TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
..........................................................................
...........................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
...........................................................................
............................ vii
LIST OF FIGURES
...........................................................................
................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES
...........................................................................
..................................... viii
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Porous ceramic filters
...........................................................................
.............................. 2
2.1.1 Low cost filters produced in developing countries
......................................................... 4
2.1.2 Waterborne Pathogens and Removal Mechanisms
......................................................... 6
2.1.3 Filter Effectiveness
...........................................................................
.............................. 7
2.1.4 Effectiveness in reducing waterborne diseases
............................................................... 9
2.1.5 Flow Reduction
...........................................................................
.................................. 10
2.1.6 Filter lifespan
...........................................................................
..................................... 10
2.1.7 Community acceptance and usage rates
....................................................................... 11
2.1.8 Factors affecting ceramic filter performance
................................................................ 11
2.1.9 Importance of community education, training and follow up
...................................... 13
2.1.10 Cleaning procedures
...........................................................................
......................... 13
2.1.11 Antimicrobial materials and surfaces
..........................................................................
14
2.2 Nanomaterials in POU water treatment
...........................................................................
.16
2.2.1 Silver nanoparticles
...........................................................................
............................ 17
2.2.2 Copper nanoparticles
...........................................................................
...........................19
2.2.3 Magnesium oxide and calcium oxide nanoscale powders
............................................. 19
2.2.4 Titanium dioxide based photocatalytic nanoparticles
................................................... 20
2.2.5 Carbon nanotubes
...........................................................................
............................... 20
2.2.6 Other potentially anti microbial nanomaterials
............................................................. 21
2.2.7 Health and environmental concerns
...........................................................................
... 21
2.3 Conclusions
...........................................................................
........................................... 23
3. DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE NANOTECHNOLOGY CERAMIC POT. 25
3.1 Materials and methods
...........................................................................
.......................... 25
3.1.1 Synthetically Impregnated Porous Pots fabrication method
..........................................25
3.1.2 Synthetically Impregnated Porous Pots fabrication method 2
...................................... 26
3.1.3 Potters for Peace
...........................................................................
..................................27
3.1.4 Bactericidal efficiency
...........................................................................
....................... 27
3.1.5 Analytical & mechanical characterization
.................................................................... 28
3.2 Results and discussion
...........................................................................
...........................29
3.2.1 X-ray fluorescence
...........................................................................
............................. 29
3.2.2 Break strength
...........................................................................
.................................... 30
3.2.3 Porosity
...........................................................................
.............................................. 30
3.2.4 Bactericidal performance - comparison contaminated water with 106 E.
coli/mℓ, SIPP
vs. PFP
...........................................................................
......................................................... 31
3.2.5 Bactericidal performance - comparison contaminated water with mixed
microbial
solution, SIPP vs. PFP
...........................................................................
................................ 33
3.3 Cost analysis
...........................................................................
.......................................... 35
3.4 Conclusions from the SIPP study
...........................................................................
.......... 35
4. OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................... 37
4.1 Conclusions
...........................................................................
........................................... 37
4.2 Recommendations for further work
...........................................................................
...... 38
5. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 40
Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 46