Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
Chapter 3
grade 8
Section 1
Are the basic units of structure and function
in living things.
Cells
Cell Theory
Widely excepted explanation of the
relationship between cells and living things.
Single-celled.
Unicellular
Multicellular
Organisms composed of many cells.
A group of similar cells that work together to
perform a specific function.
Tissue
Organ
A structure in the body that is composed of
different kinds of tissue.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
A group of organs that work together to
perform a major function in the body.
Organ System
Section
2
Organelles
Carry out specific functions within the cell.
A rigid layer of nonliving material that
surrounds the cell of plants and some other
organisms.
Cell Wall
Cytoskeleton
A protein inside a cell that give the cell a
shape.
Is an outside boundary that separates the
cell from its environment.
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Is the cells control center, directing all of
the cells activities.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
The region between the cell membrane and
the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Convert energy in food molecules to energy
the cell can use to carry out its functions.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
It passageways help form proteins and
other materials.
Ribosome
Produce proteins.
Receives proteins and other newly formed
materials from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Then packages and distributes the
materials to other parts of the cell.
Golgi body
Chloroplast
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to
produce food
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Storage area of cells.
Vacuole
Lysosomes
Section
Small round structures containing
chemicals containing chemicals that break
down large food particles into smaller ones.
3
Any substance that cannot be broken down
into simpler substances.
Element
Compound
When 2 or more elements combine
chemically.
Is an energy rich organic compound made
of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Are energy rich organic compounds made
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Are large organic molecules made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in
some cases sulfur.
Proteins
Amino Acids
A small molecule that is linked chemically to
other amino acids to form proteins.
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical
reaction in a living thing.
Enzyme
Nucleic acid-
Very long organic molecules made of
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus
The genetic material that caries information
about an organism and is passed from
parent to offspring.
DNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Section
4
Selectively Permeable
Some substances can pass through the
membrane while other cant.
Diffusion
Is the process by which molecules move
from an area of high concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
Is diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
Passive transport
The movement of dissolved materials
through a membrane without using cellular
energy.
The movement of materials through a cell
membrane using cellular energy.
Active Transport
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Chapter 4
Section 1
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food.
An organism that can’t make its own food.
Heterotroph
Pigment
Colored chemical compounds that absorbs
light
Main photosynthetic pigment in chloroplast.
Chlorophyll
stomata
Small opening on underside of leaves.
Section
2
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
The process by which cell obtain energy
from glucose.
Respiration
Fermentation
Section
An energy releasing process that does not
require oxygen.
3
The regular sequence of growth and
division that cell undergo.
Cell Cycle
Interphase
The period before cell division
The next part of interphase. The cell makes
an exact replica of the DNA in the nucleus.
Replication
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
Mitosis
grade 8
The stage during which the cell’s nucleus
divides into 2 new nuclei.
Double rod structures that were condensed
from thread like chromatin in the nucleus.
Chromosomes
Cytokinesis
Section
The process in which the cytoplasm
divides.
4
The by which cells change in structure and
become capable of carrying out special
Differentiation
Stem Cell
Certain cells that can differentiate through
life.
Chapter 5
Section 1
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
The passing of physical characteristics from
parents to offspring.
Heredity
Trait
A form of characteristics
Genetics
Scientific study of heredity.
Fertilization
The process in which sperm and egg join.
Purebred
The offspring off many generations that
have the same trait.
Gene
The factors that control a trait.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Alleles
The different forms of a gene
Dominant allele
One whose trait always shows up in the
organism when it is present.
Recessive allele
Is hidden whenever the dominant allele is
present.
Hybrid
An organism with 2 different alleles for a
trait.
Section
2
Probability
A number that de4scribes how likely it is
that a certain event will occur.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Punnett square
A chart that shows all the possible
combinations of alleles that can result from
a genetic cross.
Phenotype
An organism’s physical appearance.
Genotype
An organisms genetic makeup or allele
combination.
Homozygous
An organism that has 2 identical alleles for
a trait
Heterozygous
An organism that has 2 different alleles for
a trait
Codominance
When the alleles are neither dominant nor
recessive.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Sexual Reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two
parents that combine their genetic material
to produce a new organism which differs
from both parents.
Diploid
Describes a cell that has 2 sets of
chromosomes one from each parent.
Meiosis
The process that occurs in the process of
sex cells by which the number
chromosomes is reduced by half.
Messenger RNA
RNA that copies the coded message from
the DNA in the nucleus and caries the
message into the cytoplasm.
Transfer RNA
RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an amino
acid to the ribosome and adds it to the
growing protein chain.
Mutation
A change in the gene or chromosome.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Chapter 6
Section 1
Multiple alleles
Three or more forms of a gene that code for
a single trait.
Sex Chromosomes
Is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in
each body cell.
Sex- linked genes
Alleles that are passed from parent to child
on a sex chromosomes.
Carrier
A person who has one recessive allele for a
trait and one dominant trait.
Section
2
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Genetic Disorder
Is an abnormal condition that a person
inherits through genes or chromosomes.
Pedigree
Is a chart or family tree that tracks which
member of the family have a particular trait.
Karyotype
Is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell.
Section
3
Selective breeding
The process of selecting organisms with
desired traits to be parents of the next
generation.
Inbreeding
The process involving the crossing of two
individuals that have similar characteristics.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Hybridization
Breeders cross two genetically different
individuals.
Clone
Is an organism that has exactly the same
genes as the organisms from which it was
produced.
Genetic Engineering
Genes from one organism are transferred
into the DNA of another organism.
Gene Therapy
Inserting copies of a gene directly into a
person’s cell.
Genome
Is all the DNA in one cell of an organism.
Chapter
16
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Section
1
Endocrine gland
A structure of the endocrine system that
produces and releases its chemical
products directly into the blood stream.
The chemical product of an endocrine
gland.
Hormone
Target cells
Are special cells that recognize the
hormones chemical structure.
A tiny part of the brain near the middle of
your head.
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Communicates with the hypothalamus to
control many of the body’s activities.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
When the amount of s particular hormone in
the blood reaches a certain level the
endocrine sends a message that stops the
release of that hormone.
Negative feedback
Section
2
Egg
Female sex cell.
Male sex cell.
Sperm
Testes
Are the organs of the male reproductive
system.
External pouch of skin.
Scrotum
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
Testosterone
grade 8
Is a hormone that controls the development
of physical characteristics.
A mixture of sperm cells and liquid.
Semen
Penis
The organ through which urine and semen
leave the male body.
The tube in penis in which through which
the seamen travels in.
Urethra
Ovaries
Female reproductive structures that
produce and store eggs.
Triggers the development of some female
characteristics.
Estrogen
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
Fallopian tubes
grade 8
Passage ways for the egg.
A hallow muscular organ.
Uterus
Vagina
A muscular passage way leading to the
outside of the body.
The monthly cycle of changes that occurs in
the female reproductive system.
Menstrual cycle
Follicle
When an egg matures within its own group
of cells.
The process in which the egg is released.
Ovulation
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
Menstruation
When the extra blood a tissue pass out of
the body through the vagina.
Section
3
A developing human.
Embryo
Differentiation
Is the process by which cells change and
become specialized.
A membrane that surrounds the embryo
and develops into a fluid filled sac.
Amniotic sac
Umbilical cord
A ropelike structure.
Joseph Hariz 10/22/10 L/A part of portfolio trimester 1
#12
grade 8
The stage during which children mature into
adults physically and mentally.
Adolescence
Puberty
Is the period of development in which the
body becomes able to reproduce.
Endocrine system
Produces chemicals many of the body’s
activities as well as growth and
development.
Reproductive system
Sperm from male go to egg from female
one sperm cell will make it in the egg.
Ovaries-
Testes-