Links
Treatment of refractory obesity in severely obese adults following
management of newly diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder.
Levy LD, Fleming JP, Klar D.
Nutritional Disorders Clinic, 34 Berwick Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
drlancelevy@rogers.com
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) pharmacological treatment of severely obese
subjects with newly diagnosed ADHD would result in sustained weight
loss. DESIGN: Longitudinal clinical intervention study of the effects of
ADHD medication on weight change over 466 days. SUBJECTS: 78
subjects (6 male, 72 female, mean age 41.3 years, BMI 42.7 kg m(2)) out of 242 consecutively referred severely obese, weight loss
refractory individuals were diagnosed as having ADHD. Sixty-five
subjects received treatment and 13 remained as controls. METHODS:
Standard screening tests identified subjects likely to have ADHD. A
diagnosis was made in 78 subjects by semi-structured clinical
interview. ADHD subjects were screened for comorbid conditions
(binge eating disorder, mood disorder, sleep apnea, chronic pain,
gastroesophageal reflux disease). Satisfactory resolution of symptoms
of comorbid conditions was achieved prior to the introduction of
pharmacotherapy for ADHD. Subjects not accepting, tolerating or
remaining on ADHD medication served as controls. Weight was
measured at sequential clinic visits after initiation of
pharmacotherapy. RESULTS: Comorbid conditions were found to be
highly prevalent (sleep apnea 56.4%, binge eating disorder 65.4%,
mood disorder 88.4%). After an average of 466 days (s.d.=260) of
continuous ADHD pharmacotherapy, weight change in treated
subjects was -12.36% of initial weight and in controls +2.78%,
P<0.001. Weight loss in treated subjects was 15.05 kg (10.35%) and
weight gain 3.26 kg (7.03%) in controls, P<0.001. CONCLUSIONS:
ADHD is a highly prevalent condition in the severely obese
population. Treatment of ADHD is associated with significant longterm weight loss in individuals with a lengthy history of weight loss
failure. This result is likely because of the positive effects of
treatment on self-directedness, persistence and novelty-seeking
behaviors. ADHD should be considered as a primary cause of weight
loss failure in the obese. Individuals seeking medical or surgical
weight loss should be evaluated for ADHD and treated appropriately
before intervention. This may improve the outcome for medically
managed patients and avoid complications in surgical subjects
because of poor compliance with diet and supplement requirements.
PMID: 19223848 [PubMed - in process]
Related Articles
Stimulant treatment patterns and compliance in children and adults with
newly treated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
[J Manag Care Pharm. 2004]
Health care costs of adults treated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder who received alternative drug therapies.
[J Manag Care Pharm. 2007]
Efficacy and safety of mixed amphetamine salts extended release
(Adderall XR) in the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in
adolescent patients: a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
parallel-group study.
[Clin Ther. 2006]
Review
[Atomoxetine: a new treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents]
[Encephale. 2005]
Review
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a
systematic review of the literature.
[Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008]
» See Reviews... | » See All...
2: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Mar;17(3):539-44. Epub 2009 Jan 8.
Links
Association Between Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
and Obesity in the US Population.
Pagoto SL, Curtin C, Lemon SC, Bandini LG, Schneider KL,
Bodenlos JS, Ma Y.
1Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Medicine,
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral
disorder that affects ~2.9-4.7% of US adults. Studies have revealed
high rates of ADHD (26-61%) in patients seeking weight loss
treatment suggesting an association between ADHD and obesity. The
objective of the present study was to test the association between
ADHD and overweight and obesity in the US population. Crosssectional data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology
Surveys were used. Participants were 6,735 US residents (63.9%
white; 51.6% female) aged 18-44 years. A retrospective assessment
of childhood ADHD and a self-report assessment of adult ADHD were
administered. Diagnosis was defined by three categories: never met
diagnostic criteria, met full childhood criteria with no current
symptoms, and met full childhood criteria with current symptoms.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 33.9 and 29.4%,
respectively, among adults with ADHD, and 28.8 and 21.6%,
respectively, among persons with no history of ADHD. Adult ADHD
was associated with greater likelihood of overweight, (odds ratio (OR)
= 1.58; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05, 2.38) and obesity (OR
= 1.81; 95% CI = 1.14, 2.64). Results were similar when adjusting
for demographic characteristics and depression. Mediation analyses
suggest that binge eating disorder (BED), but not depression,
partially mediates the associations between ADHD and both
overweight and obesity. Results suggest that adult ADHD is
associated with overweight and obesity.Obesity (2009) 17 3, 539544. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.587.
PMID: 19131944 [PubMed - in process]
Related Articles
Diagnosis and treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at
US ambulatory care visits from 1996 to 2003.
[Curr Med Res Opin. 2006]
Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder in a national sample of US children.
[Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007]
Association between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
and bulimic behaviors in a clinical sample of severely obese adolescents.
[Int J
Obes (Lond). 2007]
Review
Psychopathological rating scales for diagnostic use in adults with
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
[Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.
2006]
Review
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a
systematic review of the literature.
[Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008]
» See Reviews... | » See All...
3: Med Care. 2009 Jan;47(1):105-14.
Links
Mothers of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder: health conditions and medical care utilization in periods
before and after birth of the child.
Ray GT, Croen LA, Habel LA.
Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern
California Region, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. tom.ray@kp.org
BACKGROUND: Analyzing health conditions and medical utilization of
mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) can shed light on biologic, environmental, and psychosocial
factors relating to ADHD. OBJECTIVE: To examine health conditions,
health care utilization, and costs of mothers of children with ADHD in
periods before the child was diagnosed. METHODS: Using automated
data from Northern California Kaiser Permanente we identified
mothers of children with ADHD, mothers of children without ADHD,
and mothers of children with asthma. Mothers' diagnostic clusters,
health care utilization, and costs were compared. Mothers of children
with ADHD were compared with mothers of children without ADHD
and, separately, to mothers of children with asthma. RESULTS:
Compared with mothers of children without ADHD, mothers of
children with ADHD were more likely to be diagnosed with numerous
medical and mental health problems in the 2 years after birth of their
child, including depression [odds ratio (OR): 1.88], anxiety neuroses
(OR: 1.64), obesity (OR: 1.70), and musculoskeletal symptoms (OR:
1.51). Results were similar for the year before delivery. Mothers of
children with ADHD also had higher total health care costs per person
in the year before ($1,003) and the 2 years after ($953) the birth of
their child. Mothers of children with ADHD also were diagnosed with
more health conditions and had higher health care costs than mothers
of children with asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that
the likelihood of being diagnosed with ADHD is related to maternal
conditions and use of health services that precede the child's
diagnosis. Future studies are needed to clarify whether this is due to
biologic, psychosocial, or environmental factors, or a combination.
PMID: 19106738 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Articles
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: excess costs before
and after initial diagnosis and treatment cost differences by ethnicity.
[Arch
Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006]
Utilization and cost of health care services for children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder.
[Pediatrics. 2001]
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children:
association with maternal mental health and use of health care
resources.
[Pediatrics. 2003]
Review
The economic impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in
children and adolescents.
[J Pediatr Psychol. 2007]
Review
The economic impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in
children and adolescents.
[Ambul Pediatr. 2007]
» See Reviews... | » See All...
4: J Psychiatr Res. 2008 Nov 26. [Epub ahead of print]
Links
A psycho-genetic study of associations between the symptoms of
binge eating disorder and those of attention deficit (hyperactivity)
disorder.
Davis C, Patte K, Levitan RD, Carter J, Kaplan AS, Zai C, Reid C,
Curtis C, Kennedy JL.
Faculty of Health Sciences, York University, Centre for Addiction and Mental
Health, 343 Bethune College, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J
1P3; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Psychiatry,
University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada.
OBJECTIVE: Some recent studies have reported intriguingly strong
correlations between ADHD and obesity. This study examined whether
ADHD symptoms were more pronounced in adults with symptoms of
binge eating disorder (BE) than in their non-binging obese
counterparts, and whether the links were stronger with inattentive vs
impulsive/hyperactive symptoms. We also assessed the role of the
dopamine D3 receptor in ADHD symptoms since the DRD3 gene has
been associated with impulsivity and drug addiction - both relevant
features of ADHD. METHODS: A case (BE: n=60) double-control
(normal weight: n=61 and obese: n=60) design was employed.
Assessments of both childhood and adults ADHD symptoms were
made, as well as genotyping of seven markers of DRD3 including the
functional Ser9Gly polymorphism. RESULTS: Three DRD3 genotypes,
including Ser/Ser, had significantly elevated scores on the
hyperactive/impulsive symptom scale. In turn, the four ADHD
symptom scales were all significantly elevated in the BE and obese
groups, who did not differ from each other, compared to those with
normal weight. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated a role for the D3
receptor in the manifestation of the hyperactive/impulsive symptoms
of ADHD, and that symptoms of ADHD are significantly, but not
differentially, elevated in obese adults with and without binge eating.
Our findings suggest that ADHD screening in adults seeking treatment
for obesity, including those with BE, may be warranted as methods
used to treat ADHD may help some to better manage overeating and
other factors contributing to weight gain.
PMID: 19041097 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Related Articles
A transmission disequilibrium test of the Ser9/Gly dopamine D3 receptor
gene polymorphism in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
[Behav Brain
Res. 2002]
Subtype differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) with regard to ADHD-symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity and
psychosocial adjustment.
[Eur Psychiatry. 2008]
Genetic support for the dual nature of attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder: substantial genetic overlap between the inattentive and hyperactiveimpulsive components.
[J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007]
Review
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and binge
eating.
[Nutr Rev. 2007]
Review
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a
systematic review of the literature.
[Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008]
» See Reviews... | » See All...
5: Theor Biol Med Model. 2008 Nov 12;5:24.
Links
Activation instead of blocking mesolimbic dopaminergic reward
circuitry is a preferred modality in the long term treatment of reward
deficiency syndrome (RDS): a commentary.
Blum K, Chen AL, Chen TJ, Braverman ER, Reinking J, Blum SH,
Cassel K, Downs BW, Waite RL, Williams L, Prihoda TJ, Kerner
MM, Palomo T, Comings DE, Tung H, Rhoades P, Oscar-Berman
M.
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of
Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA . drd2gene@aol.com
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Based on neurochemical and
genetic evidence, we suggest that both prevention and treatment of
multiple addictions, such as dependence to alcohol, nicotine and
glucose, should involve a biphasic approach. Thus, acute treatment
should consist of preferential blocking of postsynaptic Nucleus
Accumbens (NAc) dopamine receptors (D1-D5), whereas long term
activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system should involve
activation and/or release of Dopamine (DA) at the NAc site. Failure to
do so will result in abnormal mood, behavior and potential suicide
ideation. Individuals possessing a paucity of serotonergic and/or
dopaminergic receptors, and an increased rate of synaptic DA
catabolism due to high catabolic genotype of the COMT gene, are
predisposed to self-medicating any substance or behavior that will
activate DA release, including alcohol, opiates, psychostimulants,
nicotine, gambling, sex, and even excessive internet gaming. Acute
utilization of these substances and/or stimulatory behaviors induces a
feeling of well being. Unfortunately, sustained and prolonged abuse
leads to a toxic" pseudo feeling" of well being resulting in tolerance
and disease or discomfort. Thus, a reduced number of DA receptors,
due to carrying the DRD2 A1 allelic genotype, results in excessive
craving behavior; whereas a normal or sufficient amount of DA
receptors results in low craving behavior. In terms of preventing
substance abuse, one goal would be to induce a proliferation of DA D2
receptors in genetically prone individuals. While in vivo experiments
using a typical D2 receptor agonist induce down regulation,
experiments in vitro have shown that constant stimulation of the DA
receptor system via a known D2 agonist results in significant
proliferation of D2 receptors in spite of genetic antecedents. In
essence, D2 receptor stimulation signals negative feedback
mechanisms in the mesolimbic system to induce mRNA expression
causing proliferation of D2 receptors. PROPOSAL AND CONCLUSION:
The authors propose that D2 receptor stimulation can be
accomplished via the use of Synapatmine, a natural but therapeutic
nutraceutical formulation that potentially induces DA release, causing
the same induction of D2-directed mRNA and thus proliferation of D2
receptors in the human. This proliferation of D2 receptors in turn will
induce the attenuation of craving behavior. In fact as mentioned
earlier, this model has been proven in research showing DNA-directed
compensatory overexpression (a form of gene therapy) of the DRD2
receptors, resulting in a significant reduction in alcohol craving
behavior in alcohol preferring rodents. Utilizing natural dopaminergic
repletion therapy to promote long term dopaminergic activation will
ultimately lead to a common, safe and effective modality to treat
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) behaviors including Substance
Use Disorders (SUD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),
Obesity and other reward deficient aberrant behaviors. This concept is
further supported by the more comprehensive understanding of the
role of dopamine in the NAc as a "wanting" messenger in the mesolimbic DA system.
PMID: 19014506 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID: PMC2615745
Related Articles
Manipulation of catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) activity to
influence the attenuation of substance seeking behavior, a subtype of Reward
Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), is dependent upon gene polymorphisms: a
hypothesis.
[Med Hypotheses. 2007]
Review
Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the
diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors.
[J
Psychoactive Drugs. 2000]
Review
Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral
disorders.
[Prog Brain Res. 2000]
Review
Relationship between dopaminergic neurotransmission,
alcoholism, and Reward Deficiency syndrome.
[Am J Med Genet B
Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005]
Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor mRNA up-regulation in the caudateputamen and nucleus accumbens of rat brains by smoking.
[Prog
Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002]
» See Reviews... | » See All...
6: Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1155; author reply 1155-6.
Links
Comment on:
Pediatrics. 2008 Jul;122(1):e1-6.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity: moving to the
next research generation.
Cortese S, Angriman M.
PMID: 18977998 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Articles
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, binge eating, and obesity.
[J Clin
Psychiatry. 2007]
Does dopaminergic reward system contribute to explaining comorbidity
obesity and ADHD?
[Med Hypotheses. 2008]
Comorbidity between obesity and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder:
population study with 13-15-year-olds.
[Int J Eat Disord. 2006]
Review
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a
systematic review of the literature.
[Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008]
Review
What are the key directions in the genetics of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder?
[Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008]
» See Reviews... | » See All...
7: Eat Behav. 2008 Dec;9(4):516-8. Epub 2008 Aug 8.
Links
Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, overeating, and
body mass index in men.
Strimas R, Davis C, Patte K, Curtis C, Reid C, McCool C.
Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, 343 Bethune College, York
University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.
rstrimas@psych.ryerson.ca
BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of obesity currently poses a
global health crisis. Previous research has identified a novel link
between obesity and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
(AD(H)D). Davis, Levitan, Smith, Tweed and Curtis [Davis, C.,
Levitan, R. D., Smith, M., Tweed, S., & Curtis, C. (2006). Associations
among overeating, overweight, and attention deficit/hyperactivity
disorder: A structural equation modeling approach. Eating Behaviors,
7, 266-274] recently tested a structural equation model predicting
that AD(H)D symptoms foster overeating and subsequently contribute
to the variation in Body Mass Index (BMI) in a sample of healthy adult
females. The data were an excellent fit to the model. PURPOSE: In
order to extend the generalizability of these findings, the present
study tested the same model in 145 non-clinical adult males.
RESULTS: Similar to the findings in females, AD(H)D symptoms
positively predicted overeating in males, which in turn positively
predicted BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight mechanisms
whereby AD(H)D symptoms could influence body mass and stress the
importance of addressing AD(H)D symptoms in both the prevention
and treatment of overeating and obesity.
PMID: 18928919 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Articles
Associations among overeating, overweight, and attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a structural equation modelling approach.
[Eat
Behav. 2006]
Childhood obesity and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a newly
described comorbidity in obese hospitalized children.
[Int J Eat Disord. 2005]
Overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a national sample.
[Pediatrics. 2008]
Review
A practical guide to recognition and diagnosis of ADHD in adults
in the primary care setting.
[Postgrad Med. 2008]
Review
What are the key directions in the genetics of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder?
[Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008]
» See Reviews... | » See All...
8: Pediatrics. 2008 Jul;122(1):e1-6.
Links
Comment in:
Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1155; author reply 1155-6.
Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;122(4):910; author reply 910.
Overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a national sample.
Waring ME, Lapane KL.
Department of Community Health, Brown Medical School, Box G-S121,
Providence, RI 02912, USA. molly_waring@brown.edu
OBJECTIVE: As the prevalence of childhood obesity increases,
identifying groups of children who are at increased risk of overweight
is important. The current study estimated the prevalence of
overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and medication use. PATIENTS AND
METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 62 887
children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years from the 2003-2004
National Survey of Children's Health, a nationally representative
sample of children and adolescents in the United States. Attentiondeficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was
determined by response to the question "Has a doctor or health
professional ever told you that your child has attention-deficit
disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder, that is, ADD or
ADHD?" Children and adolescents were classified as underweight,
normal weight, at risk of overweight, or overweight according to BMI
for age and gender. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, gender,
race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and depression/anxiety, children
and adolescents with attention-deficit disorder/attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder not currently using medication had
approximately 1.5 times the odds of being overweight, and children
and adolescents currently medicated for attention-deficit
disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder had approximately
1.6 times the odds of being underweight compared with children and
adolescents without either diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: This study
provides heightened awareness for pediatric providers about the
relationship between attention-deficit disorder/attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, medication use, and weight status.
Future work is needed to better understand the longitudinal and
pharmacologic factors that influence the relationship between
attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and
weight status in children and adolescents.
PMID: 18595954 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Articles
National estimates and factors associated with medication treatment for
childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
[Pediatrics. 2007]
Prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders: a chart review.
[BMC
Pediatr. 2005]
Does connection to primary care matter for children with attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
[Pediatrics. 2008]
Review
Diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children.
[J
Clin Psychiatry. 1998]
Review
Special considerations in diagnosing and treating attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder.
[CNS Spectr. 2007]
» See Reviews... | » See All...
9: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008 Jun;48(6):524-37.
Links
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a
systematic review of the literature.
Cortese S, Angriman M, Maffeis C, Isnard P, Konofal E,
Lecendreux M, Purper-Ouakil D, Vincenzi B, Bernardina BD,
Mouren MC.
AP-HP, Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Unit, Robert Debré Hospital,
Paris VII University, Paris, France. samuele.cortese@gmail.com
Recent studies suggest a possible comorbidity between AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and obesity. To gain insight into
this potential association, we performed a systematic review of the
literature excluding case reports, non-empirical studies, and studies
not using ADHD diagnostic criteria. Empirically based evidence
suggests that obese patients referred to obesity clinics may present
with higher than expected prevalence of ADHD. Moreover, all
reviewed studies indicate that subjects with ADHD are heavier than
expected. However, data on the prevalence of obesity in subjects with
ADHD are still limited. As for the mechanisms underlying the potential
association between ADHD and obesity, ADHD might lead to obesity
via abnormal eating behaviors, impulsivity associated with binge
eating might contribute to ADHD in obese patients, or, alternatively,
both obesity and ADHD might be the expression of common
underlying neurobiological dysfunctions, at least in a subset of
subjects. In patients with obesity and ADHD, both conditions might
benefit from common therapeutic strategies. Further empirically
based studies are needed to understand the potential comorbidity
between obesity and ADHD, as well as the possible mechanisms
underlying this association. This might allow a more appropriate
clinical management and, ultimately, a better quality of life for
patients with both obesity and ADHD.
PMID: 18568858 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Articles
Review
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and binge
eating.
[Nutr Rev. 2007]
Association between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
and bulimic behaviors in a clinical sample of severely obese adolescents.
[Int J
Obes (Lond). 2007]
Review
A qualitative review of issues arising in the use of psychostimulant medications in patients with ADHD and co-morbid substance use
disorders.
[Curr Med Res Opin. 2008]
Does excessive daytime sleepiness contribute to explaining the
association between obesity and ADHD symptoms?
[Med Hypotheses. 2008]
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in obese melanocortin-4-receptor
(MC4R) deficient subjects: a newly described expression of MC4R
deficiency.
[Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008]
» See Reviews... | » See All...
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