1
Supplementary Information: Māori cloaks
Museum development in New Zealand
In the opening decades of the 19th century, European contact with the indigenous Māori
people in New Zealand was limited to interactions with whalers, sealers and early
missionaries. Māori were tribally based traders, hunters, farmers, fishers, skilful carvers and
weavers, linked by genealogy, trade and sporadic warfare (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). In 1840
the Māori population of approximately 80,000 outnumbered the 2000 or so permanent
European settlers (Pool 1991). These demographics quickly changed with a massive influx of
European migrants and diseases which decimated the Māori population. The establishment of
museums, archives and libraries in New Zealand was aligned with the development of new
settler communities and new settlements. This increase in European settlement led to the
establishment of a national museum in 1865, with at least 10 museums operating by 1874:
Nelson (1841), Wellington (1865), Napier (1865), New Plymouth (1865), Auckland (1867),
Dunedin (1868), Christchurch (1870), Invercargill (1872), Marlborough (circa 1873) and
Hokitika (circa 1874) (Henare 2005).
These museums focused on building a rich repository of geological, natural history and
ethnographic artefacts from New Zealand and Oceania. Collections were organised and
presented according to the collector or curator’s values and view of the world (Townsend
2008). Museum curators built up collections by networking extensively with colleagues, and
exchanging and purchasing artefacts and specimens between museums, societies and dealers
(Hooper-Greenhill 2000; McLean 2000; McCarthy 2004; Day 2005; Henare 2005; Townsend
2008). Curators also travelled throughout the country to buy museum specimens of fauna and
flora and cultural artefacts, although it was apparently often difficult to obtain “articles of
2
historical value” from the Māori tribes (e.g. The Star, 26 August 1908). These collections
thus included many examples of Māori art, including the prestigious kiwi feather cloaks
(kahukiwi) that are analysed in the research under scrutiny (Hartnup et al. 2011).
An example of collection development: Te Papa Tongarewa
The largest sample of kahukiwi in the paper under scrutiny (n = 27, Hartnup et al. 2011) are
from the collections at Te Papa Tongarewa (Table 1 suppl.). Te Papa was initially called the
Colonial Museum, and opened behind Parliament Buildings shortly after Parliament moved
to Wellington in 1865. It became known as the Dominion Museum in 1907 and later Te Papa
Tongarewa when the museum and National Art Gallery were united in 1998. The Colonial
Museum was led by Sir James Hector, a Scottish geologist, naturalist and surgeon, until 1903,
when Augustus Hamilton, an English ethnologist and biologist, became the Director (see Dell
1965; McCarthy 2004).
The Colonial Museum’s first collections included more than 500 rock, fossil and mineral
duplicates from Hector’s 1862 geological survey of central Otago (Nathan & Varham 2008)
as well as other materials such as the collections of the New Zealand Society (also known as
the New Zealand Institute and now the Royal Society of New Zealand), Walter Mantell’s
collection, private donor collections and a number of Māori artefacts. By September 1866,
Hector had acquired “9,297 specimens of rocks, minerals and fossils, 2,846 specimens of
shells and 1,811 specimens of natural history including woods, fishes, wools, native
implements, weapons, dresses, etc” (Dell 1965). The museum acquired and re-erected Te Hau
ki Tūranga, a large carved meeting house built in the 1840s by leading Rongowhakaata chief
and master carver Raharuhi Rukupō (McCarthy 2004). Like many, entangled objects “of that
time, the acquisition was “embroiled in a conflict is almost impossible to unravel” (McCarthy
2004). Te Hau ki Tūranga became a renowned attraction which set precedence for other
3
regional museums to procure their own meeting houses (e.g. Canterbury museum and Samuel
Locke acquired Hau-te-ana-nui-o-Tangaroa for £290 from the Ngāti Porou tribe of the East
Coast of the North Island of New Zealand) (Henare 2005). There was some criticism that
Hector had however neglected ethnological collecting in favour of natural science (Henare
2005). A number of significant collections of Māori artefacts had passed into foreign
institution ownership (e.g. ethnographer John White sold a large and important collection of
Maori jade artefacts to an English buyer) and as a result the Maori Antiquities Act was passed
in 1901 to “restrict the export of . . . [Maori] artefacts and a proposal was soon made for the
establishment of a National Maori Museum” (Henare 2005). Hector was replaced, and
Hamilton appointed Director.
Augustus Hamilton was a member of the New Zealand Institute and an avid collector of
Māori artefacts. He had been part of the Hawke's Bay Philosophical Institute, where he
exhibited items of interest at meetings and assisted in the establishment of the institute's
museum (Dell 2010). On his arrival at the Colonial Museum, Hamilton set about collecting “a
representative series of specimens of Maori art and workmanship” (Dell 1965). One of his
first duties as Director was reporting on two collections of Māori material, the Butterworth
and Hammond collections, which were purchased by the Government. James Butterworth, a
dealer of Māori, curios in the Taranaki region was perhaps the largest dealer in Māori
artefacts in New Zealand from 1890-1903 (Day 2005). Butterworth produced at least three
sales catalogues, including feather cloaks such as a muka and peacock feather cloak (Lot 70,
1895, 1901, 1905 catalogues; Day 2005).
A number of other dealers also operated during this period (for example, Eric Craig
(Auckland), Edward Spencer (Auckland), Sygvard Dannefaerd (Auckland and Rotorua), and
David Bowman (Christchurch); Day 2005). Day notes that collectors used a wide range
means and a number of networks to could obtain items for their collections: finding them by
4
curio-hunting over former Māori occupation sites, looting burial grounds (such as James
Robieson in the Rotorua region (Watt 1990)), and obtaining artefacts directly from Māori,
either by purchase or in lieu of cash payment for services.
On Hamilton’s sudden death in 1913, his private collection was bought by the museum and
this, together with the material he had collected during his comparatively short time as
Director, “laid the foundations for a valuable ethnological collection”. By this time the
museum had been renamed the Dominion Museum in 1907 and employed Elsdon Best as a
‘temporary clerical assistant’ from 1910 until his death in 1931. The new Director was Dr. J.
A. Thomson, who apparently revitalised the museum, improving its organisation and
instituting effective policies for improved curatorial practices and active research
(Hornibrook 2010).
Important contributors to museum collections in New Zealand
Here, we focus on some of the main contributors to museums where many feather cloaks
have been deposited, and in particular those museums represented in the research on kahukiwi
(Hartnup et al. 2011). We show that considerable background knowledge exists about
collectors, and in many cases knowledge of these collectors could be expanded with historical
scholarship, particularly with regard to specific artefacts. Elsdon Best (1856 – 1931) was a
farm worker, soldier, sawmiller, health inspector, ethnographer and writer who spent much of
his time researching pre-European Māori. Best was a foundation member of the Polynesian
Society (a society that promoted the study and recording of Polynesian history and culture)
and interviewed Māori elders, collecting and researching Māori tribal history and lore. Best
joined the road-making team in Urewera district 1895 where he combined anthropological
and ethnographical work with those of paymaster and storeman. While in the Urewera, he
formed a close working partnership with his key informants Tutakangahau and Paitini Wi
5
Tapeka of Maungapohatu while maintaining his relationship with the Polynesian Society and
the national museum (Sissons 2010). His links with the national museum were officially
recognised, after intense lobbying by Walter Gudgeon, Percy Smith, Edward Tregear and Te
Rangi Hiroa (Peter Buck), with the establishment of a position specifically for Best at the
Dominion Museum, Wellington in 1910. Best spent the next 20 years producing works on a
range of Māori subjects (Sissons 2010). Historical records provide evidence that while in the
Urewera, he obtained Māori artefacts, including kahukiwi, for the museum collection (see, for
example, Evening Post, 29 May 1899). Letters between Best and Hamilton from 1905-1906
similarly contain specific orders for Maori items (Tamarapa 2011).
Gilbert Mair was associated with the Te Arawa tribe in the eastern North Island for much of
his life (his collection of 236 Māori artefacts was deposited in and later purchased by
Auckland Museum). As an agent for Alexander Turnbull, Sir Walter Buller and the Auckland
and Dominion museums, Mair assisted in the purchase and removal of many valuable
carvings from the Rotorua district, and was described as “a keen and not always completely
ethical collector of Maori artefacts” (Savage 2010). Alexander Turnbull (1868-1918) was
another early collector who amassed a substantial collection of Māori, Pacific and New
Zealand material. In 1913 he made an anonymous donation of some 500 items of Māori and
Pacific Islands artefacts to the Dominion Museum. “As a colonial collector, sensitive to the
nationalism of the 1890s, he committed himself to the creation of a national collection of
everything relating to New Zealand and its environs, to document the creation of a new
society in the south-west Pacific, and to serve the first generation of indigenous scholars, his
colleagues and friends” (Traue 2010).
Walter Buller (1838-1906) is regarded as New Zealand’s best known ornithologist of the 19th
century and one of New Zealand’s most controversial science figures. Widely regarded for
his monumental bird books (e.g. A history of the birds of New Zealand, the first edition in
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1872–73 and the second in 1887–88), Buller’s reputation as a bird collector has
overshadowed his scientific achievements (Bartle & Tennyson 2009). Buller collected birds
for more than 50 years (1852–1903). Buller’s three main collections document a period
which coincides with a major phase of New Zealand bird extinction associated with European
settlement and the introduction of mammals (Nathan & Varham 2008). The first of
collection, which contained 310 specimens, was purchased by the New Zealand government
for the Colonial Museum in 1871. The second collection of 728 specimens was sold to the
Hon. Walter Rothschild for the Tring Museum, London and the third collection of 588
specimens was sold to the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, U.S.A (Bartle & Tennyson 2009).
Provenance of specimens and artefacts
The failure of the Colonial Museum, and many of New Zealand’s early museums, to
document and care for natural history collections can be seen in the early work on birds
during the nineteenth century (Bartle & Tennyson 2009); work that is primarily associated
with Walter Buller and his colleagues. The lack of field expertise was compounded by poor
curatorial practices, inadequate premises, limited storage facilities and ad hoc record-keeping
(Tennyson & Martinson 2009). There was frequently poor matching of historical and
reference datasets by collectors, curators and New Zealand museums in the colonial period,
including Buller’s collections (Bartle & Tennyson 2009). Nonetheless, alternative avenues of
research or verification are possible when examining provenance where little or no original
data are available (Bartle & Tennyson 2009). For example, Buller did not catalogue his
specimens, or label them except for sale when he removed all collectors‟ labels. Specimens
in the first collection carried only numbered tags (Bartle & Tennyson 2009). Bartle and
Tennyson note that a vital first step in the identification of Buller collection specimens was to
match the distinctive numbered tags attached to the birds with the system used in his sale
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lists. Most of Buller’s first collection was lost and very likely destroyed at the Colonial
Museum in the late nineteenth century owing to a shortage of resources and neglect. Analysis
of specimen collection dates for Buller’s collections indicate that the prime purpose of their
acquisition was for sale not research. It seems likely that Rothschild’s interest in New
Zealand birds was important in motivating Buller during the main period of his collecting
from 1886 to 1896.
Hawke’s Bay Museum – the McLean family
More than 850 items were donated to the Hawke’s Bay museum in the early and mid 20th
century by members of the McLean (also written MacLean) family. Sir Donald McLean
(1820-1877) was a dominant figure in Māori and Government relations in the mid-19th
century, and an avid collector of Māori artefacts during this tumultuous period. McLean
arrived in New Zealand in 1840: by 1844 he was working in Taranaki for the Aboriginal
Protectorate Department. As Chief Native Land Purchase Commissioner for the government,
he drove major land purchase activities in Taranaki and Hawke’s Bay and was appointed the
head of the Native Affairs Department in 1856. However, his support of the disputed Waitara
land purchase led to the outbreak of war in Taranaki in the early 1860s. McLean then
retreated from central government to the Hawke’s Bay in 1861, and built up his large and
profitable estates. He was elected Superintendent of the Hawke's Bay Province in 1863 and
returned to Wellington as an elected politician in 1866 (Ward 2010). Through the later 1860s
McLean was in charge of the campaign against the Māori prophet Te Kooti on the East Coast
and from 1869 until just before his death in early 1877 he was the Minister in charge of
Native Affairs (Alexander Turnbull library n.d.). McLean amassed a significant collection of
Māori artefacts from different parts of the country. However, the collection was given to the
Hawke’s Bay museum on the proviso that the collection remained in the Napier area because
8
of the large number of local Māori artefacts (provenance notes received from T. Cracknell,
Hawke’s Bay museum).
Examining provenance and historical information in old newspapers
Our examination of provenance notes provided by the Wanganui Museum indicate that for
the 22 accession numbers we were able to trace from Hartnup et al.’s study (2011), only two
cloaks were lent by the same donor. Yet 12 of these cloaks have donor or location details
strongly suggestive of local, west coast origins, in contrast to one other that originates from
Rotorua. It would therefore be possible to explore hypotheses about cloak making origins and
feather trading further, by matching individual provenance data and DNA haplotypes and
using historical evidence, to reach more revealing conclusions than those presented.
In order to build a possible profile for the provenance and historical evidence we briefly
investigated potential locations for feather cloakmaking identified in newspapers of the time.
This revealed three further sites where kahukiwi were probably woven during the period in
question (the upper Wanganui, Daily Southern Cross, 26 August 1856; Taupo, The Star, 21
April 1873 and Otago Daily Times, 30 August 1898; and Taranaki, Wanganui Herald, 7
December 1909) in addition to the eastern North Island weaving stronghold suggested by
Hartnup et al. Our search also identified a range of specific details about cloak weaving; for
example, identifying an accomplished feather cloak weaver (Thames Star 22 May 1914).
Other newspaper archives recorded the London auction of a distinctive kiwi cloak with two
panels of albino feathers (mentioned in at least eight English language newspapers in New
Zealand e.g. Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1899). This cloak was apparently destined for the
Natural History Museum London, and is superficially similar to one recorded in the British
Museum that was sampled in the study of Hartnup et al. We conclude that newspapers, letters
and other historical records, as well as other forms of contemporary evidence, can provide
9
detailed information on provenance.
10
References
Alexander Turnbull Library (nd) Scope and contents of the Donald McLean papers.
http://mp.natlib.govt.nz/static/introduction-mclean-scope?l=en.
Bartle JA, Tennyson AJD (2009) History of Walter Buller’s collections of New Zealand
birds. Tuhinga, 20, 81-136.
Day K (2005) James Butterworth and the Old Curiosity Shop, New Plymouth, Taranaki.
Tuhinga, 16, 93-126.
Dell RK (1965) Dominion Museum 1865-1965. Dominion Museum, Wellington.
Dell RK (2010) 'Hamilton, Augustus - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand
Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/2h8/1.
Hartnup, K., et al. (2011) Ancient DNA recovers the origins of Māori feather cloaks.
Molecular Biology and Evolution 28, 2741-2750.
Henare AJM (2005) Museums, Anthropology and Imperial Exchange. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
Hooper-Greenhill E (2000) Museums and the interpretation of visual culture. Routledge,
London.
Hornibrook NDB (2010) 'Thomson, James Allan - Biography', from the Dictionary of New
Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/3t33/1.
McCarthy C (2004) From curio to taonga: A genealogy of display at New Zealand’s National
Museum 1965-2001. PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, NZ.
McLean G (2000) Where sheep may not safely graze. A brief history of New Zealand’s
heritage movement 1890-2000. In: Common ground? Heritage and public places in
New Zealand. (Trapeznik A, ed), pp. 25-44, Otago University Press, Dunedin.
11
Nathan S, Varham M eds (2008) The amazing world of James Hector. Awa Press,
Wellington.
Pool, D.I. (1991) Te iwi Maori: A New Zealand population, past, present & projected.
Auckland University Press, Auckland.
Savage P (2010) ‘Mair, Gilbert – Biography’, from the Dictionary of New Zealand
Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1m4/1.
Sissons J (2010) ‘Best, Elsdon – Biography’, from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/2b20/1.
Starecka DC,Neich R, Pendergrast M (2010) Taonga Māori in the British Museum Te Papa
Press, Wellington.
Tamarapa A (2011) The cloaks of Te Papa. In: Whatu Kakahu Maori Cloaks, pp. 95-175.Te
Papa Press, Wellington.
Townsend LM (2008) Seen But Not Heard? Collecting the History of New Zealand
Childhood. MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, NZ.
Traue JE (2010) 'Turnbull, Alexander Horsburgh - Biography', from the Dictionary of New
Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/2t53/1.
Tennyson AJD, Martinson P (2007) Extinct birds of New Zealand. Te Papa Press,
Wellington.
Waitangi Tribunal (2011) Ko Aotearoa tēnei: A report into claims concerning law and policy
affecting Māori culture and identity. Te taumata tuatahi - Vol 1: Wai 262 Waitangi
Tribunal Report 2011. Legislation Direct.
12
Ward A (2010) 'McLean, Donald - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand
Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1m38/1
Watt RJ (1990) The fake Maori artefacts of James Edward Little and James Frank Robieson.
Victoria University of Wellington, NZ.
13
Table 1 Online supplement. Kahukiwi accession numbers used in this research (based on
accession numbers from previous molecular kiwi data (Hartnup et al. 2011)), along with
accompanying records from the museums (including provenance where known). Details
provided by T. Cracknell, Kaitiaki Taonga Māori, Hawke’s Bay Museum and Art Gallery; A.
Holloway, Collection Manager, Horniman Museum; D. Pike, Collection Manager, Waikato
Museum; and P. Nugent-Lyne, Collection Manager, Wanganui Regional Museum. Details of
the British Museum kahukiwi were taken from Starecka et al. (2010). No information was
received from Auckland Museum and Canterbury Museum. Kahukiwi in the Te Papa
collection do not have any associated provenance data (R. Te Kanawa, pers. comm.).
Museum
Sample
Museum
identifier
accession
Haplotype
Accompanying information
3, 4 & 8
Donated by C.H. Waterlow
number
British
Kahukiwi/
1913.6-12.2
Feather cloak
British
Kahukiwi/
Rotorua c.1890
1914.12-15.1
8
1933.10-17.1
None
Donated by Mrs H.J Tozer
Feather cloak
British
Kahukiwi/
Donated by Mrs A.E. Long.
Collected by donor’s father in
Feather cloak
1878
British
Kahukiwi/
1938.11-14.1
None
Donated by Mrs E. CareyHill. Presented to donor’s
Feather cloak
husband c.1875
British
Kahukiwi/
Q19820C.704
8
Unknown acquisition source
Feather cloak
British
Kahukiwi
Oc82726
Accession number not found
ie that recorded by Hartnup et
al. does not match any
records
British
Kahukiwi/
Q19820C.736
8 & 10
Unknown acquisition source
14
Feather cloak
British
Kahukiwi/
Q19820C.737
8, 9 & 10
Feather cloak
British
Kahukiwi/
Unknown acquisition source.
Wanganui c.1890
Q19950C.4
10 & 8
Unknown acquisition source
2554
8&9
Donated by Lady Florence
Feather cloak
Hawke’s Bay
Hawke’s Bay
Kahukiwi
MacLean
Kahukiwi/
2567
8
Feather cloak
Donated by Mrs G. Chapman
(Havelock North). Number
2657 updated to 2567 on
Hawkes’ Bay System Id.
Hawke’s Bay
Hawke’s Bay
Kahukiwi
26077
8, 9 & 13
MacLean
Kahukiwi/
2624
8 & 11
Feather cloak
Hawke’s Bay
Donated by Lady Florence
Kahukiwi
/cloak
Donated by Mrs M.L. Smith
(Napier)
2633
5
Donated by Misses Grant
(Napier)
15
Hawke’s Bay
Hawke’s Bay
Hawke’s Bay
Hawke’s Bay
Hawke’s
Bay
Hawke’s
Bay
Hawke’s
Kahukiwi/
Kahukiwi/
Kahukiwi/
2641
3&5
Donated by Mrs P.S.
MacLean (Napier)
2642
8 & 11
Donated by Mrs E.W. Navin
(Hawke’s Bay)
Feather cloak
Kahukiwi/
Donated by Lady Florence
MacLean
Feather cloak
2643
8, 9 & 10
Donated by J. Kelly
Feather cloak
Kahukiwi/
264
8, 10 &
Feather cloak
4
11(Hastings)
Kahukiwi/
264
Feather cloak
6
Kahukiwi
264
8
Kahukiwi
264
Donated by Mr A.R. Wilkie
Donated by Lady
Florence MacLean
3&8
7
Unknown
acquisition source
none
9
Bay
Hawke’s Bay
7
Feather cloak
Bay
Hawke’s
2637
Donated by Mrs
G. Chapman
(Havelock North)
Kahukiwi
2653
8
Donated by Lady Florence
MacLean
Hawke’s Bay
Kahukiwi
2654
8 & 11
Donated by Lady Florence
MacLean
Hawke’s Bay
Kahukiwi
4909
8&9
Donated by Lady Florence
MacLean. Purchased from
Masterton/North Island.
Number 4009 updated to
4909 on Hawkes’ Bay
System Id.
Horniman
37.82
3&5
Gift by Mr A A Allen
NN907
8 & 10
No additional information
Public
Horniman
Public
16
Horniman
1974.11
5
Mrs C Curle
Waikato
L2004/17/7
3&5
Late 20th century in origin
Waikato
L2004/10/1
3
Late 20th century in origin
Waikato
L2004/6/1
3
Late 20th century in origin
Waikato
L2004/17/30
Did not
Late 20th century in origin
Public
amplify
Wanganui
Kahukiwi
1977.1.1
5&7
Regional
Wanganui
Huna
Kahu huruhuru
1970.4
5&3
Regional
Wanganui
Donated by Mrs Jury Te
kiwi and weka feather cloak.
Donated by Mr Pargeter
Kahukiwi
1953.26
8
Regional
kiwi and mixed feathers.
Donated by Mrs Gwen
Campbell
Wanganui
W_SHENTO
Accession number not found
Regional
N_COLL
ie that recorded by Hartnup
et al. does not match any
records
Wanganui
Kahukiwi/
1980.70
2
Donated by Mrs Vivien
Regional
Korowai
Boyd. Lilian May Day
whakahekeheke
(1883-1949) was
given/purchased cloak
by/from Guide Rangi after
the Duke and Duchess of
Windsor visited in the 1920s.
Wanganui
Kahukiwi
1957.146
5
Regional
Wanganui
Donated by Mrs Tape
Tahana
Kahukiwi
1992.29.1
3, 5 & 8
Donated by Mrs Ina Handley
Kahukiwi
2001.46.1
8&9
Donated by Mrs Koria
Regional
Wanganui
Regional
Wanganui
Davidson
W1802.700
Accession number not found
17
Regional
ie that recorded by Hartnup
et al. does not match any
records
Wanganui
Kahukiwi
2002.110
3, 5, 8 & 13
Regional
Donated by Mrs Carolyn
Cook. Purchased in
Wanganui between 18891914 by Robert MacKenzie
Gatenby
Wanganui
Kahukiwi /
Regional
Kahu huruhuru
1948.64.3
8 & 10
kiwi, kakapo, tui, kereru
feathers. Donated by Mr A R
Harris
Wanganui
Kahukiwi
1802.29
8
Unknown acquisition source
Kahukiwi
1968.100.2
8, 9 & 10
Donated by Mrs Patohe
Regional
Wanganui
Regional
Stephens. Made by Tarahira
Kereti I.
Wanganui
Kahukiwi
1802.24
5
Unknown acquisition source
Regional
Wanganui
W1802.21
Accession number not found
Regional
ie that recorded by Hartnup
et al. does not match any
records
Wanganui
W_R_STEAD
Accession number not found
Regional
MAN
ie that recorded by Hartnup
et al. does not match any
records
Wanganui
Kahukiwi
1936.33.1
9, 10 & 11
Regional
Wanganui
Purchased from Te Mutu
1936
Kahukiwi
1802.25
3, 6 & 7
Unknown acquisition source
Kahukiwi
1977.4
5, 8 & 10
Donated by Mr & Mrs
Regional
Wanganui
Regional
Gerald Caccia-Birch
Presented to W.J. Birch of
18
Oruamatua and later
Erewhon Station, Inland
Patea by a Maori Chief
between 1867-1900
Wanganui
Kahukiwi/
1802.26
5
kereru, kaka, kiwi feathers.
Regional
Kahu huruhuru
Wanganui
Kahukiwi
1953.22
8 & 10
Donated by Mrs H Cowper
Kahukiwi
1959.125.1
3&5
Donated by Mr Garry Craig
Kahukiwi
1957.14
None
Donated by Misses M & R
Donated by Mrs JW Garner
Regional
Wanganui
Regional
Wanganui
Regional
Beckett