The course has no specific obligatory prerequisites. Still, basic knowledge of Sociology, as well as
of Micro- and Macroeconomics and International Economic Relations theory would be preferable
and welcome.
- Intended Learning Outcomes:
As a result of the study, the students should have:
Knowledge of the major theories and concepts of social stratification, and of related analytical
approaches, as well as of main social characteristics and recent problems of developed and
developing countries and Russia in particular.
Abilities: to search, use and critically evaluate statistical data, academic, reference, and historical
literature on social structure, local and global management of social problems; to elaborate on the
basis of this data and literature a prognosis of countries economic development and economic
relations between them.
Skills: to present one’s own opinion and participate in the debates on social structure, using
terminology and methods taught within the course; to identify social structure factors among other
country specific characteristics.
- Assessment:
The course combines continuous and final methods of assessment.
Continuous: examination of students during the seminars; return to the given material.
Final: test (with account of previous observations and appearance in lectures).
The student’s independent work: assimilation of the theoretical material and information received in
the course of the lectures, learning the works of domestic and foreign authors on the given
problems.
The course concludes with a written exam aimed to assess the students knowledge, abilities and
skills acquired as a result of the course.
Final grade is calculated from grades for final exam, essay and seminars performance.
For each of the above aspects of evaluation the student receives, correspondingly:
•
For exam—0.4 x Q1;
•
Essay—0.2 x Q3;
•
Seminars performance —0.4 x Q3;
where Q1, Q2, Q3 are grades on a 10-point scale.
Course Outline
№№
Topics
Course Hours Academic/Contact Hours Self-study Hours
Lectures
Seminars
1.
Introduction. Classic and cutting
edge theories of social
stratification
12
2
4
6
2.
Quantitative methods of
analysing social structure
10
2
2
6
3
Nature of income and wealth
inequality
10
2
2
6
4.
Poverty in the modern world
10
2
2
6
5
Middle class characteristics and
role in socioeconomic
10
2
2
6
development
6
Regional disparities and
urbanization
10
2
2
6
7
Elites types and their addressing
to national social problems
10
2
2
6
8
Developed countries
contemporary social structure
and social policy
10
1
3
6
9
Developing countries
contemporary social structure
and social policy
10
1
3
6
10
Russia and other post-soviet
countries transition in terms of
social structure changes
10
1
3
6
11
Global social problems and
international organizations
activities
12
1
5
6
In sum:
114
18
30
66
Curriculum
Topic 1. Introduction. Classic and cutting edge theories of social stratification
Content: Explanation of the course’s subjects, aims, place in modern science and studying process.
Definition of “social structure” term and key ways of its analysis. Social classes and social strata,
their role in analyzing social structure. Structural and functional approaches to social stratification.
Overview of social structure types. Theories of K. Marx, M. Weber, E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, etc.
Reading list:






Bourguignon F., 2005. The Effect of Economic Growth on Social Structures // in Handbook
of Economic Growth. Edited by Aghion P. and Durla S.N. Elsevier. P. 1701-1747.
Kerbo H., 2012. Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in Historical,
Comparative, and Global Perspective. California Polytechnic State University. Chapter 4-5.
http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~khsu/mobile/ch5c.pdf
Weber M., 1968. Class, Status and Party // in Weber M. Economy and Society, edited by
Roth G. and Wittich C. New York: Bedminster Press Inc.
http://sites.middlebury.edu/individualandthesociety/files/2010/09/Weber-Class-StatusParty.pdf
Lenski G. E., 1954. Status crystallization: a non-vertical dimension of social status //
American Sociology Review No. 19. P. 405-413. Optional.
Merton R. K., 1968. Social Theory and Social Structure // New York: Free Press. Optional.
Shkaratan O.I., 2012. Sociology of Inequality. Theory and reality // Moscow: Higher School
of Economics Press. Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
Which sciences are involved in analyzing social structure?
How did social theories change over time? Which historical events shaped it?
Suggested Research Topics:
Major disagreement between different social structure theories.
Applied tasks in social structure analysis.
Topic 2. Quantitative methods of analysing social structure
Content: Usage of indicators characterising social structure such as Gini index, decile distribution.
Social structure indicators correlation with other economic factors. Statistics and surveys used in
characterising social structure. Problems of international comparison.
Reading list:







Atkinson A.B. and Bourguignon F., 2000. Income Distribution and Economics // in
Handbook of Income Distribution. Edited by Atkinson A.B. and Bourguignon F. Elsevier. P.
5-38.
Grigoryev L. and Salmina A., 2013. The structure of Social Inequality of the Present-day
World: the Problems of Measurement // Journal of Sociology, No. 3. P. 5-21.
World Bank, 2013. A Unified Approach to Measuring Poverty and Inequality. Chapter 1-2.
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/13731/9780821384619.pdf?s
equence=1
Shao M.F., 2014. Gini Index, Pietra Ratio and Mean Division Shares // School of
Economics, Henan University.
Atkinson A.B., 1970. On the Measurement of Inequality // Journal of Economic Theory. No
2. P. 244-263. Optional.
Bourguignon F. and Bussolo M, 2013. Income Distribution in Computable General
Equilibrium Modeling // in Handbook of CGE Modelling. Elsevier. P. 1382-1437. Optional.
Grigoryev L. and Parshina E., 2014. Economic Dynamics of the Countries of the World in
the years 1992-2010: Inhomogeneity of Growth // in VI BRICS Academic Forum. P. 57-77
http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/livros/livros/livro_forum_brics.pdf
Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
What are most commonly used indicators in analyzing social structure? Advantages and
disadvantages of each.
Suggested Research Topics:
Statistical data vs. Surveys in social structure analysis.
Topic 3. Nature of income and wealth inequality
Content: Definitions of income and wealth inequality. Reasons for inequality and its consequences.
Inequality in different countries depending on their development level, political and cultural
characteristics, etc. Historical trends in inequality, locally and globally. Basic policy tools to flatten
inequality. Usage of inequality indicators in applied research.
Reading list:


Barro R., 2000. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries // Journal of Economic
Growth. No. 5. P. 5-32.
International labor organization, 2015. Global Wage Report 2014/15. P. 28-43.
http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-wage-report/2014/lang-en/index.htm





Kuznets S., 1955. Economic Growth and Income Inequality // American Economic Review.
Vol. XLV. No. 1.
Yanagisawa A., 2012. Impacts of Income Disparity on Household Energy Consumption
http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/4250.pdf
Charpe M. and Kuhn S., 2012. Inequality, Aggregate Demand and Crises.
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--inst/documents/genericdocument/wcms_192628.pdf Optional.
Hoeller P. et al., 2014. Income Inequality in OECD Countries // Singapore: World Scientific
Publishing. Optional.
Piketty T., 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century // The Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press. Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
What can be included in “wealth” in wealth inequality?
How can connection between economic growth and income inequality be explained?
When, where and possibly why there was rapid increase (decline) in inequality?
Suggested Research Topics:
Income inequality as career motivation.
Examples where social policy is not necessary effective to flatten inequality.
Topic 4. Poverty in the modern world
Content: Absolute and relative poverty criteria. Subjective poverty. Poverty as major obstacle to
economic development and social stability. Successful programs against poverty in China, India and
other countries. Poverty in developed countries.
Reading list:




Ivanov N. et al., 2010. Globalization and Poverty // World Economy and International
Affairs. No. 9. P. 29-42.
Ling Z., 2014. Public Works, Job Creation and Poverty Reduction in Rural China // in
UNDP, Youth and Unemployment among the BRICS. P. 25-27.
Aryeetey E., 2005. Globalization, Employment and Poverty in Ghana
http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/widerconf/Aryeetey.pdf / Optional.
Trigg A.B., 2004. Deriving the Engel Curve: Pierre Bourdieu and the Social Critique of
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs // Review of Social Economy. Vol. 62. No. 3. P. 393-406.
Optional
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
What do you think is the most reliable poverty criteria?
What are the poor class characteristics and interests?
Suggested Research Topics:
International economic relations (e.g. trade, investments) effect on poverty.
Topic 5. Middle class characteristics and role in socioeconomic development
Content: Social classes in modern society. Ways to define middle class (by economic status,
education, profession, self-identification). Middle class share in different countries population.
Middle class behavioral characteristics and its values. Middle class and civil society. Middle class
place in household consumption.
Reading list:





Cashell B.W., 2007. Who Are the “Middle Class”? // CRS Report for the Congress.
http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1557&context=key_workp
lace
Grigoryev L. et al., 2010. Abstract // in the Middle Class after the Crisis: a Brief Analysis of
Opinions on Politics and the Economy. Moscow: Maks Press.
Madland D., 2010. Growth and the Middle Class // Democracy Journal.
Kuznetsova E., 2009. Middle Class: Western approaches // World Economy and
International Affairs. No. 2. P. 19-28. Optional.
Eichengreen B., et al., 2013. Growth Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the MiddleIncome Trap // NBER Working Papers 18673
http://www.nber.org/papers/w18673 Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
Why middle class is considered to be the basis of a country’s society?
What is the behavioral difference between middle class in developed and developing
countries?
Suggested Research Topics:
Middle class and consumerism.
Russian middle class.
Topic 6. Regional disparities and urbanization
Content: Global inequality as one of the global problems and reason for others. Urbanization and its
current dynamic. Cities’ role in economic development. De-urbanization and quasi-urbanization.
Within countries regional inequality. Main reasons for migration, its positive and negative sides,
effect on local societies.
Reading list:





Dawkins J., 2003. Regional Development Theory: Conceptual Foundations, Classic Works,
and Recent Developments // Journal of Planning Literature. Vol. 18. No. 2. P. 131-172.
Ivanov S., 2006. Labor Migration: Factors and Alternatives // Russia in Global Affairs. No.
3. P. 129-142.
O’Rourke K.H., 2001. Globalization and Inequality: Historical Trends // Working paper
8339. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Quigley J.M., 2008. Urbanization, Agglomeration, and Economic Development // in
A.M. Spence et al, eds., Urbanization and Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank Press. P.
115-132.
Anas A., 2004. Vanishing Cities: What Does the New Economic Geography Imply about
the Efficiency of Urbanization? // Journal of Economic Geography. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 181199. Optional.


Remington T., 2015. Why Is Interregional Inequality in Russia and China Not Falling? //
Communist and Post-Communist Studies. Vol. 48. No. 1. P. 1-13. Optional.
UN, 2014. World Urbanization Prospects 2014 revision.
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
National income vs. global income and wealth inequality.
Transfer systems against regional disparities.
What’s the difference between urbanization processes in developed and developing
countries?
Suggested Research Topics:
Internationally significant cities and their growth sources.
Main migration destinations and their social structure characteristics.
Topic 7. Elites types and their addressing to national social problems
Content: Different definitions of “elites” (meritocratic, functional). Elites’ types: power, resource,
idea. Elites and ruling elites. Hidden elites. United and disunited elites. Mechanisms of elites’
formation and rotation. Elite theory and democracy, relations between elites and middle class in
modern society. Modern elites in different countries.
Reading list:










Atkinson A.B. et.al, 2012. Top Incomes in the Long Run of History // Journal
of Economic Literature. Vol. 49 No. 1. P 3-71.
Gaman-Golutvina O.V., 2000. Defining basic concepts of elitology // Polis, No. 4. P. 97-103
Grigoryev L., 2011. Elites – choice for modernization // in Russia: the Challenges of
Transformation. New York.
Olson M., 1993. Dictatorship, Democracy and Development // American Political Science
Review, Vol. 87. No. 3. P. 567-576.
The Economist, 2011. The Few: a Special Report on Global Leaders
http://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/special-reports-pdfs/17898518_0.pdf Optional.
Gelman V. and Tarusina I., 2000. Studies of political elites in Russia: issues and alternatives
// Communist and Post-Communist Studies. No. 33. P. 311–329 Optional.
Hartmann M., 2007. The sociology of elites // Taylor & Francis. Optional.
Roine J. and Waldenstrom D., 2010. On the Role of Capital Gains in Top Incomes //
Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics
https://www.hhs.se/en/research/institutes/site/publications/2010-on-the-role-of-capitalgains-in-top-incomes/ Optional.
Rothkopf D., 2009. Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making //
Macmillan. Optional.
UNU-IHDP and UNEP, 2014. Inclusive wealth report 2014. Measuring progress toward
sustainability
http://mgiep.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IWR2014-WEB.pdf Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
What is the place of elites (different types) and share in social structure?
How can democracy be possible under elitology theory?
Suggested Research Topics:
Elites’ sources of power in the past and now.
Wealth concentration globally.
Topic 8. Developed countries contemporary social structure and social policy
Content: Developed countries average social structure characteristics and its change in late 20th –
early 21st century. Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries peculiarities. Developed countries
methods of improving social structure (progressive taxation, social benefits, migration policy).
Demographic aspects shaping social structure in Europe.
Reading list:





The Economic Report of the President, 2014 // The White House Available. P. 189-193.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/full_2014_economic_report_of_the_pre
sident.pdf
Hoske P. et al., 2012. Trade-offs and Complementarities between Growth and Inequality in
OECD Countries // in Xue J. Growth with Inequality: an International Comparison on
Income Inequality. World Scientific. P. 347-377.
OECD, 2011. An overview of growing income inequalities in OECD countries.
http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/49499779.pdf
De Vlieghere Martin et. al., 2005. The Myth of the Scandinavian Model.
http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/510 Optional.
Grigoryev L., 2012. USA: Three Social-Economic Problems // Voprosy Economiki. No. 12.
P. 48-73. Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
Describe countries with the lowest and the highest inequality among developed ones.
Why doesn’t relatively high inequality prevent economic development in some of the above
mentioned countries?
Suggested Research Topics:
Drawbacks of developed countries social programs (e.g. unemployment benefit).
Developed countries civil society and citizens common values.
Topic 9. Developing countries contemporary social structure and social policy
Content: Developing countries average social structure characteristics and its change in late 20th –
early 21st century. Asian, African, Latin American developing countries social structure
peculiarities. Middle-income trap.
Reading list:




Lustig N. et al., 2012. Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s: The Cases of
Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico // Tulane Economics Working Paper Series.
Martinez-Bravo M. et al., 2012. The Effects of Democratization on Public Goods and
Redistribution: Evidence from China // NBER Working Paper No. 18101.
Schumacher E.F., 1973. Small Is Beautiful // HarperPerennial. Optional.
Xue J., 2012 Growth with Inequality: an International Comparison on Income Inequality.
Singapore: World Scientific. Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
Describe countries with the lowest and the highest inequality among developing ones.
Compare typical developed and developing country social structure.
Suggested Research Topics:
Choice between social stability and economic growth in developing countries.
Topic 10. Russia and other post-soviet countries transition in terms of social structure
changes
Content: Soviet time social structure, visible and hidden inequality. Transition effect on social
structure, extinct and new social classes. Russian modern social structure, social problems on
political agenda. Russian working class, middle class and elites – interests and interrelations.
Transition related migration.
Reading list:







Andrienko Y. and Guriev S., 2005. Understanding Migration in Russia // CEFIR Policy
paper series. No. 23.
Grigoriev L. and Salmina A., 2011. Inequality in Russia during transformation: to Europe or
Latin America?// IPSA-ECPR Joint Conference.
http://www.hse.ru/pubs/lib/data/access/ram/ticket/79/14405209524d69860eefa4ad143ba8f3
3bff040b8e/Salmina,Grigoryev_Inequality.2011.pdf
Hughes D. and John P., 2001. Local Elites and Transition in Russia: Adaptation or
Competition? // British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 31. No. 4. P. 673-686.
Rutkevitch M.N., 1999. On the Social Structure of Soviet Society.
http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/511/517/1217/003_rutkevich.pdf
EBRD, 2013. Transition report 2013. Stuck in transition?
http://tr.ebrd.com/tr13/images/downloads/357_TR2013.pdf Optional.
Kolesnikov A., 2015. The Russian Middle Class in a Besieged Fortress // Carnegie Moscow
center.
http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Kolesnikov_Russian_Middle_Class_updated_EN.pdf
Optional.
Kryshtanovskaya O. and White S., 2009. The Sovietization of Russian Politics // Post-Soviet
Affairs. Vol. 25. No.4. P. 283-309. Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
Which post-soviet countries suffered the most drastic society change and why?
How did Russian society change during soviet time and after the collapse of Soviet Union?
1990-s transition global social effect.
Suggested Research Topics:
Effects of post-soviet countries social structure changes on their economic development.
Transition effect on different soviet social classes: winners and losers.
Topic 11. Global social problems and international organizations activities
Content: Major global social problems: poverty, global inequality, migration, etc. Millennium
development goals and their fulfilment. Sustainable development goal under construction. UN and
other international organization activities. Countries major donors and recipients of international
help.
Reading list:






Gidding B. et al., 2002. Environment, Economy and Society: Fitting them together into
Sustainable Development // Sustainable Development. No. 10. P. 187-196.
Nelson P. N., 2007. Human Rights, The Millennium Development Goals, and the Future of
Development Cooperation // World Development. Vol. 35. No. 12. P. 2041-2055.
UN, 2015. Indicators and a Monitoring Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals.
http://unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/150612-FINAL-SDSN-Indicator-Report1.pdf
Pogge T., 2005. World Poverty and Human Rights // Ethics & International Affairs. Vol. 19.
No.1. P. 1-7.
http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/journal/19_1/symposium/5109.html Optional.
Rojas C., 2004. Governing through the social: representation of poverty and global
governmentality // in Global Governmentality, edited by Larner W. and Walters W.,
Routledge University Press. Optional.
Stone D., 2001. Think Tanks, Global Lesson-Drawing and Networking Social Policy Ideas
// Global Social Policy Vol. 1. No. 3. Optional.
Questions/Tasks for Self-Study:
What are global social problems and major risks from not cooperating on them?
Describe main international organizations and programs fighting against poverty, inequality
and illegal migration.
Suggested Research Topics:
Can you see other global governance mechanisms for dealing with social problems?
Possible ways to increase effectiveness of international aid to the least developed countries.
Resources
Anas A., 2004. Vanishing Cities: What Does the New Economic Geography Imply about the
Efficiency of Urbanization? // Journal of Economic Geography. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 181-199.
Andrienko Y. and Guriev S., 2005. Understanding Migration in Russia // CEFIR Policy paper
series. No. 23
Aryeetey E., 2005. Globalization, Employment and Poverty in Ghana.
Atkinson A.B., 1970. On the Measurement of Inequality // Journal of Economic Theory. No 2. P.
244-263.
Atkinson A.B. et.al, 2012. Top Incomes in the Long Run of History // Journal of
Economic Literature. Vol. 49 No. 1. P 3-71.
Atkinson A.B. and Bourguignon F., 2000. Income Distribution and Economics // in Handbook of
Income Distribution. Edited by Atkinson A.B. and Bourguignon F. Elsevier. P. 5-38.
Barro R., 2000. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries // Journal of Economic Growth. No.
5. P. 5-32.
Bourguignon F., 2005. The Effect of Economic Growth on Social Structures // in Handbook of
Economic Growth. Edited by Aghion P. and Steven N. Durla. Elsevier. P. 1701-1747.
Bourguignon F. and Bussolo M, 2013. Income Distribution in Computable General Equilibrium
Modeling // in Handbook of CGE Modelling. Elsevier. P. 1382-1437.
Cashell B.W., 2007. Who Are the “Middle Class”? // CRS Report for the Congress
Charpe M., Kuhn S., 2012. Inequality, Aggregate Demand and Crises.
Dawkins J., 2003. Regional Development Theory: Conceptual Foundations, Classic Works, and
Recent Developments // Journal of Planning Literature. Vol. 18. No. 2. P. 131-172.
De Vlieghere Martin et al., 2005. The Myth of the Scandinavian Model.
EBRD, 2013. Transition report 2013. Stuck in transition?
The Economic Report of the President, 2014 // The White House Available. P. 189-193.
The Economist, 2011. The Few: a Special Report on Global Leaders.
Eichengreen B., et al., 2013. Growth Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the Middle-Income Trap
// NBER Working Papers 18673.
Gaman-Golutvina O.V., 2000. Defining basic concepts of elitology // Polis, No. 4. P. 97-103
Gelman V. and Tarusina I., 2000. Studies of political elites in Russia: issues and alternatives //
Communist and Post-Communist Studies. No. 33. P. 311–329.
Gidding B. et al., 2002. Environment, Economy and Society: Fitting them together into Sustainable
Development // Sustainable Development. No. 10. P. 187-196.
Grigoryev L., 2011. Elites – choice for modernization // in Russia: the Challenges of
Transformation. New York.
Grigoryev L., 2012. USA: Three Social-Economic Problems // Voprosy Economiki. No. 12. P. 4873.
Grigoriev L. and Salmina A., 2011. Inequality in Russia during transformation: to Europe or Latin
America?// IPSA-ECPR Joint Conference.
Grigoryev L. and Salmina A., 2013. The structure of Social Inequality of the Present-day World:
the Problems of Measurement // Journal of Sociology, No. 3. P. 5-21.
Grigoryev L and Parshina E., 2014. Economic Dynamics of the Countries of the World in the years
1992-2010: Inhomogeneity of Growth // in VI BRICS Academic Forum.
Grigoryev L. et al., 2010. Abstract // in the Middle Class after the Crisis: a Brief Analysis of
Opinions on Politics and the Economy. Moscow: Maks Press.
Hartmann M., 2007. The sociology of elites // Taylor & Francis.
Hoeller P., Jourmard I., Koske, 2014. Income Inequality in OECD Countries // Singapore: World
Scientific Publishing.
Hughes D. and John P., 2001. Local Elites and Transition in Russia: Adaptation or Competition? //
British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 31. No. 4. P. 673-686.
International labor organization, 2015. Global Wage Report 2014/15. P. 28-43.
Ivanov N. et al., 2010. Globalization and Poverty // World Economy and International Affairs. No.
9. P. 29-42.
Ivanov S., 2006. Labor Migration: Factors and Alternatives // Russia in Global Affairs. No. 3. P.
129-142.
Kerbo H., 2012. Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in Historical, Comparative, and
Global Perspective. California Polytechnic State University.
Kolesnikov A., 2015. The Russian Middle Class in a Besieged Fortress // Carnegie Moscow center.
Kryshtanovskaya O. and White S., 2009. The Sovietization of Russian Politics // post-Soviet
Affairs. Vol. 25. No.4. P. 283-309.
Kuznets S., 1955. Economic Growth and Income Inequality // American Economic Review. Vol.
XLV. No. 1.
Kuznetsova E., 2009. Middle Class: Western approaches // World Economy and International
Affairs. No. 2. P. 19-28.
Lenski G. E., 1954. Status crystallization: a non-vertical dimension of social status. American
Sociology Review No. 19. P. 405-413.
Ling Z., 2014. Public Works, Job Creation and Poverty Reduction in Rural China // in UNDP,
Youth and Unemployment among the BRICS. P. 25-27.
Lustig N. et al., 2012. Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s: The Cases of Argentina,
Brazil, and Mexico // Tulane Economics Working Paper Series.
Madland D., 2010. Growth and the Middle Class // Democracy Journal.
Martinez-Bravo M. et al., 2012. The Effects of Democratization on Public Goods and
Redistribution: Evidence from China // NBER Working Paper No. 18101
Merton R. K., 1968. Social Theory and Social Structure // New York: Free Press.
Nelson P. N., 2007. Human Rights, The Millennium Development Goals, and the Future of
Development Cooperation // World Development. Vol. 35. No. 12. P. 2041-2055.
OECD, 2011. An overview of growing income inequalities in OECD countries.
Olson M., 1993. Dictatorship, Democracy and Development // American Political Science Review,
Vol. 87. No. 3. P. 567-576.
O’Rourke K.H., 2001. Globalization and Inequality: Historical Trends // Working paper 8339.
National Bureau of Economic Research.
Piketty T., 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century // The Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press.
Pogge T., 2005. World Poverty and Human Rights // Ethics & International Affairs. Vol. 19. No.1.
P. 1-7.
Quigley J.M., 2008. Urbanization, Agglomeration, and Economic Development // in A.M. Spence
et al, eds., Urbanization and Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank Press. P. 115-132.
Remington T., 2015. Why Is Interregional Inequality in Russia and China Not Falling? //
Communist and Post-Communist Studies. Vol. 48. No. 1. P. 1-13.
Roine J. and Waldenstrom D., 2010. On the Role of Capital Gains in Top Incomes // Stockholm
Institute of Transition Economics.
Rojas C., 2004. Governing through the social: representation of poverty and global governmentality
// in Global Governmentality, edited by Larner W. and Walters W., Routledge University
Press.
Rothkopf D., 2009. Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making //
Macmillan.
Rutkevitch M.N., 1999. On the Social Structure of Soviet Society.
Shao M.F., 2014. Gini Index, Pietra Ratio and Mean Division Shares // School of Economics,
Henan University
Shkaratan O.I., 2012. Sociology of Inequality. Theory and reality // Moscow: Higher School of
Economics press.
Schumacher E.F., 1973. Small Is Beautiful // HarperPerennial.
Stone D., 2001. Think Tanks, Global Lesson-Drawing and Networking Social Policy Ideas // Global
Social Policy Vol. 1. No. 3.
Trigg A.B., 2004. Deriving the Engel Curve: Pierre Bourdieu and the Social Critique of Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs // Review of Social Economy. Vol. 62. No. 3. P. 393-406.
UN, 2014. World Urbanization Prospects 2014 revision.
UN, 2015. Indicators and a Monitoring Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals.
UNU-IHDP and UNEP, 2014. Inclusive wealth report 2014. Measuring progress toward
sustainability.
Weber M., 1968. Class, Status and Party // in Weber M. Economy and Society, edited by Roth G.
and Wittich C. New York: Bedminster Press Inc.
World Bank, 2013. A Unified Approach to Measuring Poverty and Inequality.
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/13731/9780821384619.pdf?s
equence=1
Xue J. Growth with Inequality: an International Comparison on Income Inequality. Singapore:
World Scientific.
Yanagisawa A., 2012. Impacts of Income Disparity on Household Energy Consumption.