1
Biology
Unit 2
Matter, Energy, and Life
2:1 Matter and Energy
MATTER:
Three States (phases) of Matter
1. SOLID:
2. LIQUID:
3. GAS:
How does Matter Change?
 PHYSICAL CHANGE:
e.g.
 CHEMICAL CHANGE:
e.g.
ELEMENT:
ATOM:
SYMBOL:
e.g. Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Sodium
Iron
Nitrogen
2:2 Structure of the Atom
Areas in an Atom
1. NUCLEUS:
2. ELECTRON CLOUD:
2
Atomic Particles
1. PROTON:
2. ELECTRON:
3. NEUTRON:
*AMU:
The charge of a proton (p+) is
the charge of an electron (e-).
to
In ALL ATOMS
ATOMS HAVE
Elements are different because
ATOMIC NUMBER:
Atomic Number =
ATOMIC MASS NUMBER:
Atomic Mass Number =
#n=
Always
ISOTOPES:
3
ATOMIC MASS UNIT: (AMU)
1 AMU =
=
ENERGY LEVELS:
1st EL2nd EL3rd ELInner ELs
All atoms want



in 1st
in 2nd
in 3rd
2:3 Compounds
COMPOUND:
MOLECULE:
FORMULA:
SUBSCRIPT:
example
H2O 2 atoms of
1 atom of
formula for 1
4
Facts About Making Compounds
1. Under certain conditions, most elements will
CHEMICALLY ACTIVE:
INERT:
2. Each element has
3. In forming compounds, elements
4. A compound has different properties
2:4 Energy
ENERGY:
Two Types of Energy
1. KINETIC ENERGY:
2. POTENTIAL ENERGY:
Energy may change from one form to another.
ACTIVATION ENERGY:
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER AND ENERGY:
CATALYST:__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2:5 Chemical Bonding
CHEMICAL BOND:
Elements form bonds
5
Two Types of Chemical Bonds
1. COVALENT BOND:
2. IONIC BOND:
ION:
example
NaCl→
of
Na→
Cl→
→held together by
→
→
→the attraction
DIATOMIC MOLECULE:
Example
2:6 Water and Solutions
Water is a ________________________.
POLAR:_____________________________________
________________
They do not share __________________________, so Hydrogen and
Oxygen have ____________________________________. H is slightly
______________________ and O is slightly _______________________.
PROPERTIES OF WATER:
1. COHESION:_____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
a. Example:___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. ADHESION:_____________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
a. Example:___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3. HIGH HEAT CAPACITY:___________________________________
_______________________________________________________
a. Example:___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4. SOLVENT:______________________________________________
a. Example:___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
b. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide dissolve in water in the blood and
then carry to different parts of the body
5. DENSITY OF ICE:________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
a. EXTREMELY IMPORTANT! Bodies of water freeze from the
_______________________ and not the
_______________________.
Write 1-2 sentences explaining what the effect would be if water froze from
the bottom up.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Water has CAPILLARITY:_______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Solutions
SOLUTION:__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
SOLUTE:____________________________________________________
SOLVENT:___________________________________________________
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CONCENTRATION:___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Using a lot of Kool-Aid mix ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2:7 Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale
ACIDS:
Examples •
•
Characteristics of Acids:
•
•
•
BASES:
Examples -
8
•
•
•
Characteristics of Bases
•
•
pH SCALE:
•
•
•
•________________________________
_________________________________
•________________________________
_________________________________
INDICATOR:
BUFFER:____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2:8 Inorganic versus Organic
ORGANIC :
INORGANIC:
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
Important Inorganic Compounds
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1. OXYGEN(O2):
2. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2):
a. **EXCEPTION: this inorganic compound contains a carbon atom**
3. WATER (H2O):
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
Organic compounds may be represented by
 Molecular formula →
 Structural formula→
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS:_______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Functional Group
Structural Formula
Example
10
STRUCTURAL FORMULA:
 Symbols represent
 Lines represent
– single bond –
= double bond –
≡ triple bond –
STRUCTURAL FORMULAS ARE IMPORTANT BECAUSE
BIOSYNTHESIS:
2:9 Types of Large Carbon Molecules
MONOMERS:________________________________________________
POLYMERS:_________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
MACROMOLECULES:_________________________________________
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
Order smallest to largest:
__________________-->______________________-->_______________
2:10 Carbohydrates
CARBOHYDRATES:
Examples:
SUGARS:
Two Types of Sugars
1. MONOSACCHARIDES:
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Examples:_________________________________________________
2. DISACCHARIDES:
Examples:_________________________________________________
POLYSACCHARIDES:
Examples: ___________________________________________________
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS:
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O
HYDROLYSIS:
C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
2:11 Lipids
LIPIDS:
 Contain___________________________
 Made up of FATTY ACIDS:________________________
______________________________________________
 Examples:_________________________________________
Three classes of lipids important to living things:
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1. Triglycerides
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLES
SATURATED:
UNSATURATED:
2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS:________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
a. Example:___________________________________________
3. WAXES:________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
a. Example:___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Lipids have more bonds than carbohydrates.
 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
2:12 Nucleic Acids and Proteins
NUCLEIC ACIDS:
 Functions:_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
 Monomers-NUCELOTIDE:____________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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2:9 Proteins and Amino Acids
PROTEINS:
AMINO ACIDS:
 Monomers of _______________________
 PEPTIDE BOND:_________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
 The 20 amino acids are
 The R group is what changes an amino acid and
gives proteins very different shapes.
 Each organism makes _____________________
_______________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________
 You ingest plant or animal protein,
and use the amino
acids to
________________________________
2:13 Enzymes
ENZYMES:
Examples: ___________________________________________________
SUBSTRATE:
ACTIVE SITE:
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How do enzymes work?
1.
2.
3.
Denaturing Proteins
1. _______________________
_______________________
2. _______________________
_______________________
3. _______________________
_______________________
Enzymes can work faster if you have an __________________________.
Your metabolism can be controlled through ________________________.
2:14 Summarize Macromolecules
Macromolecule
Monomer
Carbohydrate
Amino Acids
Lipid
Nucleotide
Function

 Structural
materials
 Structural
 Defensive

Example
 Glucose







 Store energy
 Make-up
cell
membrane






Starch
Soy beans
Cheese
Pumpkin seed