MASTER OF COMMUNITY ORAL HEALTH
(MCOH)
Student Handbook
2015/2016
Department of Community Oral Health & Clinical Prevention
Faculty of Dentistry
University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
1
CONTENTS
Title
Page No
Introduction
3
Vision and Mission
4
Programme Objectives and Learning Outcomes
4-5
Organisation of Department
6
Floor Plan of Department
6
Programme Structure
7-8
Academic Calendar
9
Programme Details
10-22
Rules and Regulations
23-26
Assessment
27-29
Directory of Academic Staff
30
Department Facilities
31-33
List of Literature
34-36
2
INTRODUCTION
The Department of Community Dentistry is one of five academic departments that contribute to
undergraduate and postgraduate training. The department has vast experience in conducting
postgraduate programme. In 1994, the department introduced a one-year postgraduate programme, i.e.
Master of Community Dentistry (MCD), which was the first postgraduate programme offered by the
Faculty of Dentistry, UM. During the development of the MCD programme, Professor Aubrey Sheiham
was the consultant. He is currently a professor emeritus at University College London, United Kingdom.
Professor Sheiham visited the department three times under the CICHE (British Council Programme). He
overlooked the implementation of the newly developed course and contributed in giving lectures to the
postgraduate students.
In 2003, the Public Service Department and the Ministry of Health formulated a requirement that a
dental public health specialist must undergo a four-year postgraduate programme to be registered in
the National Specialist Register. Consequently, the department convened a meeting with the main
stakeholders from the Oral Health Division, Ministry of Health to discuss on extending the current MCD
course from one-year to a four-year programme to ensure that graduates will be certified as specialist
once they exit the programme. The aims and objectives of the new programme were also formulated
during the meeting.
A follow up discussion was also held with the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (SPM) to
formulate the programme structure of the 4-year MPH (Oral Health) programme based on the MPH
framework of SPM.
Based on both discussions, the department replaced the one-year MCD programme with a four-year
Master of Public Health (Oral Health) programme which was designed for Malaysian public health
practitioners. The department also offered a two-year Master of Science (Dental Public Health)
programme to cater for the need of foreign students.
The two programmes were taught concurrently by the Department of Community Dentistry and the
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. By
2012, the department has produced 50 graduates with MCD, 21 MPH (Oral Health) graduates and 3 MSc
(DPH) graduates. These graduates are highly regarded by their employers. Most of them are now
holding high administrative positions in the Oral Health Division, Ministry of Health. For example, Datin
Dr. Nooral Zeila Junid, Dr. Sharol Lail (1997 graduate) and Dr. Savithri (2006 graduate) is now the Deputy
Director of Oral Health Division in the Ministry of Health, while Dr. Natifah Salleh (2003 graduate), Dr.
Cheng Lai Choo (2002 graduate) and Dr. Norliza Ismail (2009 graduate) is holding the position of Senior
Principal Assistant Director.
The current proposed programme was mooted to upgrade the four-year Masters programme to be an
equivalent to a doctorate level in line with the development of the medical public health specialty. The
planning of this programme started in 2006 with input from the Department of Social and Preventive
Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine department.
3
VISION
The department’s vision is to maintain its position as a centre of excellence in oral health sciences,
education and research; and serves as a catalyst to promote learning and research in the field of dental
public health.
MISSION
The department’s mission is to maintain its position as the premier faculty that provide high standards
of training and research to produce dental public health professionals who are concerned about
population well-being and adopt a holistic approach.
PROGRAMMME OBJECTIVE
The programme aims to produce graduates who possess basic knowledge, research and competency,
especially in community oral health, with a wider approach towards societal well-being. Graduates will
have basic competency in developing appropriate professional attitudes, ethics, leadership skills and
behaviour that are sensitive and can easily adapt to the changing needs of the society.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The learning outcomes for the Masters of Community Oral Health programme were constructed based
on the eight Malaysian Qualifying Framework (MQF) learning outcomes domains; Knowledge of
Discipline Areas, Practical Skills, Social Skills and Responsibilities, Values, Attitudes and professionalism,
Communication, Leadership and Teams Skills, Problem Solving and Scientific Skills, Information
Management and Lifelong Learning Skills and Managerial and Entrepreneurial Skills.
At the end of the programme, graduates are able to:
PO
Programme Learning outcome
PO1
(Knowledge)
Possess fundamental knowledge in the field of dental public
health.
(K)
PO2
(Practical Skills)
Investigate and diagnose oral health problems at the
individual and community levels; and formulate a plan for
community and clinical intervention programs to solve the
problems.
Integrate public health skills and social responsibility in
carrying out their role as oral health promoter.
(P)
PO3
(Social Skills and
responsibility)
PO4
(Values,
Attitudes and
Professionalism)
Conduct research that complies with the relevant legal
requirements and professional ethics to the practice of
dental public health and demonstrate good values and
attitudes in managing community oral health problems.
Taxonomy
(A)
(A)
4
PO5
(Communication,
Leadership and
teamwork skills)
Display good leadership quality, team working skills and
effective communication skills with colleagues and other
healthcare professionals, the community and patients in
promoting oral health.
(P)
PO6
(Problem solving
& Scientific skills)
PO7
(Information
management and
lifelong learning
skills)
PO8
(Managerial and
Entrepreneurial
Skills)
Utilize evidence-based approach and critical thinking skills to
solve community oral health problem.
(K, P)
Manage information from diverse resources
possess a positive attitude towards lifelong learning.
and
(P)
Apply the principles of management in the context of dental
public health.
(K)
5
ORGANISATION OF DEPARTMENT
As staff of the University of Malaya, we abide to the University Malaya Code of Ethics (University
Malaya, 2010) and as a dental profession, we abide to the Code of Professional Conduct (Malaysian
Dental Council).
The department has 9 full time academic staff. Six out of 9 academic staff hold a PhD degree. Two
staff are currently undertaking PhD degree.
Working hours
Day
Office Hours (Morning)
Lunch Break
Office Hours
(Afternoon)
Monday to Thursday
1. 0800-1300
2. 0830-1300
1300-1400
1400-1700
Friday
1. 0800-1215
2. 0830-1215
1215-1445
1445-1700
* Working hours may vary during the Fasting Month
Office of the Head of Department
The Head of Department is Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zamros Yuzadi Mohd Yusof (initials ZY)
The secretarial staff are :
1. Madam Intan Liana Mohamad Lias
2. Madam Nuur Shaadeah Khalid
The support staff is :
1. Mr. Rosli Taha
OHE Clinic
The support staff are :
1. Madam Che Nurulhana Che Ismail
2. Madam Pauline Yeo Poh Lian
Floor Plan of the Department
The Department of Community Oral Health & Clinical Prevention is located at level 2, block D in the
Faculty of Dentistry (the old building). The department is separated into two sections which are the
head of department office and the OHE clinic where the patient’s consultation is held.
6
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
Programme
Duration
Semester 1
Semester 2
Master of Community Oral Health (MCOH)
1 Year
Core courses:
1. DPGA 6101 – Fundamental of Dental Public Health and Primary Health Care
2. DPGA 6102 – Social and Behavioural Science in Dentistry
3. DPGA 6103 – Health Promotion
4. DPGA 6105 – Epidemiology of Oral Conditions
5. DPGA 6107 – Research Methodology in Health Systems
6. DPGA 6180 – Research Project
Core courses:
7. DPGA 6104 – Preventive Dentistry
8. DPGA 6106 – Jurisprudence and Professional Ethics
9. DPGA 6170 – Administration in Dental Public Health and Updates in
Dentistry
10. DPGA 6180 – Research Project (P)
*Elective courses: *(choose only 3)
MOGB 6109 – Principles of Biostatistics
MOGB 6110 – Management in Health
MOGB 6301 – Epidemiology of Diseases in Malaysia
MOGR 6302 – Public Health Nutrition
MOGB 6303 – Producing Better Evidence
MOGB 6305 – Health Economics
MOGR 6303 – Qualitative Inquiry in Public Health
Special
Semester
1. DPGA 6171 - Comparative Study of the Oral Health Care Delivery Systems
The programme structure for the one-year Master in Community Oral Health (MCOH) was designed
to be at par with international standards (University College London and University of Michigan).
The Master in Community Oral Health degree is by coursework. It comprises nine core courses and
three elective courses. These core courses are essential for the understanding of the up-to-date
concepts, principles and methods that support the programme outcomes. Appropriate discipline
standards and international best practices in the field of dental public health are also taken into
account. Candidates are also required to undertake a research project. The details of each of the
courses are outlined in the later sections.
In addition to the courses within the dental faculty, candidates will be required to undertake
elective courses together with the MPH candidates at the Department of Social and Preventive
Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UM. This learning experience will expose the candidates to a multidisciplinary approach in Public Health and for their future career.
7
In summary, this programme is designed to offer fundamental knowledge and training in dental
public health in accordance with the requirements of Ministry of Health Malaysia. It acts as a
training ground to equip the graduates with the necessary fundamental skills and knowledge as an
entry pre-requisite for the Doctorate in Dental Public Health (DrDPH) which is also offered by the
faculty. As such, this master’s programme acts as a ‘feeder programme’ to the DrDPH programme.
Overall, both the MCOH and the DrDPH form a ‘Package Programme’. However, this master’s
programme has the flexibility whereby graduates can choose to finish and exit this programme once
completed without continuing their studies to the doctorate level.
8
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
ACADEMIC CALENDAR FOR SESSION 2015/2016
MASTER OF COMMUNITY ORAL HEALTH
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
ACADEMIC CALENDAR FOR SESSION 2015/2016
SEMESTER I
Introduction week
Lectures
Mid-Semester I Break
Lectures
Revision Week
Examinations Semester I
Semester I Break
Lectures
Mid-Semester II Break
Lectures
Revision Week
Examinations Semester II
Semester Break
Lectures and Examinations
1 week
01.09.2015
9 weeks*
07.09.2015
1 weeks*
07.11.2015
5 weeks
16.11.2015
1 week*
19.12.2015
3 weeks*
28.12.2015
5 weeks*
17.01.2016
25 weeks
SEMESTER II
7 weeks
22.02.2016
1 week
09.04.2016
7 weeks*
18.04.2016
1 week
04.06.2016
3 weeks*
13.06.2016
19 weeks
SESSION BREAK/SPECIAL SEMESTER
9 weeks*
03.07.2016
or
03.07.2016
8 weeks*
-
06.09.2015
06.11.2015
15.11.2015
18.12.2015
27.12.2015
16.01.2016
21.02.2016
-
08.04.2016
17.04.2016
03.06.2016
12.06.2016
02.07.2016
- 04.09.2016
- 28.08.2016
* Malaysia Day (16 September 2015)
Aidil Adha Public Holiday (24 September 2015)
Maal Hijrah (14 October 2015)
Deepavali Public Holiday (10 November 2015)
Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday (Maulidur Rasul) - (24 December 2015)
Christmas Public Holiday (25 December 2015)
New Year Public Holiday (1 January 2016)
Chinese New Year Public Holiday (8 & 9 February 2016)
Labour Day (1 May 2016)
Wesak Day (21 May 2016)
Nuzul Al-Qu’an (22 June 2016)
Aidifitril Public Holiday (7&8 July 2016)
National Day (31 August 2016)
9
PROGRAMME DETAILS – MCOH
This master’s degree programme by coursework is 43 credits; 35 credits (80%) coursework and 8
credits (20%) research component. This is a one year fulltime course comprising 2 semesters and
one special semester. The maximum period of candidature is 8 semesters and 4 special semesters.
COURSE CONTENT
SEMESTER 1
DPGA 6101 - Fundamentals of Dental Public Health and Primary Health Care (3 credits)
Coordinator : Prof. Dato’ Dr Ishak Abdul Razak
This module comprises of two main themes:
1. Fundamentals of Dental Public Health
2. Primary Health Care Approach
The module will be conducted through lectures, seminar, group work discussion and practical
presentation to update their knowledge, skills and attitudes. The candidates will be exposed to their
perceptions of oral health as compared to that of the community. The candidates will be exposed to
critiques of the Medical Model by lay public and professionals. They will need to identify the current
public health issues affecting their area and the preventive and treatment strategies that have been
employed to overcome these problems in their area. In doing so, they will have to evaluate the
effectiveness of the restorative approach in overcoming oral diseases.
At the end of this module, students are able to:1. Appraise Dubos`s, Illich`s, McKeowns, and Cochrane`s views on determinants of health and
limits to medicine.
2. Evaluate the effectiveness of the restorative philosophy in dentistry.
3. Develop a plan for prioritizing oral health care needs in Malaysia using the concept of health
care needs.
4. Formulate strategies in attaining oral health for all for Malaysia using the principles of the PHCA.
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
1
L1 – Assessment of current concepts of health
2
S1 – Seminar
3
L2 – Concept of health production
4
L3 – Critique of the Medical Model by Health Professionals
5
L4 – The Western Medical Model, health and underdevelopment
6
S2 – Seminar
10
7
L5 – Evaluation of the success of the restorative strategy
8
L6 – Public health policy on needs, demand and utilization
9
L7 – Strategy in disease prevention and control
10
S3 – Seminar
11
L8 – Primary Health Care Approach (PHCA): What and Why?
12
L9 – Primary Health Care Approach (PHCA): principles and practice
13
S4 – Seminar
14
Final Examination
*Subject to change
DPGA 6102 - Social and Behavioural Science in Dentistry (3 credits)
Coordinator : Prof. Datin Dr. Rashidah Esa
This module covers broad interrelated areas namely sociology psychology and cultural
anthropology. The purpose of the module is to enable students to realize the importance of culture
and the social environment in determining behaviour and health outcomes. The sociology and
cultural anthropology cover the introduction to sociology and social policy; health and under
development; the sick role and illness behaviour; socialization and social control; norms, social class
and social structure, social mobility; role of culture and religious beliefs; health behaviour models
and social determinants of health and illness. The psychology component include deviance, stigma
and labeling behaviour; anxiety/fear, pain and stress. Other issues include the social impact of oral
diseases; transactional analysis; dentist-patient relationship; the concepts of need, demand and
utilization and barriers in seeking oral health services. In addition students undertake oral health
interviews on 3 cases to relate the impact socio-cultural and socio-environmental factors on oral
health and diseases do an oral presentation and submit a written report.
At the end of this module, students are able to:
1. Relate concepts in Social and Behavioural Science to the structure of society, concepts of need
in relation to utilization and how social and behavioural factors influence health, illness and oral
health.
2. Apply related concepts to health care seeking behaviours and models/ theories of health
behaviour to individual’s health/oral health.
3. Apply different models of dentist-patient relationship to built good communication skills and
relationships with others.
11
4. Apply the concepts of deviance, stigma, labelling, fear/anxiety, pain, and stress to dental
practice.
5. Appraise the socio-dental indicators for assessing health and disease status and the social and
psychological impact of oral disease on the quality of life
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
1
L1 – Introduction to Behavioural Sciences in Dentistry
2
L2 – Social elements which affect health and illness
3
L3 – Illness behaviour and seeking of oral health care
4
L4 – Theories and models of health behavior I & II
5
L5 – Video Presentation: “Patch Adams”
S1 – Seminar - Student presentation
6
L6 – Sociology and psychology of dental care
 Dentist – Patient relationship
 Transactional Analysis
7
S2 – Seminar presentation by students
8
L 7 – Labelling behaviour, deviance and stigma
9
L8 – Behavioural factors influencing dental treatment
 Fear and anxiety
 Pain
10
L9 – Social and psychological impact of oral conditions
11
L10 – Social causes of illness
 Stress and stress in dental practice
12
L11 – Conducting oral health interviews– 3 Case studies (Independent learning)
Case study presentation
13
L12 – Nutrition issues and concerns in Malaysia
14
L13 – Student’s reflection
15
Revision
12
16
Final Examination
*Subject to change
DPGA 6103 - Health Promotion (3 credits)
Coordinator : Associate Prof. Dr. Zamros Yuzadi Mohd Yusof
This module comprises of three main themes which underpins and supports the formulation of
effective health promotion strategies:
1. Principles of planning for Health Education and Health Promotion strategies (Ottawa Charter
1986; PRECEDE model).
2. Principles of Marketing and Social Marketing of healthy lifestyles, and
3. Exploring potential local, national and international (global) alliances with Health Promotion
organizations in health issues of mutual interest - through the Common Risk Factor Approach and
Millennium Development Goals MDG 2015 agenda.
Basic principles of the Ottawa Charter for health promotion (1986) and subsequent global health
promotion conference resolutions, are discussed in relation to the Alma-Ata Declaration for Primary
Health Care (WHO 1978) and the WHO Millennium Development Goals MDG2015 (WHO 2008). This
will put into perspective the students awareness of global health problems and enhance their
problem solving and critical thinking skills, to think global and act local in planning to solve
community health problems via the healthy settings approach.
The Principles of Social Marketing are applied to influence unhealthy or risky health/oral health
behaviour in relation to known common risk factors that affects diseases (like caries, periodontal
disease, oral cancer) and other public health problems (like motor vehicle related traumatic injuries,
cross infections, smoking, alcohol, & substance abuse etc). Students will identify, discuss and apply
social marketing principles employed by commercial promoters of unhealthy products and use them
creatively to plan their own health promotion counter-strategies which include a combination of
educational, environmental, enforcement and fiscal strategies in order to make healthier choices,
the easier choice.
Students will analyse the strengths and limitations of promoting healthy lifestyles in a multi-ethnic
society such as in Malaysia in which cultural and religious values, habits, behaviours and unhealthy
public policies may hinder or facilitate desired outcomes. At the end of this module the student
would be able to define his/her role as an advocate, enabler and mediator to support and
complement national and international health agendas to promote population health.
At the end of this module, students are able to:1. Apply the principles of health promotion in relation to oral health, role of health promoters
working in a multi-ethnic society like Malaysia, multi-sectorial collaboration, the Malaysian
Health Promotion Board and international HP organizations.
13
2. Plan a comprehensive oral health promotion strategy based on the PRECEDE / PROCEED model
and “settings approach”.
3. Demonstrate effective communication, public speaking and presentation skills to improve the
persuasive powers as a health promoter.
4. Compare & contrast between the principles of marketing commercial goods versus social
marketing; and apply social marketing principles to influence and promote healthy behaviours &
lifestyles.
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
1
HP 1 – Principles of health promotion 1 (Intro. &Philosophy)
HP 2 – Principles of health promotion 2 (Ottawa Charter 1986)
2
HP 3 – Principles of planning, Health Promotion Planning Models, PHCA 1978&
MDG2015
HP 4 – Berlin Oral Health Declaration 1992
3
HP 5 – Critical assessment of messages &approaches in Health Education (Population
level)
HP 6 – Critical assessment of chair side oral health education approaches (Health
education in the context of H. Promotion – the SPERMAID Model)
4
HP 7 – Issues and Skills required for health promoters
HP 8 – Communication skills for H. Promotion 1 (Public speaking)
5
HP 9 – Communication skills in H. Promotion 2 (Practical session / Seminar - Nutrition
& Sugar policy)
HP 10 – Basic Principles of Marketing 1
6
HP 11 – Principles of Social Marketing 2
HP 12 – Health promotion in Malaysia – issues & challenges. (Malaysian Health
Promotion Board Act 2006 and the role of international Health Promotion
organizations).
7
HP 13 – Seminar 1 (Planning a H. Promotion program for an identified general health
problem using PROCEDE / PRECEED model).
8
HP 14 – Seminar 2 (Planning a health promotion program using Social Marketing for
an identified Oral Health Behaviour)
9
HP 15 – Tutorial 1 ( Healthy Schools settings for H. Promotion)
10
HP16 – Tutorial 2 (Class feedback & reflective session)
11
HP 17 – Tutorial 3 (Revision of basic principles 1)
14
12
HP 18 – Tutorial 4(Revision of basic principles 2)
13
HP 19 – Revision (Independent learning)
14
HP 20 – Module Test
*Subject to change
DPGA 6105 - Epidemiology of Oral Conditions (3 credits)
Coordinator : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslan Saub
This course provides students with an in-depth knowledge on the principles of epidemiology,
specific methods used in epidemiological studies with respect to oral diseases, and ethical and
professional issues in epidemiology. Application of epidemiology in dental public health is also
discussed.
At the end of this module, students are able to:1. Apply the principles and methods of epidemiology in conducting epidemiological studies in
dentistry.
2. Evaluate the measurement of oral health and diseases use in epidemiological studies.
3. Explain the application of epidemiology in the prevention of oral diseases and oral health
promotion.
4. Illustrate the ethical and professional issues in epidemiological studies.
5. Analyze epidemiologic data with respect to oral disease epidemiology and the implications to
oral health care.
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
1.
L1 – Introduction to Oral Epidemiology
2.
L2 – Types of Epidemiological study, common research designs
3.
L3 – Measuring Health and Disease – General and Oral Health
4.
L4 – Causation and estimating risk in Epidemiology
5.
S1 – Measurement of Oral Health Related Quality of Life
6.
Test
15
7.
S2 – Measurement Issues and Epidemiology of dental caries.
8.
S3 – Measurement issues of periodontal diseases and oral hygiene; and epidemiology of
periodontal disease
9.
S4 – Measurement Issues and Epidemiology of malocclusion
10.
S5 – Measurement issues and Epidemiology of fluorosis
11.
L5 – Measurement and Epidemiology of other Oral conditions (cancer and dental trauma)
12.
L6 – Epidemiology in oral services and oral health policy
13.
L7 – Epidemiology and Prevention – screening
14.
S6 – Ethical and Professional issues in Epidemiology
15.
Test
16.
Revision
17.
Revision
18.
Final Examination
*Subject to change
DPGA 6107 - Research Methodology in Health Systems (2 credits)
Coordinator : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jennifer Geraldine Doss
This course equips the student with basic knowledge and skills to practice evidence based dentistry.
Students are introduced to basic principles of HSRM which prepares them to develop a research
proposal and to conduct an independent research.
The course begins with defining & appraising the elements of the health system; the role of HSRM &
EBD in the management of oral health in the population. The student learns about identifying
researchable issues; the conventional and more recent research methods, reliability and validity of
research methods and goes on to identify the “best method” to answer a research question. The
research question addresses a health issue from the community/patient/provider perspective.
Throughout, the course emphasizes research ethics; effective and efficient management of research
16
projects. The course draws on the principles of Health Promotion to illustrate research in improving
the health of the community.
At the end of this module, students are able to:1. Perform information searching and management skills in writing a research report
2. Apply principles of health research methods ethically for developing a research proposal and
undertaking a research project for a specific population
3. Perform basic analysis and interpretation of research data
4. Present ideas clearly, effectively and confidently in both oral and written forms to a scientific
audience.
5. Appraise the worth of scientific evidence for the management of oral healthcare.
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
1


Module orientation, Introduction to HSR
Stepwise procedure, Problem selection & analysis
2


Literature search & reading the literature
Objectives & Hypothesis
3


Variables
Study design 1: Introduction
4


Study design 2: Observational studies
Study design 3: Clinical trials, Systematic review
5


Assessing risk in oral conditions
Sampling and sample size
6

Techniques of collecting data & questionnaire design
7


Qualitative research methods 1
Qualitative research methods 2
8

Examiner agreement

Practical : Calibration of examiner for agreement and estimation
9


Validity & reliability
Planning data processing & analysis
10


Managing a research project
Research Ethics
11


Report writing
Critical Appraisal of Literature
17
12
Tutorial: Appraisal of articles using cross sectional study design
13
Tutorial: Appraisal of articles using observational analytical study design
14
Tutorial: Appraisal of articles using interventional study design
15
Final Written examination
*Subject to change
DPGA 6180 – Research Project (P) (3 credits)
Coordinator : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jennifer Geraldine Doss
This is a supervised research project during the 1 year course. The student will plan and implement a
research in the area of Community Oral Health. During the entire period the student is encouraged
to be independent and seek guidance after having work through the problems themselves. Core and
elective courses will further strengthen the student’s research skills. The student will report the
research in the form of a research report of not more than 20,000 words.
On completion of course, the students are able to:
1. Develop a detailed research protocol adequate for implementation
2. Formulate a medical ethics and research grant application for a research project
3. Conduct the research activities independently
4. Analyze the data obtained
5. Defend research findings
6. Prepare a research report
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
Semester 1
5-6
Preparation of problem statement and discussion with supervisor
7
Presentation of research proposal - problem statement (seminar)
8-9
Preparation of research proposal methodology and discussion with supervisor
10
Presentation of research proposal methodology (seminar)
11-12
Research proposal preparation, ethics and grant application
Semester 2
1-2
Preparation for data collection
18
3-6
Research data collection in the field
7-9
Data analysis and interpretation
10-12
Research report writing
13
Submission of research report
13-14
Preparation for the presentation of research findings and viva voce
15
Oral presentation and viva-voce
SEMESTER 2
DPGA 6104 - Preventive Dentistry (3 credits)
Coordinator : Dr. Norintan Ab Murat
This module comprises a series of topics which is an update on preventive dentistry and related
aspects. This includes an appraisal of the various prevention concepts and strategies, existing
preventive programmes; impact of prevention programs to individuals, society and nation. It also
incorporates oral health education in clinical and community settings as part of holistic approach in
the management of Total Patient Care (TPC)/oral diseases.
At the end of this module, students are able to:1. Explain the concepts of prevention, economic evaluation and risk assessment in relation to oral
disease prevention.
2. Apply the philosophy of prevention to oral health for different population/patient groups.
3. Appraise the effectiveness of various preventive measures and cost-effectiveness / benefits of
prevention programmes at individual and community settings.
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
1
L1 – Course introduction: Philosophy and Concept
2
L2 – Nutrition and Diet
3
S1 – Plaque and plaque control
4
S2 – Use of Fluorides in Preventive Dentistry
19
5
S3 – Water Fluoridation and Oral Health
6
L3 – Minimal intervention: Preventive strategies - Fissure sealant and ART
7
L4 – Caries risk assessment
8
Test
9
L5– Health Education: Briefing on Clinical application / Practical
10
L6 – Smoking Cessation
11
S4 – Provision of Care for Marginalised Groups: Public Health Issues
12
L7 – Team Building: Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary and Self Care Concept
13
T1 – Tutorial
14
S5 – A seminar on Economic Evaluation of Preventive measures/strategies ( 2 hrs)
15
Revision
16
Revision
17
Final examination
*Subject to change
DPGA 6106 - Jurisprudence and Professional Ethics (2 credits)
Coordinator : Prof. Dato’ Dr Ishak Abdul Razak
This module comprises of three main themes:
1. Dental Act
2. Jurisprudence
3. Dental ethics
The module will be conducted through a series of lectures and a practical. At the end of this module
the student would be aware of the provisions in the Dental Act as well as the legal and ethical
requirement of the dental profession. It is also intended to make the practitioners aware of the
20
ethical & legal aspects of his profession and the rights of the patient, so that he can anticipate &
avoid trouble.
At the end of this module, students are able to:1. Identify the various provisions of the Dental Act, the legal aspect of dental practice and provisions
laid out in the Code of Professional Conduct.
2. Apply the knowledge of the legal aspect in dentistry to everyday practice.
3. Appraise behaviours in dental practice deemed as professional misconduct.
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
1
L1 – Dental Act 1971
2
S1 – Seminar
3
L2 – Jurisprudence
4
S2 – Seminar
5
L3 – Dental Ethics I
6
L4 – Dental Ethics II
7
S3 – Seminar
8
Course Examination
DPGA 6170 - Administration in Dental Public Health and Updates in Dentistry (3 credits)
Coordinator : Head of Department / Postgraduate Coordinator
Comprises a series of seminars on the organization of Public Health Programmes and The aim of the
course is to provide the student with an understanding of the decision making process which guides
the policies of the Ministry of Health as well as those affecting the private sector.
Comprises a series of lectures on updates in relevant issues pertaining to dentistry, given by invited
experts. The aim of this is to update the candidate’s knowledge on current theories in the different
fields of dentistry.
21
At the end of this module, students are able to:1. Relate the principles in organising and managing the various oral health programmes in the public
service.
2. Apply updated knowledge in the process of planning; formulation of policies and development of
regulation and in programme management.
3. Recognise the influence of socio-economic and environmental determinants in the decision
making process.
4. Explain the current updates in theories and trends in the management of different oral disease in
groups of people.
5. Express ideas clearly, effectively and confidently to a scientific audience.
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
1


Introduction to Module
National Food and Nutrition Policy
2


Cost Benefit and Cost Effectiveness of Preventive Measures
Current Strategies for the Control of Dental Caries
3


Oral Health Human Resource Planning for Malaysia
Oral Health Care Financing for Malaysia
4
A National Oral Health Policy for Malaysia
5
Justification for Fluoridation of Public Water Supply
6
Current concept in the management of caries in children in Malaysia
7
Current concepts in infection control
8
Clinical aspects of AIDS and Hepatitis
9
Materials Update- Tooth Colored Restoratives
10
Current Concept in Clinical Management of the Elderly
11
Classification of Periodontal Disease Including Aetiology & Risk factors, Pathogenesis
& Immunology
12
Update on Dental Materials
13
Forensic Odontology I & II
22
14
Updates on the Management of Oral Cancer
15
Radiation Hazards
16
Lasers in Dentistry
17
Current Concepts in the Management of Periodontal Disease
*Subject to change
DPGA 6171 – Comparative Study of the Oral Health Care Delivery Systems (5 credits)
Coordinator : Head of Department
This consists of supervised visits to observe and discuss with policymakers and implementers within
the National Oral Healthcare Delivery System especially the Ministry of Health and other approved
institutions or agencies both locally and overseas.
Students are expected to make at least one supervised visit country to an ASEAN country to observe
their oral health care delivery system and discuss public health policies with their policymakers and
implementers under the Comparative Study of Healthcare Delivery Systems program. At the end of
the program, the students will be required to present their observations in a seminar and to submit
a written report.
At the end of this module, students are able to:1. Analyze the overall health care system as a total “operating system”.
2. Evaluate the oral health care delivery systems and management of public health in various
countries within the social-cultural context.
3. Propose alternative approaches in oral health care delivery systems within the socio-cultural
context.
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
1.
Briefing
2.
Field visit and Dialogue with Senior Management Oral Health Division, Ministry of
Health
3.
Field Visit to Institute of Medical Research (IMR) – A Research & Development
Facility
4.
Field visit to a District Level setting, including one urban and one rural setting
23
5.
Field visit to Aborigines Medical/ Dental Health Care Programme (Special
Communities setting)
6.
Field visit to Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) Oral Health Care Programme – (Special
Communities Setting)
7–8
9
Comparative Oral Healthcare Delivery System of an ASEAN Country (e.g Singapore,
Thailand, Indonesia etc)
Presentation
10 – 13
14
Report writing
Report submission
DPGA 6180 – Research Project (P) (5 credits)
Coordinator : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jennifer Geraldine Doss
This is a supervised research project during the 1 year course. The student will plan and implement a
research in the area of Community Oral Health. During the entire period the student is encouraged
to be independent and seek guidance after having work through the problems themselves. Core and
elective courses will further strengthen the student’s research skills. The student will report the
research in the form of a research report of not more than 20,000 words.
On completion of course, the students are able to:
1. Develop a detailed research protocol adequate for implementation
2. Formulate a medical ethics and research grant application for a research project
3. Conduct the research activities independently
4. Analyze the data obtained
5. Defend research findings
6. Prepare a research report
Week
Lecture / Tutorial / Assignment Topic
Semester 1
5-6
Preparation of problem statement and discussion with supervisor
7
Presentation of research proposal - problem statement (seminar)
8-9
Preparation of research proposal methodology and discussion with supervisor
10
Presentation of research proposal methodology (seminar)
11-12
Research proposal preparation, ethics and grant application
Semester 2
24
1-2
Preparation for data collection
3-6
Research data collection in the field
7-9
Data analysis and interpretation
10-12
Research report writing
13
Submission of research report
13-14
Preparation for the presentation of research findings and viva voce
15
Oral presentation and viva-voce
RULES AND REGULATIONS
University of Malaya (Master’s Degree) Rules and Regulations 2010 shall apply to all candidates in
this Master of Community Dentistry Degree programme.
1. Programme of study
The Master of Community Oral Health is a full-time programme by coursework and research.
The mode of coursework is through lectures, practicals, seminars, field work, case study,
student reflection and a research project.
2. Duration of Study
This programme shall extend over a minimum period of 2 normal semesters plus 1 special
semester and a maximum period of 8 normal semesters plus 4 special semesters
3. Student Selection and Admission
a) Basic Qualifications
 Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) or equivalent recognized degree with at least 2 years
clinical experience.
b) English Language Requirement
Non-Malaysian candidates who have graduated from university or international institutions of
higher education must fulfill the following English language requirements:




Score at least Band 4 in the Malaysian University English Test (MUET); OR
Pass with at least Level 6 in English Language Proficiency Programme (ELPP) offered by the
UMCCED; OR
Score a minimum of 550 (written paper), 213 (computer test) or 80 (internet test) in the
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL); OR
Obtain at least Band 6 in the International English Language System (IELTS); OR
25

Pass an equivalent English proficiency test approved by the university
c) Other requirements
 All candidates must pass an entrance test, interview and fulfill other requirements set by the
department from time to time.
All applicants who fulfilled the admission criteria as stated above will be called for an interview
to assess their interest and knowledge in DPH. In addition, their communication skills and critical
thinking will be also evaluated. The interview will be carried out by at least 3 academic staff. As
such the selection of the students is free from discrimination and bias.
4. Student Registration
The registration for the programme shall be in the week prior to the commencement of each
academic year.
5. Class Attendance
A candidate shall attend all classes. Any candidate with less than eighty percent of class attendance
for a course in a semester without any acceptable reasons or without obtaining prior approval from
the lecturer concerned may be barred from sitting the final examination for the course concerned in
a semester by the Dean of the Faculty. Where a candidate is barred from sitting for the final
examination of a course for a semester he shall be informed in writing by the Dean of the Faculty at
least one week before the commencement of the semester examination concerned. Any candidate
who is barred from sitting for the final examination in a semester shall be given a zero mark for the
final examination of the course concerned.
6. Field of Research and Supervision
(i)
The appointment of supervisor shall be done at a point when the candidate’s field of
research is being determined
(ii)
Where necessary, the appointment of a co-supervisor and / or consultant may be done
7. Determination of Field of Research
The determination of field of research shall be done prior to a candidate’s embarkation on research
work
8. Submission of Research Report
i) A candidate shall be permitted to submit his/her research report not later than one month
before the commencement of the examination date
ii) Notice for the submission of the research report will be given when the candidate submits the
title of the research project for approval.
9. Examination assessment
The assessment for the examination for the coursework component shall be based on the following
marking scheme stipulated in the following University of Malaya document:
University of Malaya (Master’s Degree) Rules and Regulations 2010
26
(A) Marking Scheme
Mark
80-100
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
<35
Grade
A
AB+
B
BC+
C
CD+
D
F
Grade Point
4.00
3.70
3.30
3.00
2.70
2.30
2.00
1.70
1.50
1.00
0.00
Meaning
Excellent
Pass
Conditional Pass
Fail
For the purpose of this paragraph, a Conditional Pass means a pass in the course concerned if the CGPA
is 3.0 or greater in the semester the course is taken.
Grade I is given when —
(a) A candidate did not take the final examination for any course in a semester on medical or
compassionate grounds and the grade is recommended by the Committee of Examiners; or
(b) A portion of the candidate’s course requirements has not been completed due to reasons
beyond the candidate’s control that may be accepted by the Committee of Examiners
concerned.
In situation (a), the candidate is permitted to take the examination for the course concerned without
being required to attend the course again. In situation (b), the candidate is permitted to complete the
relevant portion of the course at the first opportunity in the following semester.
In both situations (a) and (b), the candidate must register to attend the course concerned when offered
in the immediate following semester. However, no fees will be imposed for the registration of the
course concerned and the credit hours concerned shall not be taken into account in the number of
credit hours that can be registered in a semester.
A candidate shall be given a zero mark for the final examination for the course or the portion of the
course requirement concerned if he did not—
a) register and take the final examination for the course concerned when it is offered in the
immediate following semester; or
27
(b) where applicable, did not complete that portion of his course requirements at the first
opportunity in the following semester.
The mark that is obtained in the final examination of the portion of the course requirement for a course
as mentioned above shall be added to the mark for the course that is given a Grade I in order to obtain
the actual grade for that course.
A candidate who is given a Grade I for a course shall not be permitted to repeat the course under any
circumstances until the Grade I is dropped.
Grades (Grade K, P, S, U, R, W, W1,W2, UW) other than the grades as shown in the marking scheme may
also be given to a candidate for courses attended by him (Appendix 2.1: University of Malaya (Master’s
Degree) Rules and Regulations 2010- Arrangements and Regulations).
(B) Minimum requirements of study
To fulfill the minimum requirements of study at the University, the candidate –
a) Must obtain a GPA and CGPA of not less than 3.00 in every semester until the completion of his
studies.
b) The Faculty shall determine before the first semester in any academic session and inform the
candidate early, the courses for which it is compulsory to pass with specific minimum grades.
c) For any courses for which it is compulsory to pass with a specific minimum grade, a candidate
shall repeat any course with a grade less than the minimum grade so as to obtain the required
minimum grade within the maximum period of his candidature. A candidate who obtains a
grade less than the minimum pass grade after three attempts for a course for which it is
required to obtain shall be terminated from his programme of study.
(C) Academic Probationary Period
Any candidate with a GPA below 3.00 in any semester shall be given Probation and placed under an
Academic Probationary Period in the following normal semester. The Period shall continue until the
candidate has achieved a GPA of 3.00.
When a candidate has been placed under an Academic Probationary Period in any semester, the Dean
of the Faculty shall issue a warning to the candidate and inform him of the status of his progress. The
warning must contain a clear statement of what is deemed as ―satisfactory progress and what the
candidate is required to do to achieve it.
(D) Failed and Terminated
A candidate may be terminated from his programme of study if:
28
a) He does not achieve, after three attempts, at least the minimum pass grade for the course for
which the Faculty has made compulsory to obtain in order to pass;
b) He has obtained a GPA of less than 3.00 but more than 2.00 for three consecutive normal
semesters.
c) He has obtained a GPA of less than 2.00 in two consecutive normal semesters.
Any candidate readmitted after having failed and terminated and obtains an academic performance
which is less than satisfactory and is deemed as failed and terminated under these regulations, may be
terminated from his programme of study.
ASSESSMENT
Methods of candidate assessment: Candidates’ assessment methods consist of formative and
summative components and are described as below. These assessments represent the integrated
assessment of the candidates’ cognitive, psychomotor and effective aspects. The formative assessments
include the following
Formative assessments
These are on-going assessments for all the courses which comprise
i) Question & Answer sessions
ii) Quizzes
iii) Continuous feedback and 3 monthly progress report by supervisor based on candidate’s
progress with regards to time; skills development, independent work and direction of research
iv) Assignments and Report on comparative study of oral health systems
v) Practical exercises
vi) Presentations
Summative Assessments
Summative assessment for each course in this programme consists of two components which are:
i) Viva, research report, and
ii) Final examination
Each course in the MCOH programme has its own weightage of each of these two types of assessments
as shown below.
Course and Assessment
DPGA 6101 – Fundamentals of Dental Public health and Primary Health Care
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 50%(assignments)
b) Final examination contributes 50%
c) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
29
DPGA 6102 – Social and Behavioural Science in Dentistry
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 50% (case study report and oral presentation)
b) Final examination contributes 50%
c) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
DPGA 6103 – Health Promotion
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 50% (assignments and oral presentation)
b) Final examination contributes 50%
c) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
DPGA 6104 – Preventive Dentistry
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 50% (assignments)
b) Final examination contributes 50%
c) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
DPGA 6105 – Epidemiology of Oral Conditions
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 50% (assignments)
b) Final examination contributes 50%
c) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
DPGA 6106 – Jurisprudence and Professional Ethics
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 50% (assignments)
b) Final examination contributes 50%
c) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
DPGA 6107 – Research Methodology in Health Systems
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 50% (assignments)
b) Final examination contributes 50%
c) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
30
DPGA 6170 – Administration in Dental Public Health and Updates in Dentistry
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 100% (assignments)
b) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
DPGA 6171 – Comparative Study of the Oral Health Care Delivery Systems
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 100% (field visit & outbound report)
b) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
DPGA 6180 – Research Project
a) Final examination contributes 100% (research report and viva voce)
b) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
Elective Courses (MOGB6109–Principles of Biostatistics, MOGB 6110-Management in
Health, MOGB 6301-Epidemiology of Diseases in Malaysia, MOGR 6302- Public Health
Nutrition, MOGB 6303-Producing Better Evidence, MOGB 6305-Health Economics, MOGR
6303- Qualitative Inquiry in Public Health)
a) Continuous Assessment contributes 50% (assignments, practical exercises, seminars)
b) Final examination contributes 50% (written examination, research proposal)
b) Final result will either be PASS or FAIL with GRADES
31
DIRECTORY OF ACADEMIC STAFF
1
2
3
4
5
6
Name
Prof. Dato’ Dr. Ishak
Abdul Razak
Prof. Datin Dr.
Rashidah Esa
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Roslan Saub
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Zamros Yuzadi Mohd
Yusof
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Jennifer Geraldine
Doss
Dr. Norintan Abd
Murat
7
Dr. Asma’ Mohamed
8
Dr. Nor Azlida Mohd
Nor
9
Dr. Marhazlinda
Jamaluddin
Initial
Course/Area
Health Promotion
Ethics of Jurisprudence
Social Behavioral Science
Phone
03-79676482
E-mail
ishakar@um.edu.my
03-79674893
rashidah@um.edu.my
RS
Epidemiology & Research
Methodology
03-79674888
roslans@um.edu.my
03-79672472
zamros@um.edu.my
ZY
Health Promotion
Social Behavioral Science,
Research Methodology &
Healthcare services
Health Promotion &
Preventive Health
Management
Oral Health Financing
03-79672478
jendoss@um.edu.my
03-79674860
norintan@um.edu.my
03-79674887
asmar@um.edu.my
Preventive Dentistry
03-79676486
azlida@um.edu.my
IAR
RE
JD
NI
AM
AZ
MJ
Research Methodology
-
marhazlinda@um.edu.my
32
DEPARTMENT FACILITIES
The department has adequate and excellent physical facilities to support the process of learning and
research activities for this programme. The facilities available at the department are as listed in the table
below.
No.
Number of Staff
assigned (if relevant)
Capacity
Laboratories:
 Communication Lab
1
6
2 (Dental Surgery Assistants)
Classrooms:
 Seminar Room
 Discussion Room
1
1
15
8
1 (PTO)
1 (PTO)
10
2 (Dental Surgery Assistants)
2 (Dental Surgery Assistants)
Department Facilities
Clinics:
 Preventive Clinic
 Oral Health
Education
Resource centre
Research Room
Store Room
Current
5
1
1
1
1
20 + 5 Research
Assistants
Storage facility
2 (Dental Surgery Assistants)
Research Assistants / Dental Surgery
Assistants
Dental Surgery Assistants / Research
Assistants
* There are other resources and facilities at the faculty that can be shared with other faculty’s
programmes.
The communication lab provides an avenue to the candidates to enhance their communication
skills. This lab is installed with one way mirror separating the room into two parts; the
observation and action. The action room is equipped with dental chair and the observation is
equipped with sound system. The equipment in this lab will be further improved.
All teaching and learning activities for the postgraduate are done in the seminar room. This
multipurpose seminar room is flexible to accommodate and facilitate the various learning
33
activities. The dismantled tables were designed to provide more flexible arrangement to
accommodate with the teaching and learning activities.
The candidates may use the discussion room at the department. This room provides space for
the candidates to do informal discussion with their lecturers. This will also enhance the
candidates’ interaction with staff of the department.
The department also has five (5) preventive clinics. These clinics are mainly used to treat
patients who require clinical preventive procedures such topical fluoride on patients who are
undergoing radiotherapy and cleft patients. The postgraduate candidates are encouraged to use
these clinics.
Oral Health Education Clinic (OHE clinic) allows the candidates to provide oral health education
to their patients in a non-threatening environment. This clinic is equipped with oral health
education materials such as poster, tooth models, pamphlets etc.
34
The department has its own collections of books and related public health documents. These
collections are made accessible to the candidates to facilitate their learning. Currently, these
collections are kept in the seminar room and monitored by sister.
Our department is actively involved in oral health community projects. We have a resource
centre to prepare oral health materials such as poster etc. We have become a resource centre
for other departments in the faculty for the oral health education materials.
35
LIST OF LITERATURE
Fundamental of Dental Public Health and Primary Health Care
1.
Pine CM, Harris R (2007). Community Oral Health. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd.
2.
Dubos R (1965). Man Adapting. Yale University Press: London
3.
Lllich I. (1977), Limits to medicine. Penguin Books.
4.
McKeown T. (1984). The Role of Medicine. Basil Blackwell. Oxford.
5.
Cochrane AL. Effectiveness and efficiency. The Nuffield Provincial Hospital Trust: London
Social and Behavioural Science in Dentistry
1.
Pine CM, Harris R. (2007). Community Oral Health. Quintessence Pub. Co. Ltd.
2.
Helman CG (2007). Culture health and illness. 5th ed. Oxford University Press
3.
Locker D (1989). An introduction to Behavioural Science in Dentistry. Tavistock/Routledge,
London.
4.
Graham S. (ed) (2003). Sociology as Applied to Medicine 5th ed. Saunders.
5.
Spector RE (2004). Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Health Promotion
1.
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion,
Ottawa, 21 November 1986.
2.
Green LW, Kreuter MW. Health promotion planning: an educational and ecological approach.
3rd ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Pub. Co., 1999
3.
Egger G, Spark R, Lawson J, Donovan R. Health promotion strategies and methods 2nd edition.
Sydney: McGraw-Hill 2007.
4.
Cottrell RR, Girvan JT, McKenzie JF. Principles & foundations of health promotion and education.
4th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
5.
Murray RB, Zentner JP, Yakimo R. Health promotion strategies through the life span. 8th ed.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.
6.
McKenzie JE, Thackeray R, Neiger BL. Planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion
programs: a primer. 5th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2009
Preventive Dentistry
1.
Azarpazhooh A, Main PA (2008). Pit and Fissure Sealants in the prevention of dental caries in
children and adolescent: A Systematic Review. JCDA, 74(2):179-183.
2.
BASCD (2007). Delivering Better Oral Health: An evidence based toolkit for prevention.
3.
Davies GM, Ellwood RP, Kay EJ. Prevention (2003). Part 4: Toothbrushing: What advice should be
given to patients; BDJ; 195:135-141
4.
Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F (2004). Primary Preventive Dentistry. 6th ed. New Jersey: Pearson
Prentice Hall.
5.
Murray JJ, Nunn JH. and Steele JG (2003). Prevention of Oral Disease. 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
36
Epidemiology of Oral Conditions
1.
Pine CM, Harris (ed) (2007). Community Oral Health. Berlin: Quintessence Publications.(Chapter
7: principles and methods of oral epidemiology)
2.
Daly B, Watt R, Batchelor P, Treasure E (2003). Essential Dental Public Health. New York: Oxford
University Press
3.
Beaglehole R., Bonita R., Kjellstrom T (1993). Basic Epidemiology. Geneva: World Health
Organization
4.
Gordis L (2004). Epidemiology. Third edition. USA: Elsevier.
Jurisprudence and Professional Ethics
1.
International Law Book Services (2003). Dental Act 1971 (Act 51) & Regulations.
2.
Sear J., Walters L. (l991), Law and Ethics in Dentistry. Wright, London
3.
Malaysian Dental Council (2008), Code of Professional Conduct
Research Methodology in Health Systems
1.
Shi, Leiyu. Health Services Research Methods. 2nd Edition. USA: International Thompson
Publishing, 2008.
2.
Crosby RA, DiClemente RJ, Salazar LF. Research methods in Health Promotion. USA:Jossey-Bass,
2006.
3.
Kim J, Dailey R. Biostatistics for oral healthcare. USA: Wiley: Blackwell, 2008
4.
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) 2004.
5.
Brownson RC, Baker EA, Leet L, Gillespie KN. (2003) Evidence-based Public Health, Oxford
University Press.
Comparative Study of the Oral Health Care Delivery Systems
1.
Pine CM, Harris(ed) (2007). Community Oral Health. Berlin: Quintessence Publications.(Chapter
7: principles and methods of oral epidemiology)
2.
Daly B, Watt R, Batchelor P, Treasure E (2003). Essential Dental Public Health. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Research Project
1.
Shi, Leiyu. Health Services Research Methods. 2nd Edition. USA: International Thompson
Publishing, 2008.
2.
Crosby RA, DiClemente RJ, Salazar LF. Research methods in Health Promotion. USA:Jossey-Bass,
2006.
3.
Kim J, Dailey R. Biostatistics for oral healthcare. USA: Wiley: Blackwell, 2008
4.
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) 2004.
5.
Basic Survey Methods. 4th Edition. WHO, 1997
6.
Brownson RC, Baker EA, Leet L, Gillespie KN. (2003) Evidence-based Public Health, Oxford
University Press.
7.
http://www.bdj.co.uk/about/consort.shtml
8.
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2006). Uniform Requirements for
37
9.
10.
Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals; Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication.
http://www.rcmje.org/
Paul Glasziou, Jan Vandenbroucke and Iain Chalmers. Assessing the quality of research. BMJ
2004;328;39-41.
http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/guidelines
38