Evidence-Based Practices Practice-Based Evidence Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently Being Used by Systems of Care A Snapshot of System of Care Communities Funded 2005–2009 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PARTNERSHIP for Child and Family Mental Health March 2011 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Definitions Evidence-Based Practices: 1) “The integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values” (Institute of Medicine, 2000) 2) “The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture and preferences.” (American Psychological Association, 2005) Practice-Based Evidence: “A range of treatment approaches and supports that are derived from, and supportive of, the positive cultural attributes of the local society and traditions…[they] are accepted as effective by the local community, through community consensus, and address the therapeutic and healing needs of individuals and families from a culturally–specific framework…” Isaacs, M.R., Huang, L. M., Hernandez, M., & Echo-Hawk, H. (2005). The road to evidence: The intersection of evidence–based practices and cultural competence in children's mental health. Bethesda, MD: National Alliance of Multi-Ethnic Behavioral Health Associations. Community-Defined Evidence: A set of practices that communities have used and determined to yield positive results as determined by community consensus over time and which may or may not have been measured empirically but have reached a level of acceptance by the community. Martínez, K.J., Callejas, L., & Hernandez, M. (2010). Community-defined evidence: A bottom-up behavioral health approach to measure what works in communities of color. Emotional & Behavioral Disorders in Youth, 10(1), 11–16. 1 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Age of Population(s) Served by Each In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering 5–18 Current use Coping Power Grades 4–8 Plan to use Bright Futures Birth–18 Plan to use 5–18 Plan to use Birth–5 Plan to use 5–18 Plan to use Cognitive Behavior Therapy 5–18 Plan to use Motivational Enhancement Therapy 5–18 Plan to use Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports 5–18 Current use High Fidelity Wraparound Incredible Years 3–21 1–8 Current use Current use 0–5 0–5 0–5 0–5 0–5 0–5 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Community Name/Location EBP/PBE/CDE Alabama ECCHCO Project, Alabama In-Home Intervention Dialectic Behavioral Therapy Assuring Better Child Health and Development Program Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports Arkansas ACTION For Kids, Jonesboro California Project ABC, Los Angeles Parent Child Interaction Therapy Incredible Years-Group Therapy Child-Parent Psychotherapy Interaction Guidance Positive Parenting Program – Triple P Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy 2 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location EBP/PBE/CDE Early Connections, Alameda County Parent/Child Dyadic Therapy (Home-based) Mental Health Consultation to Child Care Parent/Child Developmental Play Groups Circle of Security Social Skills Groups in Child Care Family Therapy Connecting Circles of Care, Butte County Multi-Dimensional Therapeutic Wraparound Native American Drumming Group Rites of Passages (African American Team) Culture-Based Wraparound Effective Black Parenting Positive Indian Parenting Southeast Asian Parent Education Los Niños Bien Educados Multicultural community convening Multicultural youth program staffed by multicultural staff raised in community Shaman-led healing ceremonies Transforming Children's Mental Health Through Community and Parent Partnerships (TCMHTCPP), Placer County Functional Family Therapy Nurtured Heart LifeSkills Training Transition to Independence Process Incredible Years Teaching Pro-Social Skills White Bison/Sons and Daughters of Tradition Positive Indian Parenting The Parent Project Promotoras Age of Population(s) Served by Each Birth–6 Birth–6 2–4 Birth–6 3–5 Birth–6 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use 12–18 8–18 7–17 3–18 Parents Parents Parents Parents Parents and Youth 4–18 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Parents and Youth Current use 10–18 5–18 12–14 14–18 3–8 14–18 N/A N/A N/A N/A Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use 3 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location EBP/PBE/CDE Age of Population(s) Served by Each In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering 0–6 0–6 Current use Current use 2–5 2–5 Current use Current use 2–5 Current use 0–2 Planned in year 4 Connecticut Building Blocks Positive Behavior Supports Wraparound Delaware Delaware’s BEST for Young Children and Their Families Outpatient Parent Child Interaction Therapy Young Child Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intensive Home-Based Parent Child Interaction Therapy Infant Caregiver Project – Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention Florida Families and Communities Empowered for Success (FACES), Miami-Dade County The Wraparound Model – Wellness Recovery Action Plan Motivational Interviewing Peer Specialist Training 12–17 Plan to use 12–17 12–17 Plan to use Plan to use Orange County Children's System of Care Project Wraparound Mobile Urgent Treatment Team or Centers Hatching Initiatives for Realizing Potential 0–21 Plan to use Considering Sarasota Partnership for Children’s Mental Health, Sarasota County Incredible Years Parent Child Interaction Therapy Second Step 3–5 2–7 4–9 Current use Current use Current use 4 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location Sarasota Partnership for Children’s Mental Health, Sarasota County, cont. EBP/PBE/CDE Families Moving Forward Positive Behavior Support Devereux Early Childhood Assessment Classroom Support Healthy Families Home Visiting Positive Solutions for Families Child Parent Psychotherapy Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation Circle of Security Age of Population(s) Served by Each 2–9 2–9 2–5 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Current use Current use Current use Prenatal–5 2–9 Infants –5 2–9 0–3 Current use Current use Current use Current use Plan to use 6–21 0–21 4–10 12–18 All Ages All Ages 12–18 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use 0–5 0–5 0–5 0–5 Plan to use Plan to use Considering Considering Georgia Wraparound Initiative of NW Georgia Wraparound Model Mental Health First Aid Positive Behavior Supports Seven Challenges Equine Therapy Art Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy Guam Project Kariñu Wraparound Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation Incredible Years Parenting Program Positive Behavior Supports 5 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location EBP/PBE/CDE Age of Population(s) Served by Each In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Hawaii Project Ho’omohala Transition to Adulthood Motivational Interviewing Transition to Independence Process “Treatment family” of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Hawaii Model 16–21 16–21 16–21 Current use Current use Current use Project Kealahou Multisystemic Therapy Functional Family Therapy Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care Evidence-Based Practice Elements - modular approach Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 12–18 12–18 12–18 6–21 6–18 Current use Current use Current use Current use Plan to use 0–5 6–21 Current use Current use Current use 10–14 10–18 10–18 10–18 12–18 12–18 10–18 Current use Current use Current use Plan to use Plan to use Plan to use Plan to use Idaho Madison CARES, Rexburg Parents as Teachers Wraparound Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Illinois The ACCESS Initiative, Champaign Strengthening Families Advocacy Training (Davidson Model) Parenting with Love and Limits High Fidelity Wraparound Aggression Replacement Therapy Motivational Interviewing The Sanctuary Model 6 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location EBP/PBE/CDE Age of Population(s) Served by Each 11–18 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Considering ACCESS Initiative, Champaign, cont. Multidimensional Family Therapy Project Connect, Eldorado Wraparound Individual Placement and Supports Model of Employment Services Motivational Interviewing Evidence-Based Engagement Services (Learning Consortium – Mary McKay) Multisystemic Therapy Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy Transition to Independence Process 0–21 16–21 Current use Current use 0–21 0–21 Current use Plan to use 12–18 5–21 16–21 Plan to use Plan to use Plan to use Transition to Independence Process Incredible Years Parenting Program Incredible Years Teacher Classroom Management Program Wraparound Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Integrated Co-Occurring Treatment Model Parent Child Psychotherapy Theraplay Multi-Family Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy 14–24 0–12 3–12 Current use Current use Current use 3–21 5–21 11–16 0–8 0–12 3–21 6–21 14+ Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use McHenry County Family CARE 7 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location Age of Population(s) Served by Each In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Transition to Independence Process High Fidelity Wraparound Supportive Employment Dialectical Behavior Therapy Motivational Interviewing Infant Parent Psychotherapy 16–21 3–21 16–21 18–21 16–21 0–3 Parents as Partners Incredible Years Trauma-Informed Services Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Attachment Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention Interaction Guidance 0–3 0–8 0–22 6–21 0–3 0–3 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use/ continued training Current use In development In development Plan to use Considering Considering EBP/PBE/CDE Indiana One Community, One Family, Indiana Family and Social Services Iowa NE Iowa Community Circle of Care Functional Family Therapy Parent Management Training Family Team Meeting Current use Current use Current use Kentucky Kentucky System to Enhance Early Development (SEED) Wraparound Nurturing Program Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Parent Child Interaction Therapy 0–18 Birth–5 3–18 2–7 Current use Current use Current use Current use 8 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location Kentucky SEED, cont. EBP/PBE/CDE Incredible Years Parent-Infant Psychotherapy Age of Population(s) Served by Each 3–8 Birth–3 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Current use Current use 5–18 0–5 16–25 Current use Current use Current use 0–21 (mostly over age of 10) 5–18 12–17 10–17 3–18 12 – 18 8 – 17 0–16 Current use 0–21 (mostly over age of 10) 10–17 5–18 3–18 Current use Maine THRIVE Trauma Informed System of Care Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Child Parent Psychotherapy Transition to Independence Process Maryland MD Cares High Fidelity Wraparound Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Multisystemic Therapy Functional Family Therapy Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care Brief Strategic Family Therapy Positive Parenting Program - Triple P Rural Cares High Fidelity Wraparound Functional Family Therapy Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Plan to use Plan to use Current use Current use Current use 9 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location EBP/PBE/CDE Age of Population(s) Served by Each In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Massachusetts Central Massachusetts Communities of Care Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Wraparound (Foundations Model) Massachusetts Young Children's Health Interventions for Learning and Development (MYCHILD) Wraparound Fidelity Assessment System Current use Current use Current use Birth to 1st grade Plan to use Primarily 5–12 Primarily 7–18 Primarily 5–17 All Adolescents and Caregivers Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Michigan Impact, Ingham County Parent Management Training Oregon Model Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Family Guidance Model Wraparound Dialectical Behavior Therapy Kalamazoo Wraps Parent Management Training Oregon Model Positive Behavioral and Literacy Supports Integrated Co-Occurring Treatment Model Wraparound Motivational Enhancement Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Community Family Partnership of Kent County Wraparound Multisystemic Therapy Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Current use Current use Current use Current use Considering Considering 0–17 12–17 8–17 Current use Current use Current use 10 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location Community Family Partnership of Kent County, cont. Age of Population(s) Served by Each 12–17 0–17 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Current use Current use High Fidelity Wraparound Functional Family Therapy Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Real Choice Minnesota - based on the Hawaii Model by Dr. Bruce Chorpita Signs of Safety 0–21 3–21 0–21 0–21 Current use Current use Current use Current use 0–18 Current use in Child Protection in Polk County High Fidelity Wraparound Hawaii/Minnesota Model – 23 practices/elements Child Parent Psychotherapy Signs of Safety Family Group Decision-Making Over-night Crisis Care and Stabilization Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 0–21 0–21 0–5 0–18 0–18 3–21 Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports 5–21 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use In use – limited availability Considering 10–18 10–18 Current use Current use EBP/PBE/CDE Dialectical Behavior Therapy Parent Management Training Oregon Minnesota Our Children Succeed Initiative, Polk County System Transformation of Area Resources and Services (STARS), St. Cloud Mississippi commUNITY cares, Hattiesburg Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Seven Challenges 11 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location Mississippi Transitional Outreach Program EBP/PBE/CDE Wraparound Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training safeTALK Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Peer Specialist Training Trauma-Informed Care Age of Population(s) Served by Each 16–21 16–21 16–21 16–21 16–21 16–21 16–21 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Current use Current use Current use Current use Plan to use Plan to use Plan to use Missouri Circle of HOPE, St. Joseph Positive Behavior Supports High Fidelity Wraparound Structured Sensory Intervention for Traumatized Children, Adolescents and Parents Positive Action Current use Current use Current use Elementary School Age From Hope to Recovery Current use Current use New Mexico Families and Organizations Collaborating for a United System, (FOCUS) Positive Behavior Supports Circle of Security Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy First Born Home Visitation Wraparound High Fidelity Wraparound Incredible Years Parenting Program 5–18 1–5 10–18 18–21 Pre-natal – 3 3–21 8–18 0–12 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use and plan to expand Current use 12 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location FOCUS, cont. EBP/PBE/CDE Transition to Independence Process Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Love and Logic Parenting Program Matrix Intensive Outpatient Treatment for People with Stimulant Use Disorders Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care Multisystemic Therapy Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Family Support Specialists Restorative Justice Child Parent Psychotherapy Motivational Interviewing Parent Child Interaction Therapy Peer Specialist Training Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention Age of Population(s) Served by Each 14–24 3–18 18–21 18–21 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Current use Current and planned Current use Current use 12–18 12–18 14–21 18–21 11–18 0–6 12–17 2–12 12–17 6 months to 24 months Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Plan to use Plan to use Plan to use Plan to use Plan to use New York The Tapestry of Chautauqua Initiative Wraparound Check and Connect, Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports, Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care, or Balanced and Restorative Justice Achieving Culturally Competent and Effective Services and Supports (ACCESS), Monroe County Multisystemic Therapy Common Sense Parenting Nurse Family Partnership Home-Based Crisis Intervention Incredible Years Plan to use Considering 12–18 5–18 Birth–2 5–18 2–8 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use 13 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location EBP/PBE/CDE ACCESS, Monroe County , cont. Systematic Training for Effective Parenting Dialectical Behavior Therapy Functional Family Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Child Parent Psychotherapy Nassau County Family Support System of Care Wraparound Functional Family Therapy Onondaga County Family and Youth Driven Transformation Initiative Multisystemic Therapy Functional Family Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy Orange County System of Care Trauma-Informed Care Strengthening Families Aggression Replacement Training Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Motivational Interviewing Functional Family Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Check and Connect Motivational Enhancement Therapy Age of Population(s) Served by Each adolescents adolescents adolescents 3–21 Preschool – 21 Birth – 6 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use 6–21 6–21 Current use Currently training and implementing Current use Current use Current use 13–18 (in residence) 11–18 School age 13–18 All ages 11–18 5–21 Valley Central Middle School 11–18 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use 3–18 0–6 Current use Current use Current use North Carolina Alamance Alliance for Children and Families Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Child Parent Psychotherapy 14 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location Alamance Alliance for Children and Families, cont. Age of Population(s) Served by Each 6 months to 24 months 2–12 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Plan to use 12–18 5–21 12–18 10–21 12–17 10–21 10–18 6–18 10–18 0–9 12–18 16–18 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Plan to use Current use High Fidelity Wraparound Transition to Independence Process Elementary & Middle Schools 3–21 16-21 Transition to Independence Process Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Assertive Community Treatment 14–21 14–21 14–17 Current use Current use Current use EBP/PBE/CDE Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention Parent Child Interaction Therapy MeckCARES, Charlotte Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care High Fidelity Wraparound Multisystemic Therapy Positive Behavior Support Motivational Interviewing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Seven Challenges Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Functional Family Therapy Parent Child Interaction Therapy Contingency Management Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Peer Specialist Training Plan to use Ohio FAST TRAC, Clermont County Hamilton County's Journey to Successful Living Olweus Bullying Prevention Program Current use Current use 15 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location Hamilton County's Journey to Successful Living, cont. EBP/PBE/CDE Enhanced Wraparound Age of Population(s) Served by Each 14–17 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Current use 0–21 Current use Birth to 8 Birth to 3 3–8 3–6 Current use Current use Current use Current use 2½–8 3–14 First time pregnant and postpartum women and their children up to age 2 1–18 Families with children up to 5 Caregivers with 0–5 Young children and youth Current use Current use Current use Oklahoma Oklahoma Systems of Care High Fidelity Wraparound Oregon Multnomah Wraparound Oregon, Early Childhood Wraparound Planning Process Incredible Years Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation Pennsylvania Starting Early Together (SET), Allegheny County Parent Child Interaction Therapy Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Nurse Family Partnership Positive Behavior Supports Parents as Teachers Nurturing Parenting Program ACT Against Violence Current use Current use Current use Current use 16 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location SET, Allegheny County, cont. EBP/PBE/CDE Promoting First Relationships Parent Child Psychotherapy Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Intervention Incredible Years - Parent Training Family-Guided Routines Based Approach Playing and Learning Strategies Age of Population(s) Served by Each Caregivers with 0–3 0–5 0–3 Parents of 0–6 year olds 0–3 0–3 In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Considering Considering Considering Considering Considering Beaver County's System of Care: Optimizing Resources, Education, and Supports, (BC–SCORES), Beaver County Family Group Decision Making High Fidelity Wraparound Multisystemic Therapy 10–21 10–21 10–21 Current use On hold 2-28-11 Current use Pennsylvania SOC Partnership High Fidelity Wraparound 8–18 Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care 8–18 Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 8–18 Multisystemic Therapy Functional Family Therapy 13–18 13–18 Current use and plan to expand Current use and plan to expand Current use and plan to expand Plan to use Plan to use 3–12 2–6 0–12 Current use Current use Current use Rhode Island Rhode Island Positive Educational Partnership Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Incredible Years High Fidelity Wraparound 17 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location EBP/PBE/CDE Age of Population(s) Served by Each In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Tennessee JustCare Family Network, Memphis High Fidelity Wraparound 5–19 Current use K–Town Youth Empowerment Network, Knox County Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Functional Family Therapy 14–18 18–21 14–18 Wraparound 14–21 Plan to use Plan to use Getting more information; will consider using Plan to use Preschool to Adult Birth to 21 School age 12–17 Birth to 6 Preschool Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use 6 and up Elementary School Age Birth to 3 and Teen Parents 1–18 2–7 Current use Current use Mule Town Family Network, Maury County Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Wraparound Positive Behavior Support Multisystemic Therapy Regional Intervention Program Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning Pyramid Model Cognitive Behavior Therapy Project Basic Make Parenting a Pleasure The Nurturing Parent Program Parent Child Interaction Therapy Current use Current use Considering 18 Evidence-Based Practices/Practice-Based Evidence/Community-Defined Evidence Practices Currently being Used by Systems of Care Community Name/Location EBP/PBE/CDE Age of Population(s) Served by Each In Current Use/ Plan to Use/ Considering Texas Hand in Hand: Planting Seeds for Healthy Families, Tarrant County Wraparound Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Parent Child Interaction Therapy Cultural and Home Adaptations Current use Current use Plan to use Rural Children’s Initiative, Hale County High Fidelity Wraparound 9–21 Plan to use Systems of Hope, Harris County Multisystemic Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Mentoring Dialectical Behavior Therapy Respite care Art therapy In-home therapy Trauma-based therapy Functional Family Therapy Wraparound 12–18 6–15 6–15 12–18 6–15 6–18 6–18 6–18 12–18 6–18 Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use Current use 16–21 Current use Vermont Vermont Youth in Transition Transition to Independence Process 19