Auxiliary Material for A 106-year monthly coral record reveals that the
East Asian summer monsoon modulates winter PDO variability
Tsuyoshi Watanabe1, Takashi Kawamura1, Atsuko Yamazaki1&2, Masafumi Murayama3,
and Hiroya Yamano4
(1Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University,
N10W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
2
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5,
Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
3
Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kouchi University, Nankoku, Kochi,
783-8502, Japan
4
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-8506, Japan)
Geophysical Research Letters, 2014
Introduction
The supplementary information includes one text (text01), one table (ts01), and four
figures (fs01, fs02, fs03, and fs04). We show and discuss about the temperature
dependency of oxygen isotope in Koshiki coral using sea surface temperature and
salinity in text (01), table (ts01), and figures (fs02, fs02). Also shown are x-ray images
of Koshiki coral (fs01) and spectral analysis results using the multitaper method for the
Koshiki coral record (fs04a) and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index
(fs04b).
1. Text01: Temperature dependency of oxygen isotope in Koshiki coral.
2. ts01: Table S1 (Supplementary Table 1); Temperature dependency of oxygen
isotope in seawater and biogenic aragonite (corals and mollusks) and inorganic
aragonite and calcite.
3. fs01.pdf: Figure S1 (Supplementary Figure 1); X-ray images of Koshiki coral.
Alternating bands of high (dark color) and low skeletal density (light color) are visible
both in soft x-ray image. The yellow colored lines indicated the analytical lines for
oxygen isotopes. One year is represented by high-density/low-density couplet. The scale
bars are 5 cm. Note unclear annual bands are observed in some part of x-ray images.
We also confirmed the age control by using the distinct seasonal profile of oxygen
isotopes along the course of overlapped analytical lines.
4. fs02.pdf: Figure S2 (Supplementary Figure 2); Monthly time series of sea surface
temperature (SST) (green solid line; ferry-based SST, green dashed line; estimated SST,
and red line; satellite SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) (orange line), and coral oxygen
isotope (blue line with blue points), in Koshiki island.
5. fs03.pdf: Figure S3 (Supplementary Figure 3); Temperature dependency for
oxygen isotope in Koshiki coral. Red circles, used in the regression, show annual
maxima and minima in coral δ18O and grey circles show all other δ18O plots. Also
shown are the regression lines for tropical corals [Galapagos; McCohnnaughey, 1989,
New Caledonia; Quinn, et al., 1996] and high-latitude coral at temperate regions
[Kochi; Yamazaki et al., 2008, Amakusa; Omata et al., 2006], aragonite mollusks
[Grossman and Ku, 1986], and inorganic calcite [Kim and O'Neil, 1997] and aragonite
[Kim et al., 2007].
6. fs04.pdf: Figure S4 (Supplementary Figure 4); Spectral analysis results using the
multitaper method (MTM) with a red noise null hypothesis [Ghil et al., 2000] for a, the
Koshiki summer coral record and b, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index
(number of tapers, 3; bandwidth parameter, 2; 90, 95, and 99% significance levels are
indicated) The ENSO index is represented by the Niño 3-4 SST defined as the sea
surface temperature (SST) averaged over the region (5°S–5°N, 120°W–170°W), NOAA
Earth
System
Research
(http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/gcos_wgsp/Timeseries/Nino34/)
Laboratory