Supplemental Digital Content 1. Characteristics and Psychometric Properties of the
List of Threatening Life Experiences (LOTL) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress
Scale (DASS).
List of Threatening Life experiences (LOTL); duration: ~ 2 minutes).1
Participants answered 12 Yes/No questions related to significant life events, for
example, death of a first-degree relative or close friend, marital or relationship difficulties,
employment or financial concerns. ‘Yes’ responses indicated the presence of a significant life
event and the mean sum totals of ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ responses for CNS-D and CNS-ND drug
groups were compared. Sensitivity and specificity of the LOTL questionnaire has been shown
to be high at 0.89 and 0.74 respectively for events in the last 6 months providing support for
concurrent validity.2
Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21; duration: ~ 2 minutes).3
The DASS-21 is a 21-item set of self-report scales designed to measure the negative
emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The sum total of each emotional state was
converted to a percentile score using a DASS calculator.4 The DASS-21 is based on a
dimensional rather than a categorical conception of psychological disorder. Research
supports the three factor structure of the DASS-21 across both clinical5 and non-clinical
samples.6, 7 The DASS-21 scales possess good convergent and discriminant validity and high
internal consistency in clinical and nonclinical samples.5, 7 DASS ratings were acquired at
discharge as well as at the two follow-up days, days-7 and -28.
1.
Brugha TS, Bebbington P, Tennant C, et al. The List of Threatening Experiences: a
subset of 12 life event categories with considerable long-term contextual threat.
Psychol Med 1985;15:189-194.
2.
Brugha TS, Cragg D. The List of Threatening Experiences: the reliability and validity
of a brief life events questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990;82:77-81.
3.
Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 2 ed.
Sydney: Psychology Foundation; 1995.
4.
Crawford J, Cayley C, Lovibond PF, et al. Percentile Norms and Accompanying
Interval Estimates from an Australian General Adult Population Sample for SelfReport Mood Scales (BAI, BDI, CRSD, CES-D, DASS, DASS-21, STAI-X, STAI-Y,
SRDS, and SRAS). Australian Psychologist 2011;46:3-14.
5.
Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Korotitsch W, et al. Psychometric properties of the
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research
and Therapy 1997;35:79-89.
6.
Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison
of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and
Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther 1995;33:335-343.
7.
Henry JD, Crawford JR. The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress
Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical
sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2005;44:227-239.