WHAP Unit 2 Chapter 3 Reading Guide
Name:
IDs---52 x 2 Points each = 104
Key Concepts--- 9 x 5 Points each = 45
Date:
Hour:
/149
Total Points for Reading Guide: 149
Read Chapter 3 and Identify the following:
1.Achaemenid dynasty:
First dynasty of Persian empire
2.Cyrus:
Created Achaemenid dynasty of
Persian Empire (557-530 BCE),
nicknamed the Shepherd
3.Darius:
Expanded Persian empire (522-486
BCE) great administration
4.Ahura Mazda:
Supreme god of Zoroastrianism,
good
5.Satraps:
Persian government was split into
several provinces/satrapies ruled
by a governor/satrap, collected
taxes and responsible for military
6.Royal Road:
1700 miles in length, facilitated
communication and commerce in
Persian empire from Susa to Sardis
7.Persepolis:
Capital city of Persian Empire built
8.Hellenes:
Greeks, their name for themselves
9.Citizens:
Free citizens who run the affairs of
the state
10.Helots:
servants, not chattel slaves but not
free, could not leave land
11.Solon:
Reforming leader of Athens who
abolished debt slavery and made
government jobs salaried, all male
citizens could partake in assembly
12.Pericles:
Athens’ greatest statesman, golden
age, beautified Athens
19.Sparta:
Greek city-state known for its
military, had Council of Elders, won
Peloponnesian War, simple,
austere
20.Alexander the Great:
Alexander III of Macedon, 356-323
BCE, conqueror of the Persian
Empire and part of northwest India
21.Greek Empire:
Land of Greece united by Phillip of
Macedon and later expanded by
Alexander the Great
22.Alexandria:
Port city at mouth of Nile, founded
by Alexander, contains museum
and library
23.Ptolemaic Empire:
Part of Alexander’s empire that
was inherited by Ptolemy at
Alexander’s death, area including
and around Egypt, wealthiest part
of Greek empire
24.Seleucid Empire:
largest part of Greek empire,
Anatolia to Bactria, inherited by
Seleucus after Alexander’s death,
later taken over by Parthians
25.Hellenism:
Greek culture spread widely in
Eurasia and North Africa in the
kingdoms ruled by Alexander’s
political successors, blended with
Persian culture
26.Patricians:
Roman aristocrats and wealthy
classes.
27.Plebeians:
Roman commoners, poorer classes
37.Qin dynasty:
Dynasty that came to power out of
the Period of Warring States using
Legalism, 221-207 B.C.E
38.Qin Shihuangdi:
“first emperor of the Qin”, forcibly
reunited China and established a
strong and repressive state
39.Legalism:
Chinese philosophy of strict laws and
cruel punishments, collective
responsibility used by Qin dynasty
after Period of Warring States
40.Great Wall of China
Connection of multiple defensive
earthen walls created by the
Chinese under Qin Shihuangdi,
forced labor
41.Han dynasty:
Ruled China from 206 BCE to 220
CE, creating a durable state based
on Shihuangdi’s state-building
achievement.
42.Sui dynasty:
Chinese imperial state similar to
the Han, 589-618 CE
43.Han Wudi:
martial emperor, 141-87 B.C.E. strong
central gov’t, university based on
teachings of Confucius
44.Yellow Turban Rebellion:
revolt against the Han over land
distribution and gap between rich and
poor
45.Tang dynasty:
Chinese imperial state 618-907 CE
46.Song dynasty:
Chinese imperial state 960-1279 CE
47.Aryans:
Indo-Europeans who migrated into
13.Greco-Persian Wars:
Two major Persian invasions of
Greece, in 490 BCE and 480 BCE, in
which the Persians were defeated
on both land and sea
14.Battle of Marathon:
Greek victory against Persians, idea
of marathon, 490 BCE
15.Democracy:
In Athens, much of the free male
population had the franchise and
officeholders were chosen by lot
16.Parthenon:
Built under Pericles during Golden
Age, temple to Athena on acropolis
in Athens, perfect ratio
17.Golden Age:
Fifty years after Persian wars, great
time of growth and creativity for
Greece, monumental building,
theatre, philosophy
18.Athens:
Greek city-state known for its
direct democracy, naval power,
intellect and creativity,
beautification, head of Delian
League, lost Peloponnesian War
28.Senate
Patrician assembly that advised the
consuls
29.Twelve Tables:
Roman law code, many principles
used in US today, 450 BCE
30.Punic Wars:
fight for supremacy in
Mediterranean between Rome and
Carthage over grain supplies
31.Carthage:
Northern African kingdom, main
rival to early Roman expansion,
that was defeated by Rome in the
Punic Wars
32.Roman Empire:
Created after the end of the
republic, built on military
expansion, from England in north,
Spain in West, Egypt in south and
much of SW Asia, fell in 476 CE
33.Julius Caesar:
grew popular through the army,
became first dictator of Rome, was
assassinated in 44 B.C.E
34.Augustus:
Great-nephew and adopted son of
Julius Caesar who emerged as sole
ruler of the Roman state at the end
of an extended period of civil war
(31 BCE-14 CE)
35.Pax Romana:
“Roman Peace”, term typically
used to denote the stablility and
prosperity of the early Roman
Empire, especially in the first and
second centuries CE
36.Period of Warring States:
time of chaos after fall of Zhou
dynasty in which centralized rule
had broken down
the Indus River Valley bringing
their culture with them
48.Mauryan Empire:
Major empire that encompassed
most of India (322-185 BCE)
49.Arthrashastra:
Treatise, the Science of Worldly
Wealth, how a ruler should act to
maintain power and common good
even brutal measures
50.Ashoka:
Most famous ruler of the Mauryan
empire (268-232 BCE) who
converted to Buddhism and tried
to rule peacefully and with
tolerance
51.Rock and Pillar Edicts:
Series of edicts by Ashoka carved
on rocks and pillars throughout the
Mauryan dynasty
52.Gupta Empire:
320-550 CE, imperial control in
India, peaceful and tolerant
Key Concept 2.2
Development of States and Empires
I. Key states and empires
What are they and where are they located?
Persian: SW Asia, From Turkey in West to India in East, into Egypt
Greek: Greek city-states centered on Aegean Sea in Mediterranean, and then included
the Persian Empire
Roman: begins on Italian peninsula in central Mediterranean, expands as far north as
England, south into Northern coast of Africa including Egypt, into SW Asia, West to
Spain
China (Qin and Han dynasties): East Asia
India (Mauryan and Gupta): South Asia
II. New techniques of imperial administration
A. Rulers created
In what ways did they set up their administrations? How were they organized?
administrative institutions in
Persian: satraps (governors) governed satrapies (23 provinces), tolerance, spies, lower
many regions
level officials drawn from locals
Greek: hundreds of independent city-states, each one had its own type of government
Roman: kingdom, then republic, then dictatorship, Law=Twelve Tables
China: Legalism used by Qin, centralized government based on teachings of Confucius
used by Han, highly bureaucratic, edicts of the emperor not written law code, scholar
bureaucrats, mandate of heaven
India: highly centralized government not easy to construct with such cultural diversity,
also frequently invaded, spies, Ashoka had Buddhist/moralist approach to rule,
tolerance under Gupta
Taxation or tributes in all
B. Imperial governments
projected military power over
larger areas using a variety of
techniques
Examples of techniques:
Persia: conquered much land but used tolerance and respect for conquered peoples,
satraps were required to provide military/soldiers from satrapies
Greek: land power like Spartans and naval power like Athens, phalanx
Roman: conquered land and defeated competition with army, Roman legion, defensive
walls (Roman limes), mercenaries, army “well-fed, well-trained, well-rewarded”, brutal
in war, would raze cities
China: Great Wall
India: large infantry including 9000 elephants
C. Much of the success of the
empires rested on their
promotion of trade and
economic integration of
building and maintaining roads
and issuing currencies
Examples of this:
Persia: standardized coins/gold Darics, Royal Road
Greek: colonization around Mediterranean and Black Seas
Roman: Roads throughout empire “All Roads Lead to Rome”, curbs, drainage, concrete
China: Qin Shihuangdhi standardized weights and measures, Great Wall
India: Indian ocean trade, pepper
III. Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
A. Cities
Centers of trade, public performance of religious rituals, and political administration
for states and empires
Persepolis, Susa, Ctesiphon
Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes
Alexandria
Rome, Carthage, Constantinople
Chang’an
Pataliputra
C. Imperial societies relied on
a range of methods to
maintain the production of
food and provide rewards for
the loyalty of elites.
As Roman empire grew wealthy aristocrats were rewarded with land on which they
created large latifundia, gained public acclaim and high political office, and earned
promotions
Slavery, Helots
Taxation: you had to pay taxes so you must produce something to sell
Legalism in China: force subjects to produce agriculture/taxation
D. Patriarchy
Persia: women were to obey men
Greece: Athenian women kept in, Sparta women had more freedom, women did not
have citizenship
Rome: pater familias, men had absolute control over wife, children, and slaves; over
time elite women experience less restriction, women found protection of the law in
areas of marriage and property rights
IV. The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, cultural, and administrative
difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse or transformation into
successor states.
A. Environmental damage
caused by empires
Roman Empire experienced extensive deforestation and unprecedented levels of lead
in the air
China had substantial urban air pollution and soil erosion in the countryside.
Excessive mobilization of resources caused environmental damage
Smelting metals required wood, leading to deforestation and soil erosion
B. External problems along
frontiers/threats of invasion
Persia: overtaken by the Greeks, conquered by Alexander
Romans: Germanic Tribes---Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Goths, Anglo-Saxons, etc.
pushed in by the Huns. Sacked Rome
China: Han vs. Xiongnu, barbarian states in North China
India: under constant threat from Central Asia, Gupta vs. Huns