Dec 2013 Chairs briefing: ILiS Solutions Series – Mock the weak: the representation of disabled people in the media This briefing is in 2 parts – part 1 (p1 – p7) is the event briefing, part 2 (p8 – p17) provides further information on the subject matter and on independent living Part 1 Where: BBC Scotland studios, Pacific Quay, Glasgow, G511DA When: from 12 noon until 5pm Follow the discussion on Twitter #thesolutions Thank you for agreeing to chair this pop up think tank. The Solutions Series offers a high level space for discussion between invited participants, to consider a specific issue in relation to the realization of independent living and to seek solutions in the area. This is an invite only event. 1. Practical arrangements The ILiS team will meet you at the BBC Scotland reception at 11.30pm noon on the 18th of December. Lunch will be served between 12 noon and 1pm. The discussion will run from 1pm to 4pm. There will be a short comfort break. You are invited to stay for a networking drinks reception from 4pm – 5pm. 2. About ‘The Solutions Series’ The Independent Living in Scotland (ILiS) project is working with the Scottish Government, disabled people and other key stakeholders on the strategic interventions that will make independent living the reality for disabled people in Scotland (see appendix 1 for detail on independent living and human rights). 1 Dec 2013 “The Solutions Series” which is hosted by ILiS is a series of solution focused discussions – ‘pop up think tanks’ – designed to bring together Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs), decision makers, academics, public service leaders and other key experts from across Scotland and beyond. Each pop up Think Tank in The Solutions Series will consider, and seek solutions to, a specific issue which has been identified as preventing or hindering progression of independent living in Scotland. Each Solutions Series discussion results in a report capturing the solutions offered. This will be used to promote wider awareness and understanding of the issue and to initiate, influence and direct change at national and local levels – more detail on the Solutions Series is provided in appendix 2. “Mock the weak – the representation of disabled people in the media” is the 5th pop up Think Tank in the series. A list of invited participants is provided at appendix 3. 3. Focus of the pop up think tank: “Mock the weak – the representation of disabled people in the media” A combination of desk based research and conversations with Disabled People’s Organisations (DPO’s), academics, representatives from the media and decision makers helped determine the specific emphasis for the discussion ahead. It found that whilst there are examples of positive representations of disabled people in the media, largely, disabled people are both ‘under’ and ‘miss’ represented and used in the media: disabled people are often defined or portrayed as free-loaders, scroungers, skivers, ‘poor wee souls’, miracles or ‘super human’…some have suggested that Government ideology/policy/rhetoric drives this there are poor links between disabled people, their organisations and the media disabled people don’t come forward to be in the media very often – they are frightened that if they do, they may lose what support they have, they might be seen as ‘too capable for support/benefits’ or they fear they might get bullied, harassed or experience hate crime despite this, talent spotters have limited ‘go-to’ lists and disabled people rarely feature on these – when disabled people are engaged, the same people or person can be over-used 2 Dec 2013 where they are approached, disabled people are usually invited to comment/appear as ‘users’, they are rarely considered or approached as ‘experts’ All of this has a huge impact on disabled people and on the media: disabled people and their organisations struggle to get their version of events across – progressing disabled people’s equality and human rights is harder because the focus is on welfare, dependency and on the limited role that disabled people can play in society as benefactors, not contributors – the focus often accentuates the negative rather the positive misrepresentation has created a ‘crisis of identity’ for disabled people, hate crime has increased and disabled people have lowered aspirations the media don’t benefit fully from the expertise of disabled people – as colleagues, employees and contributors on screen and off there is a lack of disability awareness in the media and very little awareness among disabled people and their organisations of the way the media works. The pop up think tank will seek to address these issues by considering: how disabled people are portrayed in the media – including the language and imagery that is used around disability the way in which the industry recruits and retains people (both as employees and in terms of the ‘go to’ people for interviews/news/expertise on a particular subject) the role of the editors Code and regulation how disabled people, their organisations and the media interact To help the discussion flow, the chair will ask: a) What do we want to achieve b) how do we do it? c) Who can help? For a detailed outline of the rationale behind the questions posed, please see appendix 4. 3 Dec 2013 4. Your role on the day and your role as chair (see more at appendix 2) Heather Fisken, Manager, ILiS Project, will announce the discussion and welcome people. She will introduce the Solutions Series and will outline the fact that there is no ‘them’ and ‘us’ in these discussions and that we must focus on solutions. Heather will highlight that a report of the solutions will be published and circulated – she will note that people can speak freely in the event and that no comments will be attributed to individuals. This report will be used by ILiS to instigate change and others are invited to use it too. Pam Duncan, Policy Officer for the ILiS Project, and Kainde Manji, PhD student, Glasgow University, will take a note of the discussions which will result in the final report. As chair, you are asked to keep the discussion flowing, allow everyone the chance to speak, and stay focused on solutions. We’d like you to open with introductions; to participants and to the reason the subject has been chosen – highlighting some of the work and research that has led to this conclusion (see above and information at appendix 4); and to outline what is expected from the event – including confirmation of understanding, highlighting possible areas of contention and common ground. At this point it might be useful to take the opportunity to ask some of the following questions to help with this – please spend a maximum of 30 minutes on this (you could use the barriers outlined at section 3 as prompts if needed and also refer people back to their pre-event briefing): What are the challenges as you understand them – examples could include; timescales, fear (both in terms of the media around addressing disability generally or from the point of view of disabled people who fear repercussions of publicising their circumstances), capacity, language, the need for ‘public interest stories’ and case studies, knowledge gaps around how the media works or on ‘disability issues’ and so on? How do they affect you in your organisation – DPO’s may mention the lack of coverage that supports their specific aims (as opposed to stereotypical coverage around the ‘super-crip’/’the scrounger etc…), problems in getting their version of events across, the implications of their invisibility on their funding/respect/kudos…and representatives 4 Dec 2013 of the media might note a lack of case studies means they have a small ‘go-to’ group from within the disability sector, a reluctance to cover stories for fear of repercussions…) This will allow us to get to a point early on in the discussion where people know the specific barriers we are trying to address and are ready to talk about moving forward. As the discussion flows, you may need to push people for ideas and divert them from going over the problems again. This means that if someone makes a suggestion, it will be your role to get some specific, tangible actions from these, perhaps by asking questions like; “so who could make that happen?”, “who will do ‘x’ about this”, “how could we make progress on this” and so on. The questions set out above, and again below – with prompts – should be used to help focus of the conversation on solutions. Some prompts and guidance is outlined under each of the set questions for your support: a) What do we want to achieve and how do we do it? How could disabled people and the media work better together and be better connected? Is there a way to get the right balance between human interest and messages on equality and human rights of disabled people? How can we help disabled people and their organisations to understand how the media works and what they want – and how can we help the media to understand disability, disabled people and the role of their organisations? What is the role of regulation – could third party representation to a regulator help? Is there a specific role for social media? How can we turn the tide on negative attitudes towards disabled people – is there a role for the media in addressing stigma? How can we encourage reporting of miss representation in the media? Is there a way that disabled people and their organisations could help the media to get case studies/stories that would mean disabled people weren’t afraid to ‘speak out’? 5 Dec 2013 How can we address the under-representation of disabled people employed within the media industry? Is there a way for disabled people and their organisations to ensure the media get a balanced view of reality in terms of statistics and the impact of disability on people’s lives? b) Who can help? How could programmers influence this? Are there communications officers in DPOs could help? What could talent spotters do? Partnership opportunities? What role do the regulators have? Are there role models in the media who could help champion better relationships and better reporting/representation? Do any of the suggestions require people who are not round the table to take action? What could you and/or your organisation do today? There will be a wide range of people from a number of organisations at the think tank (see appendix 3 for list of participants). Please ask direct questions and prompt action as you see fit. Possible solutions: Whilst it will be for the think tank to come together to find solutions, there are some potential suggestions outlined below to use a prompts, if needed: A forum with representatives of the media and of disabled people could be set up A mutually beneficial training relationship could be agreed and developed e.g. where the media trains disabled people and where disabled people train the media A meet and greet event could be organized so that organizations can build connections with one another The media could take on disabled people as interns – both to build skills of disabled people but also of the media organization employing them Talent spotters could build links with DPOs or specialist drama groups 6 Dec 2013 A strong and enforced approach to the use of derogatory terms and language Crucially, it will be important to determine what can and should be done and who is going to take the next steps to progress what action. 5. Contacts Both Pam Duncan (Policy Officer) and Heather Fisken (Manager) will be available on the day. Contact number on the day: Pam 0786 226 3081 Email address: pam@ilis.co.uk or heather@ilis.co.uk Website: www.ilis.co.uk As well as visiting our website, why not call in on us via Facebook and Twitter (#thesolutions) and tell us your independent living news and views? Don’t forget to like us! @independentlivinginscotland @ilisproject 7 Dec 2013 Part 2 Appendix 1 Independent living, equality and human rights – an understanding Independent Living is defined by disabled people themselves as meaning “disabled people of all ages having the same freedom, choice, dignity and control as other citizens at home, at work, and in the community. It does not mean living by yourself, or fending for yourself. It means rights to practical assistance and support to participate in society and live an ordinary life”. For many disabled people, this practical assistance and support (such as access to the environment, advocacy, personal assistance, income, and equal opportunities for employment), underpinned by the principles of independent living, freedom, choice, dignity and control is essential for them to exercise their rights and duties of citizenship, via their full and equal participation in the civic and economic life of Scotland. Without it, many disabled people cannot; enjoy the human rights they are entitled to1 on an equal basis to others – as set out in the Human Rights Act and the European Convention of Human Rights, live free from discrimination and harassment as the Equality Act 2010 promotes, nor contribute to a wealthier and fairer, healthier, safer and stronger, smarter and greener Scotland2. Independent living thus promotes a modern understanding of disability and disability equality that can support policy and practise to protect the human rights of disabled people. It achieves this by recognising the essential role of “material support” in ensuring disabled people can “participate in society and lead an ordinary life”. The role independent living plays in protecting the human rights of disabled people is recognised and underpinned by international human rights and equalities obligations to which the UK and Scotland are party to; including the recognition that all of the rights outlined in the ECHR and Human Rights legislation belong to disabled people, and that these 1 2 ILiS; “ILiS Response to the JCHR Inquiry into the Implementation of Article 19 of the UNCRPD”, 2011 ILiS; “Response to the SDS Strategy in Scotland”, 2010 8 Dec 2013 are further strengthened and contextualised by the rights set out in the UNCRPD. Appendix 2 An introduction to “The Solutions Series” Independent Living in Scotland (ILiS) was established in 2008 to strengthen and develop the Independent Living Movement throughout Scotland and to support the involvement of disabled people in shaping approaches to independent living. We know that policy and practice work best when those who have interest in a subject come together to share knowledge, expertise, ideas and experience and to develop collaborative responses and activity. ILiS will host a series of subject-specific ‘pop up think tanks’3, as part of The Solutions Series, between March 2012 and April 2015. This note provides a brief overview of the purpose and format of these. Separate pre-event briefings are provided on the specific subjects being discussed, as and when appropriate. Aims and outcomes The Solutions Series aims to support meaningful, solution-focussed and strategic-level discussion across a range of perspectives by hosting a series of subject-specific pop up think tanks and reporting these. It is hoped is that mutual engagement is increased, through the sharing of perspectives and knowledge. To support this, the pop up think tanks will use the principles and practices of coproduction. They will be safe spaces, where people with different perspectives can talk freely and openly – protecting this, the reports will not align comment to specific individuals. Working in this way will mean that future action on and reaction to the subject will be better able to take account of and respond to different, indeed, opposing, views in a way that supports the honesty and integrity needed to drive forward change. It is hoped that in doing this; disabled people, their organisations, policy makers and other key ‘movers and shakers’ e.g. sectoral leaders, academia; will be better equipped to collaborate again; including when appropriate drawing on cross-border perspectives. Both the think tanks 3 A pop up think tank is a one off, subject specific, topical think tank 9 Dec 2013 themselves and the resulting reports will be used as opportunities to influence change on independent living. Subjects There are many possible subjects for the pop up think tanks. The aim is that they will focus on strategic and timely issues that would benefit from the cross-sectoral engagement approach suggested, particularly where there are significant areas of divergence in thinking. The pop up think tanks will be both pro-active; addressing issues of strategic importance for the furtherance of independent living; and reactive; responding to particular strategic policy/piece of research/reports/societal reaction on a given area, of relevance to independent living. In line with the agreed ILiS business plan, some of the subjects will be suggested by ILiS and will likely focus, although not exclusively, on the wider work of the national programme on independent living4. However, it is hoped that others may consider the Solutions Series as an opportunity to address specific issues. While resource limitations mean that it may not always be possible to take up suggestions, ILiS welcome an approach to ILiS to instigate a pop up think tank on a particular subject as part of the series. Format The Solutions Series will pull together experts in a particular area to respond to a given subject, agenda or consultation, in a one-off think tank on the subject. Participants will be targeted for their expertise, their capacity to effect change and their capacity to represent their community of interest. They will be asked to come up with; through sharing expertise, innovation and dialogue; some of the potential solutions – including cross-sectoral responses to and suggestions for policy, practise, research and legislative change – to sometimes quite contentious issues that create barriers to the realisation of independent living. Chairs will be people with an in depth knowledge in the specific area concerned. Their role will be to keep the discussion flowing, on topic and solution focused. 4 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2013/04/8699/1 10 Dec 2013 It is expected that there will be between 10 and no more than 20 people at each pop up think tank. This is to help ensure that in depth discussion is possible. Participants will be asked to come with an informed, learned opinion on the subject matter, taking account of the people they represent if and where appropriate. Each participant will take part on an equal basis, there will be no need for participants to prepare presentations ahead of the think tank. The format will be round table discussion. Think tanks will usually last for half a day, with lunch in the middle. The chair will open with introductions; to participants and to the reason the subject has been chosen; and outline what is expected from the event – including confirmation of understanding, highlighting possible areas of contention and common ground. The chair will also ensure the think tank is solution focussed; they will encourage people to identify specific suggested ways forward and – where appropriate – will highlight next steps, including possible future actions needed. The report will be drafted shortly after the think tank and participants will have an opportunity to comment on this, before it is published. They will be advised of timescales for this. The role of the ILiS project in the Solution Series ILiS will host the Solutions Series, providing facilities and secretariat support. This will include: developing, including in partnership with others, the strategic focus of the pop up think tank; providing premeeting briefings; facilities and support for participation; setting the date, time and venue; taking notes, including action points; and circulating a report. They may also take part in the series, where appropriate. Briefings issued ahead of the pop up think tanks will include the purpose of them including the motivation to host it; details of the relevant background and context; and the relationship between the subject and independent living. 11 Dec 2013 Appendix 3 List of invited participants to ‘The Solutions Series: Mock the weak – the representation of disabled people in the media’ – as at 3rd December, many others invited but unconfirmed 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Carron Munro – Talent Associate, STV Cheri Burns – Social Media Moderator/Marketeer, Media Scotland Douglas Fraser – Business and Economy Editor, Scotland, BBC Scotland (chairing the think tank) Heather Fisken – Project Manager ILiS (introducing the think tank) Jennifer Johnston – Communications Manager, SHRC Kainde Manji – PHd student (reporting the think tank) Katherine Quarmby – author of ‘Scapegoat; are we failing disabled people?’ Mairi McLeod – Scotland representative, Ofcom's Communications Consumer Panel Mike Jempson – Director, Media Wise Pam Duncan – Policy Officer ILiS (reporting the think tank) Paul Carter – Director/founder, Littleman Media Professor Nick Watson – Chair of Disability Studies, Strathclyde Centre for Disability Research Pru Davies – Volunteer and treasurer, Bi-polar Scotland Sally Witcher – Chief Executive, Inclusion Scotland Stephen Brookes – coordinator Disability Hate Crime Network and ex NUJ Stephen Naysmith – Society Editor, The Herald Steve Robertson – Chair, People First Tressa Burke – Chief Executive Officer, Glasgow Disability Alliance 12 Dec 2013 Appendix 4 The representation of disabled people in the media – a briefing Background “The press provides an essential check on all aspects of public life. That is why any failure within the media affects all of us”. Lord Justice Leveson opening the hearings of the Leveson inquiry on the 14th of November 2011 The term ‘media’ is defined in the Oxford Dictionary as “the main means of mass communication (television, radio, and newspapers)” and by Wikipedia as “technologies through which communication takes place” – this also includes social media. Media is an important part of our everyday life, it is critical in the dissemination of information to the mass population. In doing this, it holds a strong influence over society, reaches many people, and shapes attitudes; “setting the tone of national thought and debate”5. Recently, and most publically as part of the Leveson inquiry, the practices of the press has come under scrutiny6. The representation of disabled people and the media The relationship between the media and disabled people has often been turbulent7. Many have argued that despite protections in the Editors Code of Practice8 and in equalities legislation (and for some parts of the media this includes specific duties in the Equality Act 2010) the representation of disabled people in the media has; entrenched stereotypes9 – “the dominant images [of disabled people] are crude, one-dimensional and simplistic”10, focused on the medical model of Kavanagh (2012) “Summary of seminar 2, 6 October, 2011: the rights and responsibilities of the press”. Leveson Inquiry 6 http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ 7 http://www.disabilityplanet.co.uk/critical-analysis.html 8 http://www.pcc.org.uk/assets/696/Code_of_Practice_2012_A4.pdf 9 Hunt, P (1991); “Discriminations – disabled people and the media”, article first appeared in Contact, No. 70, Winter, pp. 45-48 10 http://www.disabilityplanet.co.uk/critical-analysis.html 5 13 Dec 2013 disability11 and more recently, vilified and victimized disabled people as benefit cheats and scroungers – ‘Disabled Benefit? Just fill in a form’12, ‘No more £35k BMWs for Motability drivers: new rules will stop disabled getting luxury cars on taxpayer’13 and repeating of reporting of wildly inaccurate statistics ‘75% on sick are skiving’14. It has been suggested that this latter sort of reporting represents a significant shift in media portrayal from one which was largely patronising “…to one where the predominant focus has been on disabled people as scroungers”. Watson claims that, left unchecked, this shift could “lay the groundwork for the removal of the support structures and processes currently in place [leaving the media in] danger of further adding to the oppression disabled people are experiencing”15. The under-representation of disabled people in the media Many16 have suggested that the under-representation of disabled people in the media, has largely contributed to this miss-representation: research by Ofcom in 2004 found that only 12% of sampled programs (on BBC1, BBC2, ITV, Channel 4 and Five) included representations of disabled people – with less than 1 disabled person/character in 100 of these programs17 disabled people represent only 2% of the TV workforce, 1.6% of film production workforce, 2% of the radio workforce (with higher rates in local radio)18 and 12% of the publishing workforce19 There are a number of possible reasons for the under-representation of disabled people in the media, including issues relating to the lower numbers of disabled people in employment in general (46.9% of disabled people are employed, compared to 71% non-disabled adults20, disabled people are less likely to have a degree and more likely to have 11 Shakespeare, T. (1999) Art and lies? Representations of disability on film. In: Corker, M. and French, S. (eds.) Disability Discourse Buckingham: Open University Press. p. 164-172 12 Daily Mail 11 November 2011 13 Daily Mail 25 November 2011 14 Daily Express 26 January 2011 15 Watson et al (2011) “Bad news for disabled people: how the newspapers are reporting disability”. Inclusion London & Strathclyde Centre for Disability Research and Glasgow Media Unit 16 Hunt, P (1991); Watson, N et al (2011); http://www.disabilityplanet.co.uk/critical-analysis.html 17 Ofcom; “The representation and portrayal of people with disabilities on analogue terrestrial television: Content analysis research report”, 2005 18 Creative Skillset; “Employment Census of the Creative Media Industries”, 2012 19 Skillset; “Publishing: Labour Market Intelligence Profile”, 2011 20 Annual Population Survey, 2010 14 Dec 2013 no qualifications than non-disabled people21). However, as shown above, within the media industry the rate is even lower. This suggests some particular issues within the industry which could include recruitment styles and work patterns (which are more ad hoc, fluid and unsociable than in other industries)22. Engagement between disabled people and the media In addition, engagement between disabled people and their organisations and the media is not as strong as it could be. This is a further factor that contributes to the miss-representation of disabled people in the media. Disabled Peoples Organisations (DPOs) are run by disabled people and directly accountable to them. DPOs support and promote the social model of disability as opposed to the medical model. The social model of disability recognises everyone as equal, looks beyond a person’s impairment at all the relevant factors including the barriers that affect their ability to be a full and equal participant in society and promotes the disabled persons right to participate in society with support to do so. This empowers disabled people because it recognises that their exclusion is caused by society not their individual impairments. As noted above, the media have a tendency to operate using the medical model of disability with a focus on impairments. DPOs represent disabled people, support them to have their voices heard and to influence local and national attitudes and decision making, taking this human rights based approach. Through their work, they support the capacity of disabled people to engage and to make change happen. Hearing and understanding real life stories and examples directly from disabled people – who are experts by experience – can help change public attitudes, and can change policy and decisions. In this respect, they are a key resource for the media, however, this resource is under-utilised. This is partly due to the capacity of underfunded/under-resourced DPOs to build links with the media or to respond to media requests23 – particularly when they are often at short notice – and partly due to the sorts of stories the media want. Scottish Government; “Disability Evidence Review”, 2013 http://www.creativeskillset.org/research/overview/industries/ 23 “Thriving or Surviving”; Disability Lib, 2008 21 22 15 Dec 2013 Focussing on equality and human rights, DPOs are not the natural ‘bedfellows’ of stories that seek to portray disabled people in stereotyped ways. Disabled people and their organisations struggle to get their version of events across – progressing disabled peoples equality and human rights is hard when there is an overwhelming focus on welfare, dependency and on the limited role that disabled people can play in society as benefactors, not contributors. Furthermore, the level of oppression and fear experienced by disabled people themselves limit the number of people willing to ‘come forward’ and be used, so publically, as a case study. Despite this, building on their links, their approach and their membership, DPOs can support the media to do their job well, so that the press can, as the Lord Justice Leveson described their role; “the standard bearer for those who have no one else to speak up for them”. The impact of the miss and under-representation of disabled people in the media As the title of a report into the issues outlined above suggests, this is ‘a bad time to be disabled’: The welfare reforms announced in June 2010 will lead to 3.5 million disabled people losing over £9.2 billion in benefits and have a disproportionate impact on disabled people and in Scotland Disabled adults are twice as likely to live in low income households as non-disabled adults with 30% already classed as living in relative poverty – the proposed cuts to benefits will both increase the proportion of disabled people living in poverty and the depth of the poverty they experience24 The public associate – and the media portray – disability as a benefit problem, disabled people as burdens on the state and as fraudsters more now than ever before – despite statistics on fraud in the disability benefit system showing the opposite to be true25 91% of disabled people said there was a link between negative press portrayal of disabled people and rising hostility/hate crime26 Inclusion Scotland; (2013) “Welfare reform briefing” Watson et al (2011) “Bad news for disabled people: how the newspapers are reporting disability”. Inclusion London & Strathclyde Centre for Disability Research and Glasgow Media Unit 26 Disability Rights UK; (2012) “Press portrayal of disabled people – a rise in hostility fuelled by austerity” 24 25 16 Dec 2013 56% of disabled people have experienced aggression and even violence from strangers because of a health condition and/or impairment, half of disabled people say they experience discrimination on either a daily or weekly basis; and 37% said people’s attitudes have got worse over the past year 27 The human rights and equality of disabled people in the UK has taken a downturn in recent years28 29 30 For any of this to change, for hate crime to be addressed and for disabled people’s long fought equality and human rights to be safeguarded, it is crucial that public opinion supports the need to promote, support and protect the human rights of disabled people and no longer sees them as burdens or cheats. It is also therefore crucial that the “tone” set by the media lends itself to such positive attitudes. The solutions series: Mock the Weak – the representation of disabled people in the media This pop up think tank will focus on the “mass media” – forms of media, used to reach a lot of people – and specifically; broadcast and printed media; e.g. radio, newspapers/magazines, TV and films31. It will seek to address the issues outlined above by considering: how disabled people are portrayed in the media – including the language and imagery that is used around disability the way in which the industry recruits and retains people (both longterm and in terms of the ‘go to’ people for interviews/news/expertise on a particular subject) the role of the editors Code and regulation how disabled people, their organisations and the media interact 27 See: http://www.scope.org.uk/news/attitudes-towards-disabled-people-survey JCHR; (2011) “Inquiry into implementation of Article 19 of the UNCRPD” 29 EHRC & SHRC “Being part of Scotland’s story under the UNCRPD: report of the participation event with disabled people”, 2011 30 Inclusion Scotland; “Inclusion Scotland response to UK Government’s report on the UNCRPD”, 2011 31 http://www.disabilityplanet.co.uk/critical-analysis.html 28 17