1st Semester Final Review
Honors Biology
Element
Buffer
Acid
Base
Neutral
pH
Atom
Ion
Isotope
Chemical reaction
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Brownian motion
Solution
Denatured
Monomer
Polymer
Monosaccharide
Amino acid
Enzyme
Hydrogen bond
Polysaccharide
Organic compound
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Activation energy
Protein
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
Cholesterol
Starch
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Organelle
Cell membrane
Diffusion
Passive transport
Active transport
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Aerobic
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Cell wall
Nucleus
Chromosome
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Phospholipid bi-layer
Vacuole
Ribosome
Equilibrium
Cellular respiration
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Thermal energy
Chemical energy
Calorie
ATP
Aerobic
Metabolism
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Fermentation
Anaerobic
Calvin cycle
Photosystem
Thylakoid membrane
Wavelength
Electromagnetic
spectrum
Light reaction
Chlorophyll
Stroma
Chloroplast
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Chromosome
Chromatin
Sister chromatids
Homologous
chromosome
Centromere
Interphase
Cell cycle
Mitosis
Cyotokinesis
Haploid
Diploid
Cancer
Metastasis
Meiosis
Crossing over
Zygote
Gamete
Malignant tumor
Benign tumor
1st Semester Final Review
Honors Biology
1. Describe an atom, its parts, and what causes an ion and isotope
a. An atom is made up of Protons and Neutrons in the Nucleus and
electrons surrounding the nucleus in a cloud
b. Ions are created by a change in the number of electrons;
positive ions are created by losing an electron, negative ions are
created by gaining an electron
2. Explain how atoms, elements, mixtures, and solutions are related
a. Atoms are the most basic unit of life
b. Multiple atoms of the same chemical make-up (pure) create
elements
c. Two or more different elements make up a mixture or compound
d. The combination of different compounds makes a solution
3. Give the chemical make up of water and it’s important properties
a. H2O
i. Cohesion
ii. Adhesion
iii. Temperature moderation
iv. Universal solvent
v. Ice floating
4. Explain the three types of bonding
a. Ionic- the transfer of electrons
b. Covalent- the sharing of electrons
c. Hydrogen- a weak bond caused by the attraction to hydrogen
due to its more positive charge
5. Describe the pH scale and what causes an acid, base, and neutral pH
1 Acid
H+
Lemon Juice
7
Neutral
blood
Base 14
OHBleach
6. Give the 4 macromolecules including what they are made up of and an
example of each
a. Proteins: Made up of Amino Acids- Ex. Hair
b. Carbohydrates: Made of monosaccharide- Ex. Starch
c. Lipids: Made up of Hydrocarbon chains- Ex. Oil
1st Semester Final Review
Honors Biology
d. Nucleic Acid: Made of nucleotides- Ex. DNA
7. Give the major characteristics of an enzyme and how enzyme affect
chemical reactions
a. An enzyme is a protein
b. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
c. Enzymes lower activation energy
d. Enzymes can be denatured
8. Explain chemical reactions, including:
a. What happens to the reactant to create a product
i. Reactants react with each other to create a product,
reactants are rearranged to create a product
b. The process of a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction
9. Explain what causes denaturation and what that might do to a cell or
our bodies
a. pH change
b. Temperature change
10. Explain the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote
a. Prokaryote: A cell that lacks a nucleus
b. Eukaryote: A cell that contains a nucleus
11. Explain the role of the cell membrane, include;
a. The chemical make up
Phosphate: Hydrophilic (water loving)
Lipid: Hydrophobic (water avoiding)
b. What membrane proteins do
i. Transport
ii. Communicate
iii. Enzyme activities
c. Molecule movement (diffusion, passive & active transport,
osmosis)
i. Diffusion: The movement of particles from low
concentration to high concentration
ii. Osmosis: The movement of water from low concentration
to high concentration
1st Semester Final Review
Honors Biology
iii. Active transport: The movement of molecules against
their concentration gradient using a membrane protein
and energy in the form of ATP
12. Explain the function of:
a. Nucleus: Stores DNA
b. Mitochondria: Cellular Respiration
c. Chloroplast: Photosynthesis
d. Cell wall: Maintain shape of plant cell
e. Lysosome: Breaks down macromolecules
f. Ribosome: Create proteins from DNA
g. ER: Creates cell parts
h. Golgi apparatus: Packages and Ships cell parts
13. Give major differences between plant and animal cells
a. A plant cell has a cell wall and chloroplast
14. Show the equation, reactants and products, and location of process
for both cellular respiration and photosynthesis
a. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
b. Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
15. Describe the parts of ATP and how they store energy
a. ATP stores energy in the triphosphate portion of the tail with
the most energy stored between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates in
the bond
16. Explain the process of the electron transport chain and how it is used
in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
a. The high energy electrons fall through the chain to pump
hydrogen ions across the membrane to then run through ATP
synthase to create ATP
17. Explain why oxygen is important to cellular respiration and what
happens when it is removed
a. Without oxygen then it would become fermentation and create
less ATP
18. Explain the process of photosynthesis including what happens in each
step and where the steps happen within the plant.
19. Explain how the plant uses the visible spectrum and what parts are
used
1st Semester Final Review
Honors Biology
a. Plants absorb all parts of the spectrum except green light to
split water to create high energy electrons and hydrogen ions
to pass on to the rest of photosynthesis
20. Describe each and state what type of cell division including phase that
the following are found:
a. Chromatin: Unwound DNA – Interphase of both Mitosis and
Meiosis
b. Chromosomes: Compacted DNA – Anaphase of Mitosis and
Anaphase 2 of Meiosis
c. Sister chromatids: Duplicated Chromosomes- Prophase,
metaphase of Mitosis and Prophase 2, metaphase 2 of Meiosis
d. Homologous chromosomes: Tetrad- Prophase 1 and Metaphase 1
of meiosis
21. Explain the steps of the cell cycle and include the steps within
interphase
a. Interphase (G1 -> S-> G2->) M Phase (Prophase -> Metaphase ->
Anaphase -> Telophase-> cytokinesis ->) -> interphase
22. Explain what cancer is and compare malignant and benign tumors
a. Cancer: The sever disruption of the cell cycle caused by the
missed checkpoints in G1 and G2 of interphase
b. Benign: An abnormal mass or normal cells
c. Malignant: An abnormal mass of Abnormal cells that may spread
23. Compare the products of mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis
2 cells
Identical DNA
No crossing over
1 stage
Diploid
Meiosis
4 cells
Different DNA
Crossing over
2 stages
Haploid
24. Describe the process of crossing over and why one type of cell
division does crossing over and why the other type doesn’t.
a. Crossing over is when homologous chromosomes trade portions
of the same chromosome to create genetic diversity in meiosis.
1st Semester Final Review
Honors Biology
b. Crossing over doesn’t happen in mitosis because homologous
chromosomes do not form and all body cells need to have the
same combination of genes to create the correct cells.
25. Compare haploid and diploid
a. Haploid: A single set of chromosomes found in gametes (sex
cells)
b. Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes found in cells at the end of
mitosis
26. Show the continuum from atom to cell division and how each of our
units has built on the previous unit.