TITLE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE / DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THESIS
by
Candidate’s Full Name
Submitted to the Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science / Doctor of Philosophy
in
…………………………………….
Mevlana (Rumi) University
2013
TITLE OF THESIS OR DISSERTATION (all caps)
submitted by candidate’s full name in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science / Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical-Electronics Engineering at Mevlana
(Rumi) University.
APPROVED BY:
Examining Committee Members:
Title, Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...............
(Thesis Supervisor)
Title, Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...............
Title, Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...............
Title, Name
...............
Head of Department, …………………………..
Prof. Dr. Ali Sebetci
...............
Director, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering
DATE OF APPROVAL (Day/Month/Year)
I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented
in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by
these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are
not original to this work.
Name, Last Name:
Signature:
ABSTRACT
TITLE OF THESIS OR DISSERTATION
(2 spaces)
Name of Degree Candidate
(1 space)
(Name of Program) M.S. Thesis / Ph.D. Thesis, Year
(1 space)
Thesis Supervisor: Name of Advisor
(3 spaces)
Keywords: (At most 5 keywords to be selected from Citation Index)
(2 spaces)
Text of Abstract (200 words or less) (1.5 line spacing)
iv
ÖZ
TEZİN ADI
(2 satır boşluk)
Yazarın Adı, Soyadı
(1 satır boşluk)
(Bölüm Adı) Yüksek Lisans Tezi / Doktora Tezi, Yıl
(1 satır boşluk)
Tez Danışmanı: Danışmanın Adı, Soyadı
(3 satır boşluk)
Anahtar kelimeler: (Citation Index den seçilmiş en fazla 5 anahtar kelime)
(2 satır boşluk)
Özet metni (200 kelime ya da daha az) (1.5 satır aralığı)
v
Sample Dedication Page
To My Parents
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to his supervisor ……………. and cosupervisor …………….. for their guidance, advice, criticism, encouragement and insight
throughout the research.
This study was supported by the TUBITAK Grant No: ………………………..
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
ÖZET
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTERS
iv
v
vii
viii
ix
x
xi
1. (INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE,
BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM, etc.)
1.1.Second Heading
1.2.
2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
3. OTHER MAIN HEADING
3.1.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.2.1.
3.2.2.2.
3.3.
4. ANOTHER MAIN HEADING
4.1.
4.2.
5. CONCLUSIONS OR SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A (TITLE OF THE FIRST APPENDIX)
viii
1
5
8
10
13
15
17
19
20
21
22
23
30
36
39
40
45
49
(Example of List of Tables)
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1.
Comparison
technology
Table 2.2.
technology
of
anaerobic
and
aerobic
5
Reactor
8
configuration
for
the
10
anaerobic
9
Table 2.3.
Optimum conditions for anaerobic treatment
17
Table 2.4.
Advantages of anaerobic treatment
21
Table 3.3.
Organics amenable to anaerobic biotechnology
30
Table 3.3.
Problems encountered in the methane production from cheese whey
33
Table 4.1.
Production capacities of dairy industries in Turkey
37
Table 4.2.
Wastewater characteristics in dairy industries in Turkey
38
Table 5.1.
Characteristics of the cheese whey
41
Table 5.2.
Operation conditions of intermittent-mixed anaerobic reactors
45
Table 5.3.
Operation conditions of intermittent-mixed S-C reactors
51
Table 5.4.
Operation conditions of completely-mixed S-C reactors
60
Table 5.5.
Operating results of completely-mixed reactors
72
ix
(Example)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1.
Pathway of anaerobic degradation
5
Figure 2.2.
Two basic anaerobic process designs
14
Figure 3.1.
Composition of a typical waste
36
Figure 3.1.
Mineral content of the liquid cheese whey
37
Figure 3.1.
Experimental set-up
39
Figure 4.1.
Calibration curve for total organic carbon
41
Figure 4.2.
Gas production versus time for digester 1
45
Figure 4.3.
Gas production versus time for digester 2
47
Figure 4.4.
Gas production versus time for digester 3
49
Figure 4.5.
Gas production versus time for digester 4
55
Figure 4.6.
Gas production versus time for digester 5
65
Figure 4.7.
Gas production versus time for digester 6
71
Figure 4.8.
Gas production versus time for digester 7
75
x
(Example of List of Symbols/Abbreviations)
LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS
Symbol
Explanation
Units used
BOD5
5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(mg L-1)
COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(mg L-1)
MLCOD
Mixed Liquor COD
(mg L-1)
NOx-N
Nitrite and nitrate nitrogen
(mg NO2-N+NO3-N L-1)
MLSS
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
(mg L-1)
MLVSS
Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids
(mg L-1)
SCOD
Soluble COD
(mg L-1)
TCOD
Total COD
(mg L-1)
TKN
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
(mg L-1)
OUR
Oxygen Uptake Rate
(mg L-1h-1)
PAC
Powdered Activated Carbon
PACT
Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment
SCFB
Semi-Continuously Fed Batch Reactor

Specific growth rate
(d-1)

Hydraulic retention time
(d)
x
Sludge age
(d)
xi
(sample pages for normal text)
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.1. Preparation Step for the Enrichment of Nitrifiers
A mixed liquor was taken from the aeration tank recycle line of the Istanbul Pasakoy
Advanced Biological Sewage Treatment Plant and enriched for nitrifiers in a 16 L batch reactor
for 4 months. A synthetic feed stock solution consisting of 37.75 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 97.8 g/L
NaHCO3 and a synthetic mineral stock solution consisting of 2 g/L MgSO4.7H2O, 0.103 g/L
CaCO3, ---------were prepared. The culture was daily fed based on -----
4.2. Experimental Procedure
4.2.1. Oxygen Uptake Rate Experiments
In the first phase of experiments, the TCE range was studied which caused inhibition of
nitrification. For this purpose, oxygen uptake rate (OUR) experiments were carried out in
eight sets in 300 mL capped glass bottles.------------. In each set of experiment, the stock
enriched nitrifier culture was rinsed and diluted by deionized water to a VSS concentration of
100-150 mg/L and aerated till saturation ---
4.2.2. Inhibitory effect of TCE
Based on preliminary OUR experiments, 6 sets of batch experiments were performed in
the selected TCE concentration range of 50-4500 ppb. The aim was to investigate the inhibitory
effect of TCE on ammonium oxidation and cometabolic degradation rate of TCE in the presence
of ammonium. --------------------
4.2.2.1. Inhibitory effect of TCE on ammonium oxidation. At a constant initial ammonium
concentration of 40 mg/L NH4-N, the specific ammonium utilization rate (qNH4-N) was
evaluated with respect to the initial TCE concentration. -------------------------1
Cometabolic degradation of TCE. At a constant initial ammonium concentration of 40 mg/L
NH4-N, the specific cometabolic degradation rate of TCE (qTCE) was assessed with respect to
the initial TCE concentration (Figure 5).
Further examples of second sub-headings and others:
3.1.1.1. Analytical Methods. All analyses were in accordance with those outlined in Standard
Methods (1998). Some of them are explained below.
Gas chromatography.
The extracts were analyzed by Hewlett Packard 5890 Gas
Chromatograph equipped with a J&W prosteel megabore column (0.53 mm ID, 30 m length)
and an electron capture detector (ECD). The chromatograph was operated isothermally at 1000C
oven, 2500C injection port and 2500C detector temperatures -----
VSS analyses. These were performed using the Method 2540E in Standard Methods (1995).
Liquid samples for TCE analysis were extracted into n-pentane by EPA Method 502.1.
Nitrogen analyses.
All forms of nitrogen were analyzed as outlined by the following
methods……...
Ammonium. NH4-N concentrations were analyzed using the Nessler Method with Hach
DR/2000 spectrophotometer.
Nitrate Nitrogen. These were performed with standard …kits provided by.---------------------------------and according to the method---------------
2
qTCE
(gTCE.g-1VSS.hr-1)
(Example of Figure)
1200
800
y = 0.2278x
R² = 0.933
400
0
0
2000
4000
6000
Initial TCE concentration (ppb)
Figure 2.1. Effect of the initial TCE concentration on the cometabolic degradation of TCE
(qTCE) in batch activated sludge experiments.
(Examples of Table)
Table 2.1. Summary of results of waste activated sludge polymer conditioning.
Blending Time,
min
Cell Lysis,
%
0.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
5.0
20.0
0
0
0
0
7
22
Critical
Polymer
Dose, mg/L
100
50
50
60
80
80
CST at Critical
Polymer Dose, s
10.0 (+0.7,-0.4)
9.8 (+0,-0)
8.8 (+0.2,-0.3)
9.9 (+0.1,-0.1)
10.7 (+0.7,-0.5)
9.8 (+1.4,-0.4)
Table 3.1. Characteristics of several pulp bleaching wastewaters generated from different
stages of pulp production
Sampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
6a
6b
Wastewater
type
combined effluent
combined effluent
combined effluent
combined effluent
combined effluent
C/E-H stage
mixed*
pH
6.05
5.75
6.83
3.49
4.07
7.62
2.56
COD
BOD5
ClTKN
Total P
-1
-1
(mg L ) (mg L ) (mg L-1) (mg L-1) (mg L-1)
1866
150
1099
523
0.7
845
123
1064
n.m
0.86
1600
200
729
469
n.m
567
93
890
21.8
n.m
927
118
880
30
n.m
1675
138
1611
0
n.m
909
133
1112
0
n.m
3
* Wastewaters from C/E-H and D-E/D stages were present in approximately 1:1
ratio.
(Example of References)
REFERENCES
References may either be given in alphabetical order (preferred type) or in numerical form. In
any case the following rules should be followed.
Examples of Journal Article Referencing:
Frimmel, F.H., 1998. Impact of light on the properties of aquatic natural organic matter.
Environment International, 24, 559-571.
Hull, C. S., Reckhow, D. A., 1993. Removal of DOX precursors in municipal wastewater
treatment plants. Water Research, 27, 419-425.
Rounds, S. A., Tiffany, B. A., Pankow, J. F., 1999. Description of gas/particle sorption kinetics
with an interparticle diffusion model: Desorption experiments. Environmental Science and
Technology, 27, 366-377.
Same authors and same year:
Tay,T.-H., Liu,Q.-S., Liu,Y., 2002a. Aerobic granulation in sequential sludge blanket reactor.
Water Science and Technology, 46, 4-5, 13-18.
Tay,T.-H., Liu,Q.-S., Liu,Y., 2002b. Hydraulic selection pressure-induced nitrifying
granulation in sequencing batch reactors. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 59, 332337.
Same first author, different co-authors and different years:
Vodacek, A., Hoge, F., Swift, R.N., Yungel, J.K., Peltzer, E.T., Blough, N.V., 1995. The use
of in situ and airborne fluorescence measurements to determine UV absorption coefficients and
DOC concentration in surface waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 40, 411-415.
4
Vodacek, A., Blough, N.V., deGrandpre, D., Peltzer, E.T., Nelson, R.K., 1997. Seasonal
variation of CDOM in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Terrestrial inputs and photooxidation.
Limnology and Oceanography, 42, 674-686.
Same first author, different co-authors and same year:
Vodacek, A., Blough, N.V., deGrandpre, D., Peltzer, E.T., Nelson, R.K., 1997. Seasonal
variation of CDOM in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Terrestrial inputs and photooxidation.
Limnology and Oceanography, 42, 674-686.
Vodacek, A., Hoge, F., Swift, R.N., Yungel, J.K., Peltzer, E.T., Blough, N.V., 1997. The use
of in situ and airborne fluorescence measurements to determine UV absorption coefficients and
DOC concentration in surface waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 40, 411-415.
Example of Book Referencing:
Belter, P. A., Cussler, E. L., Wei-Shou, H., 1988. Bioseparations: Downstream Processing
for Biotechnology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., U.S.A., 77-98.
Breed, R. S., Murray E. G. D., Smith N. R. (Eds), 1957. Bergley's Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology, Seventh Ed., The Williams and Wilkins Company, U.S.A.
Banerjee, P. K., Butterfield, R. (Eds), 1980. Development of Boundary Element
Methods - I, Applied Science Publishers, London.
Example of Referencing of an Article in a Book:
Beal, P. T., 1979. Application of Cell Biology to an Understanding of Biological Water. In
Drost-Hansen W., Clegg J. S. (Eds.), Cell Associated Water, 271-291, Academic Press, N.Y.
Example of Referencing of a M.S. Thesis:
Berk, H., 1986. Heavy Metal Toxicity on Blue Green Alga, M.S. Thesis, Boğaziçi University.
Example of Referencing of a Ph.D. Thesis:
5
Akmehmet, I., 1990. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Compounds by TiO2,
Ph.D. Thesis, Boğaziçi University.
Liu, W. K., 1981. Development of Finite Element Procedures for Fluid-Structure
Interaction, Ph.D. Dissertation, California Institute of Technology.
Example of Referencing of a Conference Paper:
Persson, G. A., 1987. Acid Rain- A Threat to Europe’s Environment, Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Environmental Management: Environment’ 87, Istanbul, 5-7 June
1987, 2, 1169-1182.
Example of Referencing of a Report:
Nett, A. L. and Trucker, J. D., 1998. A Comparison of Pollutant Transport Models PT1 and
PT2, RSRE Memorandum No. 4157, RSRE Malvern.
AWWA Membrane Technology Research Committee, Committee Report, 1992. Membrane
Processes in Potable Water Treatment. Journal of American Water Works Association, 84, 5967.
Calgon Carbon Corporation, 1996. The AOT’s Handbook, 1,1.
CAChE Scientific. 1993. CAChE User Manual. CAChE Scientific Inc.
U.S.EPA., 1993. Perox-pure Chemical Oxidation Technology, Peroxidation Systems,
Inc.:Applications Analysis Report. Office of Research and Development, SITE Program.
Washington, DC. EPA/540/AR-93/501. July.
Ataman, Y., Çaycı, G., Baran, A., Kütük, C., Özaytekin, H., Dengiz,O., 1999. A research on
reclamation of physical properties of Yeniçağa-Bolu peat in Turkey as plant growing medium.
Project No. TOGTAG-1700. Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey.
6
Example of Referencing of an Article in Internet:
Miller, D., 1996. "Prolog: An Introduction to the Language and its Logic",
http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~dale/lProlog/index.html.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Envirofacts Data Warehouse Home Page.
http://www.epa.gov/enviro/index-java.html. (accessed June 2001) .
Selective examples of citations:
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1995. APHA, AWWA, WEF,
16th Edition, Washington, D.C.
Conlon, M., Khraisheh, M., 2002. Bioadsorption process for the removal of color from textile
effluent. GB Patent WO 0242228.
EC Directice 91/271/EEC, 1991. Concerning Urban Wastewater Treatment.
ISO/TC 147, 2001. Water quality-On line sensors/analyzing equipment for water. specifications
and performance tests. Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 15839. International Organisation
for Standardization, Geneva.
van Vooren, L., Willems, P., Ottoy, J.-P., Vansteenkiste, G.C., Verstraete, W., 1996. Automatic
buffer capacity based sensor for effluent quality monitoring. Water Science and Technology,
33, 1, 81-87.
deClercq, J., Devisscher, M., Bonen, I., Vanrolleghem, P.A., Defrancq, J., 2002. A new onedimensional clarifier model verification using full scale experimental data. In: Proceedings 3rd
IWA World Water Congress April 7-12, Melbourne, Australia.
diPinto, A.C., Limoni, W., Passino, R., Rozzi, A., Tomei, M.C., 1990. Anaerobic process
control by automated bicarbonate monitoring. In: Instrumentation, Control and Automation of
Water and Wastewater Treatment and Transport Systems. Briggs, R. (Ed) Pergamon Press,
London, 51-58.
7
McCarty, P.L., 1964. Anaeorobic waste treatment fundamentals. Part two. Environmental
requirements and control. Public Works, 95, 123-126.
Mac Craith, B., Gratten, K.T.V., Connely, D., Briggs, R., Boyle,, R., Avis,M., 1993. Cross
comparison of techniques for the monitoring of total organic carbon (TOC) in water resources
and supplies. Water Science and Technology, 28, 11-12, 457-463.
WPCF, 1980. Sludge Thickening. Manual of Practice No. FD.1. Water Pollution Control
Federation, Washington, D.C.
McTavish, H., Fuchs, j.A., Hooper, A.B., 1993. Sequence of the gene coding for ammonia
monooxygenase in Nitrosomonas europaea. Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 2436-2442.
Türkiye Çevre Vakfı, 1995. Türkiye’nin Çevre Sorunları. TÇV Yayınları, Ankara.
Metcalf and Eddy, 1991. Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse. McGraw
Hill, New York.
Ataman, C., 2002. Personal communication. Director of MEKA Wastewater Treatment Plant,
İstanbul.
8
APPENDIX A: FORMAT OF DISKETTES CONTAINING COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Listings of software should be given in a diskette specified by the Institute. The diskette should
contain files containing the source code, one or more sample input and corresponding output
separately. Other than these there must be another file named "READ.ME". In this ASCII text
file, the following sections must appear.
Files In the Disk. In this section, the names of the files together with their contents must be
listed.
Hardware Requirements. In this section, the equipment, graphics card, numeric coprocessor,
mouse, disk capacity, RAM capacity etc. necessary to run the software must be noted.
Software Requirements. In this section, the operating system, the compiler, linker, and the
libraries etc. necessary to compile and link the software must be listed. Please note that no
copyrighted material file (compiler, library etc.) must be put on the disk without obtaining the
necessary license from the copyright owner.
9