Assignment
Of
Solid Waste Management
Topic
Health Impacts of Solid Waste
Submitted To
M’am Soniya
Submitted By
Arfa
16
Rizwan
28
Hira
35
Gulfam
48
Kiran
4E
Beenish
47E
College of Earth & Environmental Sciences
University of the Punjab
1
CONTENTS
Page No.
Solid waste & SWM……………………………………………...………………………….4
Why SWM is an important issue………………………………………………………......6
Sources & Types of SW…………………………………………………………………….6
Waste Treatment & waste Disposal……………………………………………………….8
Disposal routes………………………………………………………………………………9
Impacts of Poorly Managed SW (flow chart)…………………………………………....11
Unscientific disposal of Solid Waste…………………………………………………..…12
Groups at risk & Risk Factors…………………………………………………………….12
Impacts of SW on Environment…..............................................................................13
Impacts of SW on Human Health………………………………………………………...14
Role of Plastics……………………………………………………………………………..15
Occupational Hazards associated with waste handling………………………..………15
Impacts on Animals……………………………………………………………………..…16
Threats………………………………………………………………………………………16
Municipal Waste and its Impacts…………………………………………………………18
Recycling of Waste………………………………………………………………………...21
Steps of recycling & its impacts…………………………………………………………..21
Causes of increase in SW………………………………………………………………...23
Waste generation in Pakistan…………………………………………………………….24
2
Preventive Measures………………………………………………………………………24
References………………………………………………………………………………….26
3
INTRODUCTION
Solid Waste:
“These are the wastes arising from human & animal activities that are normally solid,
semi-solid or liquid in containers that are discarded as useless or unwanted”.
Solid Waste Management:
“It is the principal that deals with the orderly execution of six fundamental elements
that is according to the best principals of public health, economics, engineering,
conservation & other environmental considerations & that is also responsive to the
public attitude”
4
5
Why SWM is an important issue?
Solid waste is both a by-product of consumption (natural systems create no waste)
and an environmental problem itself with implications for land, water and air quality,
environmental health and land use. Solid waste management is an important issue
for environmental quality for many reasons, including the following.

Potential contamination of surface and groundwater from landfill sites

Potential contamination of land, the potential loss of such sites from
alternative future uses and the costs associated with remediating landfill
sites.

Methane from landfill sites contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.

Landfilling requires large land near urban areas.

Incineration releases gases and particulates.

Community recognition of waste as a resource that can be reused for a
variety
of
purposes
and
a
high
level
of
community
involvement
and participation in recycling.
SOURCES AND TYPES OF WASTES
Wastes are produced by human activities and include:
1. Municipal wastes
2. Industrial wastes
3. Agricultural wastes
4. Mining and quarrying wastes
5. Energy generation wastes
Differences in the wealth of communities and countries, degree of urbanisation and
industrialisation, and intensity of agricultural activities account for the significant
differences in waste treatment and disposal problems faced by developed and
developing countries, and between urban and rural areas. Types of wastes
according to their sources are described in detail below:
Municipal wastes:
Municipal wastes are composed of wastes generated by households and wastes of
similar character from shops, market and offices, open areas, and treatment plant
sites. Each of these sources of municipal waste are elaborated in Table
6
Sources
Locations
where
wastes Type of Solid Wastes
are generated
Residential
Single-family and multi-family
Food wastes, rubbish, ashes,
dwellings, low-, medium-,and
special wastes
high-rise apartments, etc.
Commercial
and Stores, restaurants, markets,
Institutional
office buildings, hotels,
demolition and construction
motels, schools, print shops,
wastes, special wastes,
auto repair shops, medical
occasionally
facilities and institutions
wastes
Streets, alleys, parks, vacant
Street
lots, playgrounds, beaches,
litter,
highways, recreational areas,
rubbish, and other special
etc.
wastes
Open areas
Treatment
plant Water, sewage and industrial
sites
Food wastes, rubbish, ashes,
sweepings,
hazardous
roadside
Treatment plant sludges
waste water treatment
processes
Industrial wastes:
Industrial process wastes include a very wide range of materials and the actual
composition of industrial wastes in a country will depend on the nature of the
industrial base. Wastes may occur as relatively pure substances or as complex
mixtures of varying composition and in varying physicochemical states. Examples of
the materials which may be found under this heading are general factory rubbish,
organic wastes from food processing, acids, alkalis, metallic sludges and tarry
residues. The most important feature of industrial wastes is that a significant
7
proportion is regarded as hazardous or potentially toxic, thus requiring special
handling, treatment and disposal.
Agricultural wastes
Agricultural wastes, which may include horticultural and forestry wastes, comprise
crop residues, animal manure, diseased carcasses, unwanted agrochemicals and
'empty' containers. Their composition will depend on the system of agriculture. Since
1960, as a result of huge rises in productivity, there have been corresponding
increases in the volumes of crop residues and animal manure requiring disposal.
Mining and quarrying wastes:
Mine tailings or spoils are the waste material that is extracted in the process of
mining minerals of economic value. The waste materials may include topsoil, rock
and dirt. It may be inert, such as material from china clay mining, but mine tailings
from ore extraction are contaminated with metals or chemicals that have been used
for mineral separation.
Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous wastes can stem from any of the above sources. Therefore it should not
be taken as a part of the classification of wastes by source, rather as a cross-cutting
character for all these wastes.
Hazardous characteristics of wastes include, but are not limited to human health
toxicity,
corrosivity,
infectiousness,
flammability,
reactivity,
explosivity
and
ecotoxicity.This waste is basically generated by process in industries, mineral and
metal processing,clean up of chemical and oil spills & hospital and laboratories.
The definition of "hazardous" excludes domestic wastes, though they may contain
small quantities of hazardous wastes, e.g. dry batteries. A basic feature that
characterises hospital wastes as “hazardous” is their biological potential. Hospital
wastes contain microorganisms and bacteriotoxins, which are hazardous to humans
and to the whole environment.
Waste Treatment & Waste Disposal
The treatment and disposal of solid wastes are definitely connected.
8
Waste Treatment:
Treatment is applied to recover useful substances or energy, to reduce waste
volume, or to stabilise waste remains to be dumped or disposed of in landfills.
Some Treatment techniques are
•
Incineration: is volume reduction, with the sterilisation of the waste as a
significant side-effect.
•
Solidification: solid waste are melted or evaporated to produce sand like
residue.
•
Heat treatment: Heat applied at moderate temperature, is used in treating
volatile solvents.
•
Chemical treatment: is the application of chemical treatment in the treatment
of corrosive solid
Waste Disposal:
•
Landfills: waste is placed into or onto the land in disposal facilities.
•
Underground injection wells: waste are injected under pressure into a steel
and concrete-encased shafts placed deep in the earth.
•
Waste piles: are accumulations of insoluble solid, non flowing hazard waste.
Piles serve as temporary or final disposal.
•
Land treatment: is a process in which solid waste, such as sludge from
wastes is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface.
•
Wastes are disposed in flowing rivers in less developed countries.
There are a number of disposal routes for the different types of solid waste
produced:

recycling

composting

incineration

landfill

On-site landfill
Where a method of waste disposal is not specified, the choice of disposal route
will normally depend on the availability of facilities, volume of waste material,
hydro-geological characteristics, costs, national policies, and the influence of
industrial and environmental lobby groups.
9
Land filling:
Provided that there is no shortage of land with suitable geological formations, landfill
remains the principal final disposal route for the majority of wastes, even in highly
industrialised countries. Where there is treatment, it is usually designed to reduce
the volume of waste to be land filled and includes compaction, shredding, baling and
incineration. Hazardous wastes may be pre-treated to reduce hazard. Co-disposal of
small quantities of hazardous materials with municipal wastes is widely practised and
considered safe because the amount of toxic material is low in relation to the total
volume of waste.
Incineration:
The main goal of incineration is volume reduction, with the sterilisation of the waste
as a significant side-effect. The incineration process may also be used to produce
steam and electricity. Industrial and municipal wastes, hazardous wastes, and
sewage sludge may all be suitable for incineration. Although incineration is not a
complete method of disposal, its main advantage is that it produces a residue that is
substantially reduced in volume and may be relatively inert. Incineration is, however,
expensive and supplementary fuel may be required if the moisture content of the
waste is high and its combustible content low.
Composting:
Organic materials present in municipal wastes can be converted to a stable form
either aerobically or an-aerobically.
During
aerobic
decomposition,
aerobic
micro-organisms
oxidise
organic
compounds to CO2, NO2 and NO3. Carbon from organic compounds is used as a
source of energy while nitrogen is recycled. Owing to the exothermic character of the
reaction, temperature in the composting mass rises.
Anaerobic micro-organisms, on the other hand,while metabolising nutrients, break
down the organic compounds by a process of chemical reduction. Only a very small
amount of energy is released during the process, and the temperature of the
composting mass does not rise much. The gases evolved are mainly CH4 and CO2 .
The final product can be used as an organic fertiliser on land; such application at the
same time might improve the structure of the soil.
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Dumping and incineration at sea:
The ease with which wastes can be discarded at sea, the huge expanse and depth
of the oceans, and a belief that dispersion processes will rapidly dilute the waste
materials has led to large volumes of material being dumped at sea. Three types of
wastes are commonly dumped in this manner: dredged spoils; industrial wastes,
including fly ash from power stations and mine tailings; and sewage sludges.
Waste recycling and waste minimisation:
The most satisfactory approaches to managing hazardous wastes are those which
help to minimise the quantity of waste requiring disposal. These methods are
beginning to be more widely used. By modifying production processes, the volumes
of wastes generated can often be reduced. Many wastes contain useful materials
which can be reclaimed and reused. In certain cases, the amount of hazardous
wastes for disposal can be reduced by transferring some to another industry which
can use them as raw materials.
Impacts of Poorly Managed Solid Waste
This image shows the sources of solid waste production and also the way in which this waste is being manage
11
Unscientific Disposal:
Due to unscientific disposal of waste the population including pre-school children,
waste workers etc. are affected greatly. The toxins present in solid waste are
hazardous for all living beings. Waste if not managed can disturb whole ecosystem.
An increase in environmental health related diseases across Johnnesburg is also
due to inadequate solid waste management. Black Death in india & in Europe killed
a lot of people, this was a plague that burst out due to poor solid waste
management. Secondly, people living close to dump sites;

Drink contaminated water

Inhale toxic gases

Are effected by landfill gas (CH4 + CO2).
On the other hand if the waste remains uncollected it increases the rate of injury &
infections that may sometimes cause an epidemic. So the best way to handle &
manage waste is to reduce it at the source. Best practicable environmental option
should be selected to manage the waste so that it may cause low intensity risk.
Groups at Risks:
The groups at risk from the unscientific waste disposal include:
 Populations in areas where there is no proper waste treatment method.
 Children
 Waste workers
 Populations living close to waste dump
 Animals
Risk Factors:
Health risks from waste are caused by many factors, including:

The nature of raw waste, its composition e.g., toxic, allergenic and
infectious substances and its components e.g., gases, dusts, leachates,
sharps

The nature of waste as it decomposes e.g., gases, dusts, leachates,
particle sizes and their change in ability to cause a toxic, allergenic or
infectious health response;
12

The handling of waste e.g., working in traffic, shoveling, lifting, equipment
vibrations, accidents

The processing of wastes e.g., odor, noise, vibration, accidents, air and
water emissions, residuals, explosions, fires

The disposal of wastes e.g., odor, noise, vibration, stability of waste piles,
air and water emissions, explosions, fires
Impacts of Wastes & Waste Disposal Methods on the Environment
and on Humans
Where the treatment and disposal of wastes is not perfect , these areas face the
following impacts.
Impacts on Environment:
Water Pollution:
The infiltration of rainfall into landfill, together with the biochemical and chemical
breakdown of the wastes, produces a leachate which is high in suspended solids
and of varying organic and inorganic content. All household and most industrial
wastes will produce leachate. If the leachate enters surface or groundwater before
sufficient dilution has occurred, serious pollution incidents can occur.
In surface waters, leachate high in organic material and reduced metals will cause
severe oxygen depletion and result in fish-kills. Leachate high in nonbiodegradable
synthetic organic compounds is a particular threat: through bioaccumulation,
concentrations of these substances may increase to toxic levels and endanger
animal and human life.
If leachate enters groundwater or shallow aquifers, the problems are more
intractable. Dilution and removal of leachate is much slower in groundwater than in
surface water and it may render the groundwater non-potable for the foreseeable
future.
Atmospheric Pollution:
The decomposition of solid wastes in landfill results in the production of carbon
dioxide and methane ("landfill gas"), both important greenhouse gases. 7 % of
13
methane generated by man's activities is estimated as coming from landfill.Operation
of incinerators can cause nuisance and atmospheric pollution from the emission of
particulates, acidic gases, unburnt waste material, heavy metals, and trace quantities
of organic compounds. A much publicised problem of waste incineration has been
the formation of dioxins as a by-product of the incineration process. They are emitted
in the flue gases. In many developed countries, public awareness of this problem
has led to strong opposition to the siting of new incinerators near major population
centres and increased the amount of waste incinerated at sea.
Impacts on Human Health:

Skin & blood infections are the biggest outcome of poorly managed solid
waste, when waste comes in contact with wounds it readily cause diseases.

The inappropriate storage of organic waste attracts insects & rodents & serve
as their breeding places, ultimately, increases the growth of insects.

Different diseases resulting from the bite of animals on the waste.

Certain chemicals if released untreated, e.g. cyanides, mercury, and
polychlorinated biphenyls are highly toxic and exposure can lead to disease or
death. Some studies have detected excesses of cancer in residents exposed
to hazardous waste.

Incineration operators are at risk of chronic respiratory diseases, including
cancers resulting from exposure to dust & hazardous components.

Muscular disorders, poisoning, burns etc. can occur.

Increase illegal Dumping & sometimes block main holes too.

Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation

Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood

Low birth weight

Congenital malformations

Neurological disease

Nausea and vomiting

Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites.
14

Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury
Role of PLASTICS:
The unhygienic use and disposal of plastics and its effects on human health has
become a matter of concern. Coloured plastics are harmful as their pigment contains
heavy metals that are highly toxic. Some of the harmful metals found in plastics are
copper, lead, chromium, cobalt, selenium, and cadmium. In most industrialized
countries, colour plastics have been legally banned. In India, the Government of
Himachal Pradesh has banned the use of plastics and so has Ladakh district. Other
states should emulate their example.
Occupational Hazards associated with Waste Handling
Infections:

Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste, and from
infected wounds.

Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust,
especially during landfill operations.

Different diseases that results from the bites of animals feeding on the waste.

Intestinal infections that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.
Chronic diseases:

Incineration operators are at risk of chronic respiratory diseases, including
cancers resulting from exposure to dust and hazardous compounds.
Accidents:

Bone and muscle disorders resulting from the handling of heavy containers.
Infecting wounds resulting from contact with sharp objects.

Poisoning and chemical burns resulting from contact with small amounts of
hazardous chemical waste mixed with general waste.

Burns and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste
disposal sites or from methane gas explosion at landfill sites.
Aesthetic Aspects:

Foul odour is emitted at the disposal site due to continuous decomposition of
organic matter and emission of methane, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, etc.

The problem is intensified if proper mitigation measures are not adopted.
15

Odour is also emitted at the collection points if quick removal of wastes is not
practised.

Spreading of the waste in the area adjacent to the dustbin due to activity of
rag pickers cause degradation of aesthetic quality.

Uncontrolled disposal and open burning of wastes at the landfill sites create
poor vision.
Magnitude of consequences
Health hazards may be further ranked according to the magnitude of their
consequences.
A major consequence would include multiple loss of life and chronic disability.
A moderate consequence would include some loss of life and extensive temporary
disability.
A semi-moderate consequence would include illness and temporary disability. A
project activity which has a high risk of major hazard would be unacceptable. A
minor hazard of low risk may be unimportant.
On Animals:

Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers.

Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds

Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.

Degrades water and soil quality
THREATS:
Open dumps pose the following health, safety, and environmental threats
 Fire and Explosion
About 10:06 on March 11th, 1997. At treatment facilities for radioactive wastes,
drums that were filled with asphalt and placed indoors caught fire in Tokai,
Ibaragi,Japan at Nuclear-fuel re-processing factory.
The Cause of the fire:
During natural cooling of the treated solid, as a result of heat accumulating during a
slow chemical reaction in a drum, the temperature of the treated solid rose locally. It
16
is assumed that the reaction of nitrate/nitrite salt with asphalt progressed rapidly. The
cause of the slow reaction is that the start temperature for natural cooling was high.
The temperature rose because the amount of asphalt supplied to the extruder was
reduced by twenty percent. This rise is characteristic of an extruder that kneads
asphalt and wastes.
Cause of explosion:
As fire extinguishing with water was carried out for a short time, although the fire
appeared to have been extinguished, the insides of the drums were smoldering.
Therefore, reactions between an bituminized solid and nitrate progressed, and a
flammable substance was emitted from the asphalt. As ventilation was stopped by
the fire, the filling room and an adjoining room were filled with flammable material. A
combustible gas-air mixture was formed. And it is assumed that the hightemperature bituminized solid ignited again.
 Inhalation of toxic gases in nearby homes:
Anaerobic decomposition of organic solid waste in the landfill environment produces
landfill gas (LFG). LFG mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide, both of
which are odorless. Trace constituents of other volatiles, often malodorous or toxic
gases, are also found in LFG.
LFG can migrate through soil into structures located on or near landfills. Since
methane presents a fire or explosive threat, LFG must be controlled to protect
property, and public health and safety. Also, many jurisdictions require landfill
owners/operators to reduce reactive organic gas emissions to improve regional air
quality. Thus, engineered solutions are needed to efficiently and safely monitor,
collect, and process landfill gas.
 Contamination of streams, rivers and lakes , soil and groundwater:
Waste from agriculture and industries can also cause serious health risks. Other
than this, co-disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste can expose
people to chemical and radioactive hazards. Uncollected solid waste can also
obstruct storm water runoff, resulting in the forming of stagnant water bodies that
become the breeding ground of disease. Waste dumped near a water source also
causes contamination of the water body or the ground water source. Direct dumping
17
of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes results in the accumulation of toxic
substances in the food chain through the plants and animals that feed on it.
 Direct Handling:
In particular, organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since they ferment,
creating conditions favourable to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens.
Direct handling of solid waste can result in various types of infectious and chronic
diseases with the waste workers and the rag pickers being the most vulnerable.
 Damage to plant and wildlife habitats:
Hazardous materials, wastes, and illegal dumps found around abandoned military
sites and public lands result in soil contamination and damage to surface water and
ground water. hazardous materials and solid waste on public lands. Contaminated
materials on public lands may cause public endangerment, environmental damage,
and damage to wildlife habitat.
 Injury to children playing on or around the dump site:
By picking waste direct with hand it cause injury if it include Sharpe edges waste like
knife ,metal and other medical waste like thermometer and needles etc.it cause
injury specially in children while playing near dumping sites.
 Disease carried by mosquitoes, flies, and rodents:
Waste treatment and disposal sites can also create health hazards for the
neighbourhood. Improperly operated incineration plants cause air pollution and
improperly managed and designed landfills attract all types of insects and rodents
that spread disease. Ideally these sites should be located at a safe distance from all
human settlement. Landfill sites should be well lined and walled to ensure that there
is no leakage into the nearby ground water sources.
Municipal Waste:
It is the waste consisting of trash, rubbish, garbage, food waste and special waste
thrown by public. This comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses.
18
Types:

Biodegradable waste

Inert waste

Electrical waste

Composite waste

Hazardous waste (paints, cement)
Impacts of Municipal Waste:
The management of municipal solid waste is becoming a major public &
environmental concern in urban areas of many developing countries. The improper
management of solid wastes represents a source of environmental pollution & poses
a risk to human health.
19

Municipal waste gives rise to Greenhouse gases. There are many toxins in
municipal waste that are playing role in global warming hence, effecting life.

Municipal waste if released in water sources for disposal can affect aquatic
life ultimately, effect life.

Decomposing of organic material from organic waste can become breeding
site for pests & rats etc., & enhance the probability of diarrhoea &
Haemorrhagic fever.

The leachate produced by municipal waste decomposition is a highly toxic
polluting agent with a tremendous mineral change in its composition.

It pollutes soil and decomposes initial good clay layer, quality of surface water
is affected that is toxic for health.

This waste if thrown on roads as a litter is disperse by dogs & cats etc that
cause garbage to spread everywhere, this shows that one form of waste is
converting in another type of waste which is not a good environmental
practicable option.

Uncontrolled MSW left to accumulate or dumped in the streets can block
drains which can cause flooding and many public health risks.
20
Recycling:
“It is the process of converting waste material
into a useful product to prevent waste, reduce
the consumption of raw material, and reduce
energy usage, reduce air & water pollution (from
land filling) by reducing the need of conventional
waste disposal & reduce the emission of
greenhouses gases”.
Recycling expands the consumption rate due to which economy is increased. It
basically convert waste material into other useful product, energy is extracted from
waste. Recycling is very important step to reduce world’s waste.
Steps of Recycling Wastes:

Collection & processing

Manufacturing

Purchasing recycled products
21
Impacts of Recycling:

It reduces the need of land filling & incineration.

It saves energy

Recycling prevent pollution caused by manufacturing of products.

Reduce greenhouse gas emission, & conserves natural resources as; timber,
water etc.

It helps to conserve environment for future generation.

Habitat destruction due to deforestation is also now conserved due to
recycling.

There is much less space left in our earth for dumping waste. So, now
maximum waste should be recycled.

Reduce financial expenditure in economy.

A Bottle Bill in US was passed in 1971; it said to return soft drink bottles back
to shops & to get their rest of money back. It reduces their waste from 40%_
60%. Moreover their recycling rate of aluminum cans increased.

Mixing crushed glass with other raw material give useful products and need
less energy to make this recycled glass.

Plastic can be recycled well.
22

Recycling provide lot of benefits that can be calculated by Waste Reduction
Model.

New York’s 1987 garbage barge provides strong impetus for recycling.

It must be noted that recycling should be done under professional care
because if waste is not recycled properly the processing sites may become
unhygienic.

Abandoned dump sites can damage surrounding.

Quality of the product obtained from recycling is not guaranteed because it
involves bleaching.

Plastic, glass, paper, rubber, cans, & constructional waste etc can be
recycled.

To reduce the use of anything that produce greater waste is the best
technique to reduce waste.
Causes of Increase in Solid Waste:
•
Population growth
•
Increase in industrials manufacturing
•
Urbanization
•
Modernization
23
Modernization, technological advancement and increase in global population created
rising in demand for food and other essentials. This has resulted to rise in the
amount of waste being generated daily by each household. 158 million tons of
municipal solid waste is produced annually in U.S.
Waste Generation in Pakistan:
It is estimated that waste generation in Pakistan is approximately 54,888 tons per
day of solid waste. The Ministry of Environment and Urban Affairs Division,
Government of Pakistan through a study revealed that “the rate of waste generation
on average varies from 0.283 Kg/capita/day to 0.613 Kg/capita/day
PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
Proper methods of waste disposal have to be undertaken to ensure that it does not
affect the environment around the area or cause health hazards to the people living
there.
24
At the household-level proper segregation of waste has to be done and it should be
ensured that all organic matter is kept aside for composting, which is undoubtedly
the best method for the correct disposal of this segment of the waste. In fact, the
organic part of the waste that is generated decomposes more easily, attracts insects
and causes disease. Organic waste can be composted and then used as a fertilizer.
Environmental and Health Identification
Environmental and health identification of the following activities/components need to
be carefully examined:
 Design, storage methods of collection bins.
 Frequency of collection particularly putrescible organic matter.
 Environmental status of collection points and disposal sites.
 Loading/unloading of wastes in the vehicles at the collection points and
disposal sites.
 Sorting out the recyclable materials.
 Open burning of solid waste (whether the practice leads to increase in
concentration of suspended particulate matter carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen oxide, dioxins and furons in the
surrounding area).
 Design of and operation collection vehicles.
 Design and operation of landfill sites.
 Compaction and coverage of solid wastes at the landfill site (to prevent
escape of methane gas at the landfill site).
 Periodical Personal Protective Clothing (PPC), Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) and health checkup of workers/staff engaged in various/activities of
solid waste management.
25
REFERENCES
google.com › Scienc › Chemistry› Organic
edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/health.htm
marinebio.org/oceans/conservation/moyle/ch11.asp - United States
www.jsd-africa.com/
www.fisheries.is › Products › Pollution and threats
www.wasterecyclingnews.com/.../contaminated-landfill-no-longer-thr.
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