Particles size and composition in Mediterranean countries:
geographical variability and short-term health effects
MED-PARTICLES Project 2011-2013
Under the Grant Agreement EU LIFE+ ENV/IT/327
Particles size and composition in Mediterranean countries:
geographical variability and short-term health effects
MED-PARTICLES
ACTION 3.
Report on: daily concentrations of particles (PM10, PM2.5-10; PM2.5), gases (CO, NO2, O3,
SO2) and meteorological parameters (air temperature, humidity, sea-level barometric
pressure, wind speed/direction) in the MED-PARTICLES cities
Summary: The report describes the study period and type of monitors available for all the measured
pollutants, summarizes the environmental and meteorological variables and the correlation between them
in the Mediterranean cities involved in the project. Summary statistics used are: mean, standard deviation,
percentiles, annual averages and Pearson’s correlation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ATHENS (2007-2009)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2007-2009
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
2R, 1B, 3SU, 3T
PM2.5
1B, 2SU, 1T
PM2.5-10
2SU, 1T
NO2
3R, 4B, 4SU, 5T
CO
2B, 4T
SO2
2R, 2B, 1SU, 3T
O3
3R, 3B, 4SU, 4T
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; R: rural; B:
background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD
Min
PM10 (μg/m3)
1,094
38.7
20.8
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
1,069
23.0
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
1,041
NO2 (μg/m3)
Percentiles
Max
5°
25°
50
75°
95°
7.0
17.5
26.5
35.0
45.5
73.3
290.5
10.3
5.0
10.5
16.5
21.5
27.5
41.0
101.0
15.7
15.5
-13.5
3.0
8.0
12.0
18.5
38.0
236.5
1,096
46.4
14.3
16.7
25.0
35.6
45.2
56.1
71.0
104.8
CO (mg/m3)
1,096
1.6
0.9
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.4
1.9
3.5
5.5
SO2 (μg/m3)
1,096
12.8
8.6
2.3
4.0
7.2
10.5
15.6
30.5
64.7
O3 (μg/m3)
1,096
69.9
26.6
9.9
28.7
47.0
71.0
90.7
112.0
137.9
Temperature (°C)
1,094
19.0
7.4
-1.8
7.8
13.2
18.0
25.6
30.7
36.4
Relative humidity (%)
1,096
61.6
14.6
24.0
37.0
50.0
63.0
73.0
83.0
91.0
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM2.5
PM2.5-10
NO2
CO
SO2
O3
Temp.
PM10 (μg/m3)
1.00
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
0.70
1.00
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
0.88
0.34
1.00
NO2 (μg/m3)
0.44
0.39
0.30
1.00
CO (mg/m3)
0.32
0.18
0.28
0.62
1.00
SO2 (μg/m3)
0.18
0.19
0.05
0.59
0.65
1.00
O3 (μg/m3)
-0.03
0.28
-0.20
-0.07
-0.56
-0.28
1.00
Temperature (°C)
0.16
0.37
-0.01
0.02
-0.36
-0.35
0.76
1.00
Relative humidity (%)
0.03
-0.31
0.21
0.10
0.46
0.17
-0.79
-0.74
RH
1.00
Figure 1. PM10. Annual averages
Figure 2. PM2.5. Annual averages
60
R1
50
R2
B1
40
SU1
30
SU2
20
SU3
T1
10
T2
0
2007
R1
PM2.5, annual average (μg/m3)
PM10, annual average (μg/m3)
60
50
2009
SU1
SU2
20
SU3
T1
10
T2
0
2007
Mean
Year
B1
30
T3
2008
R2
40
T3
2008
2009
Year
Mean
R: rural; B: background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Figure 3. NO2. Annual averages
Figure 4. CO. Annual averages
3.5
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2008
2009
R1
R2
R3
B1
B2
B3
B4
SU1
SU2
SU3
SU4
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
CO, annual average (mg/m3)
NO2, annual average (μg/m3)
100
3
B2
2
T1
1.5
T2
1
T3
0.5
T4
Mean
0
2007
Mean
Year
B1
2.5
2008
2009
Year
R: rural; B: background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Figure 5. SO2. Annual averages
Figure 6. O3. Annual averages
100
R1
25
R2
20
B1
B2
15
SU1
10
T1
5
0
2007
T2
T3
2008
2009
Mean
Year
R: rural; B: background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
NO2, annual average (μg/m3)
SO2, annual average (μg/m3)
30
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2008
Year
2009
R1
R2
R3
B1
B2
B3
SU1
SU2
SU3
SU4
T1
T2
T3
T4
Mean
BARCELONA (2003-2010)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2003-2010
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
1T
PM2.5
1T
PM2.5-10
1T
NO2
1T
CO
1T
SO2
1T
O3
1T
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; T: traffic
The monitor is the same for all pollutants, located on the grounds of CSIC venue, influenced by traffic sources of pollution
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
SO2 (μg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
2,669
2,676
2,669
2,381
2,358
2,509
2,544
2,890
2,890
2,890
36.5
23.7
12.8
40.1
0.7
3.1
61.9
14.4
72.3
1,012
17.2
11.6
10.4
17.3
0.4
2.9
28.2
6.3
12.0
7
3.6
1.9
-6.7
1.3
0.2
0.2
1.3
0.0
28.0
981
14.5
9.4
1.4
14.2
0.3
1.0
15.5
4.5
49.0
1,001
24.8
16.0
6.0
27.6
0.4
1.1
40.0
9.4
66.0
1,009
33.9
21.2
10.5
38.8
0.6
2.0
63.7
14.2
74.0
1,013
45.2
28.9
16.9
50.5
0.8
4.2
82.0
19.6
81.0
1,017
95°
68.1
45.7
31.9
71.2
1.4
8.8
106.8
24.1
89.0
1,024
Max
190.3
104.4
123.4
117.6
3.4
36.3
168.4
29.7
97.0
1,033
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
(mg/m3)
CO
SO2 (μg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1.00
0.81
0.76
0.39
-0.09
0.31
-0.12
0.07
-0.06
0.32
PM2.5 PM2.5-10
1.00
0.23
0.34
-0.07
0.25
-0.19
-0.08
0.21
0.33
1.00
0.27
-0.07
0.25
0.00
0.20
-0.33
0.17
NO2
CO
SO2
1.00
-0.14
0.53
-0.40
-0.27
0.05
0.24
1.00
-0.15
0.01
0.28
0.09
0.01
1.00
-0.20
-0.17
-0.14
0.16
O3 Temp.
1.00
0.58
-0.27
-0.12
1.00
-0.12
-0.05
RH Press
1.00
-0.01
1.00
Figure 1. Annual averages of air pollutants
Annual average of pollutants (μg/m3)
90
80
70
PM10
60
PM2.5
50
PM2.5-10
40
NO2
30
CO
20
SO2
10
0
2003
O3
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone
All pollutants are expressed as μg/m3 with the exception of CO (100*mg/m3) and SO2 (10*μg/m3)
BOLOGNA (2006-2010)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2006-2010
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
1T
PM2.5
1T
PM2.5-10
NO2
1B, 1T
CO
1T
SO2
O3
1B
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; B: background; T:
traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
95°
Max
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
1,729
1,767
38.4
25.8
21.6
18.5
4.0
2.4
15.0
8.0
24.0
14.0
32.0
20.0
48.0
32.0
81.0
62.0
189.0
168.4
1,792
50.1
18.2
8.7
21.3
37.2
49.6
62.2
80.1
123.6
CO (mg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1,671
1,565
1,782
1,782
1,781
1.0
63.4
14.7
69.3
1,015
0.4
40.9
8.6
16.7
8
0.3
1.3
-8.9
26.7
978
0.5
6.8
1.4
43.6
1,002
0.7
28.8
7.5
55.9
1,010
1.0
59.9
14.7
68.8
1,015
1.2
92.6
21.9
83.1
1,019
1.7
136.1
27.9
95.6
1,028
3.2
206.0
31.8
100.0
1,042
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM2.5
NO2
CO
PM10 (μg/m3)
1.00
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
0.96
1.00
NO2 (μg/m3)
0.72
0.69
1.00
CO (mg/m3)
0.59
0.56
0.66
1.00
-0.48
-0.46
0.44
0.34
-0.47
-0.47
0.47
0.27
-0.58
-0.65
0.44
0.25
-0.43
-0.48
0.34
0.20
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
O3 Temp.
1.00
0.83
-0.70
-0.10
1.00
-0.66
-0.12
RH Press
1.00
-0.04
1.00
Figure 1. Annual averages of air pollutants
Annual average of pollutants (μg/m3)
80
70
60
PM10
50
PM2.5
40
NO2_b
30
NO2_t
20
CO
10
0
2006
O3
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; O3: ozone
NO2_b: NO2, background site; NO2_t: NO2, traffic site
All pollutants are expressed as μg/m3 with the exception of CO (50*mg/m3)
HUELVA (2003-2010)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2003-2010
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
1I
PM2.5
PM2.5-10
NO2
1I
CO
1I
SO2
1I
O3
1I
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; I: industrial
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
PM10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
SO2 (μg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1,910
2,151
1,518
2,178
2,500
2,922
2,921
40.8
15.4
1.0
7.0
83.6
18.4
993
21.0
11.6
0.2
4.9
23.7
6.0
148
7.9
2.0
0.4
2.0
13.3
0.0
0
18.0
3.4
0.7
2.3
46.4
9.4
1,005
26.2
7.5
0.8
3.5
66.8
13.6
1,012
36.9
12.5
0.9
5.6
83.0
17.8
1,015
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
SO2 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
PM10
NO2
CO
SO2
1.00
0.15
0.04
0.14
1.00
0.22
0.24
1.00
0.07
1.00
0.16
0.32
-0.01
0.05
0.01
0.07
-0.10
-0.20
0.04
0.13
0.03
0.00
O3 Temp. Press
1.00
0.56
-0.02
1.00
-0.15
1.00
50.3
19.9
1.1
8.8
99.8
23.3
1,018
95°
75.9
34.0
1.4
16.6
122.5
28.0
1,025
Max
322.7
112.0
2.9
40.3
178.1
36.2
1,036
Figure 1. Annual averages of air pollutants
Annual average of pollutants (μg/m3)
100
90
80
70
60
PM10
50
NO2
40
CO
30
SO2
20
O3
10
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone
All pollutants are expressed as μg/m3 with the exception of CO (100*mg/m3) and SO2 (10*μg/m3)
MADRID (2004-2009)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2004-2009
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
2T
PM2.5
1T
PM2.5-10
1T
NO2
2T
CO
2T
SO2
2T
O3
2T
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; T: traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
SO2 (μg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1,716
1,685
1,681
1,713
1,724
1,721
1,720
1,735
1,724
1,729
35.1
17.2
17.6
62.7
0.5
13.3
40.4
15.1
51.1
940
20.1
9.7
11.9
26.6
0.4
7.9
21.5
7.7
15.7
6
5.1
1.1
-3.8
12.4
0.1
3.6
3.7
-0.9
19.3
916
12.1
5.8
4.3
27.6
0.2
6.1
8.1
4.2
30.8
931
20.6
10.5
9.5
42.5
0.3
7.9
22.0
8.6
38.3
937
30.3
15.4
15.0
58.8
0.4
10.2
40.4
14.1
48.2
940
44.3
21.8
22.5
78.8
0.7
16.5
56.8
21.8
62.7
944
95°
73.9
35.4
40.0
116.0
1.2
30.7
75.6
27.6
79.7
949
Max
183.8
125.7
127.1
165.6
2.7
52.1
98.3
31.1
100.0
960
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM2.5
PM2.5-10 NO2
CO
SO2
PM10 (μg/m3)
1.00
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
0.91
1.00
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
0.94
0.72
1.00
NO2 (μg/m3)
0.66
0.63
0.57
1.00
CO (mg/m3)
0.55
0.51
0.46
0.82
1.00
SO2 (μg/m3)
0.45
0.38
0.43
0.70
0.79
1.00
-0.35
0.09
-0.02
0.34
-0.31
0.15
-0.05
0.30
-0.29
0.08
-0.05
0.27
-0.67
-0.28
0.18
0.44
-0.71
-0.47
0.31
0.41
-0.69
-0.61
0.36
0.40
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
O3
1.00
0.65
-0.65
-0.32
Temp. RH
1.00
-0.63
-0.04
1.00
-0.06
Press
1.00
Figure 1. Annual averages of air pollutants
Annual average of pollutants (μg/m3)
100
PM10_t1
90
PM10_t2
80
PM2.5
70
PM2.5-10
60
NO2_t1
50
NO2_t2
40
CO_t1
30
20
CO_t2
10
SO2_t1
0
2004
SO2_t2
2005
2006
2007
Year
2008
2009
O3_t1
O3_t2
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone
All pollutants are expressed as μg/m3 with the exception of CO (100*mg/m3) and SO2 (5*μg/m3)
MARSEILLE (2001-2008)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2001-2008
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
3B, 1T
PM2.5
2B
PM2.5-10
2B
NO2
3B, 3T
CO
1T
SO2
3B, 2SU, 1T
O3
3B, 3SU
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; R: rural; B:
background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
SO2 (μg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
2,922
2,390
2,130
2,922
2,844
2,917
2,922
2,921
2,922
2,921
29.1
17.6
8.9
49.7
1.7
6.2
80.2
15.6
65.1
1,016
10.7
8.4
5.4
15.8
0.8
5.0
33.6
7.2
12.4
7
5.3
3.0
-20.0
13.2
0.3
0.0
2.4
-1.9
24.6
989
14.5
7.0
2.0
25.7
0.7
0.7
23.2
4.0
45.0
1,005
21.3
11.9
6.0
38.0
1.1
2.4
56.8
10.1
55.4
1,012
27.8
16.0
8.0
48.7
1.6
5.0
81.0
15.7
65.4
1,016
35.3
22.0
12.0
60.3
2.1
8.7
103.4
21.6
75.0
1,020
95°
48.3
33.0
17.0
78.0
3.2
16.0
134.2
26.5
84.3
1,028
Max
115.0
77.0
83.0
103.5
5.2
30.0
191.8
31.7
96.5
1,039
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
(mg/m3)
CO
SO2 (μg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
PM2.5 PM2.5-10
1.00
0.82
1.00
0.55
0.62
0.41
0.33
0.07
0.11
0.11
0.32
0.06
0.68
0.51
0.33
-0.10
-0.14
0.30
0.39
1.00
0.06
-0.02
0.10
0.24
0.39
-0.22
0.00
NO2
CO
SO2
1.00
0.58
0.42
-0.16
-0.24
0.23
0.44
1.00
0.35
-0.43
-0.46
0.42
0.24
1.00
0.03
-0.03
-0.07
0.15
O3 Temp.
1.00
0.75
-0.56
-0.15
1.00
-0.46
-0.16
RH Press.
1.00
0.12
1.00
Figure 1. PM10. Annual averages
Figure 2. PM2.5. Annual averages
30
35
30
25
B1
20
B2
15
B3
10
T
Mean
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
PM2.5, annual average (μg/m3)
PM10, annual average (μg/m3)
40
25
20
B1
15
B2
10
Mean
5
0
2001
2008
2002
2003
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year
B: background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Figure 3. NO2. Annual averages
Figure 4. CO. Annual averages
2.5
90
80
B1
70
60
B2
50
B3
40
T1
30
T2
20
T3
10
0
2001
CO, annual average (mg/m3)
NO2, annual average (μg/m3)
100
Mean
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2008
T, Mean
2002
2003
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year
B: background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Figure 5. SO2. Annual averages
Figure 6. O3. Annual averages
100
10
B1
8
B2
B3
6
SU1
4
SU2
2
0
2001
T
Mean
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year
B: background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
O3, annual average (μg/m3)
SO2, annual average (μg/m3)
12
90
80
B1
70
60
B2
50
B3
40
SU1
30
SU2
20
SU3
10
0
2001
Mean
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
2006
2007
2008
MILAN (2006-2010)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2006-2010
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
1B, 2T
PM2.5
1B
PM2.5-10
1B
NO2
2B, 3T
CO
3T
O3
1B, 1T
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; R: rural; B:
background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1,825
1,638
1,637
1,826
1,822
1,810
1,744
699
1,744
46.3
32.9
14.8
60.0
1.5
60.2
13.9
72.7
1,015
31.0
27.1
11.5
23.8
0.7
43.3
8.3
12.9
8
4.9
0.7
-15.5
12.4
0.3
2.0
-4.7
33.7
980
14.9
6.6
1.0
26.4
0.7
6.7
1.1
50.6
1,003
25.3
14.0
7.4
43.5
1.0
18.7
7.1
63.2
1,010
36.2
22.7
13.1
57.8
1.3
55.0
13.8
73.1
1,015
59.1
45.7
19.3
72.9
1.9
92.3
21.0
83.7
1,020
95°
109.9
88.7
34.5
101.1
2.9
136.7
26.7
91.5
1,029
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
PM2.5 PM2.5-10
NO2
CO
1.00
0.96
1.00
0.71
0.78
0.73
0.54
0.76
0.73
1.00
0.55
0.48
1.00
0.81
1.00
-0.51
-0.52
0.48
0.37
-0.57
-0.58
0.52
0.35
-0.18
-0.18
0.24
0.30
-0.59
-0.60
0.35
0.32
-0.67
-0.68
0.46
0.27
O3 Temp.
1.00
0.85
-0.61
-0.11
1.00
-0.61
-0.13
RH Press.
1.00
0.12
1.00
Max
227.1
177.1
99.3
202.1
5.3
201.4
31.8
96.2
1,043
Figure 1. PM10. Annual averages
Figure 2. PM2.5. Annual averages
45
50
40
B
30
T1
20
T2
Mean
10
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
PM2.5, annual average (μg/m3)
PM10, annual average (μg/m3)
60
40
35
30
25
20
10
5
0
2006
2010
B, Mean
15
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Year
B: background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Figure 3. NO2. Annual averages
Figure 4. CO. Annual averages
2.5
80
70
60
B1
50
B2
40
T1
30
T2
20
T3
10
Mean
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
Figure 5. O3. Annual averages
O3, annual average (μg/m3)
80
70
60
50
40
B
30
T
20
Mean
10
2008
1.5
T1
T2
1
T3
Mean
0.5
2007
2008
Year
B: background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
2007
2
0
2006
2010
Year
0
2006
CO, annual average (mg/m3)
NO2, annual average (μg/m3)
90
2009
2010
Year
B: background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
2009
2010
MODENA (2008-2010)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2008-2010
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
2B, 1T
PM2.5
1B
PM2.5-10
1B
NO2
2B, 1T
CO
1T
O3
1B
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; O3: ozone; B: background; T: traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1,096
987
987
1,096
1,068
1,070
1,094
1,094
1,094
38.3
21.0
16.0
51.2
0.7
66.4
14.5
65.6
1,006
22.0
14.3
9.2
18.0
0.3
45.9
8.6
18.5
8
2.0
1.0
-1.0
10.5
0.2
2.3
-7.7
24.5
972
14.0
6.0
5.0
24.6
0.3
5.8
1.0
38.4
992
23.0
12.0
10.0
38.1
0.4
22.9
7.6
50.2
1,001
31.7
16.0
14.0
50.6
0.6
64.2
14.4
63.2
1,006
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10 PM2.5 PM2.5-10 NO2
CO
O3 Temp.
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1.00
0.95
0.78
0.67
0.73
-0.46
-0.46
0.32
0.37
1.00
0.61
0.62
0.69
-0.48
-0.52
0.37
0.26
1.00
0.59
0.56
-0.30
-0.26
0.10
0.33
1.00
0.75
-0.56
-0.59
0.19
0.21
1.00
-0.68
-0.68
0.45
0.18
1.00
0.89
-0.73
0.05
1.00
-0.64
0.01
48.0
27.0
20.5
62.3
0.9
105.9
21.6
82.5
1,010
95°
84.0
52.0
35.0
82.1
1.4
144.6
27.4
94.8
1,018
RH Press.
1.00
-0.16
1.00
Max
131.7
85.0
55.0
131.8
2.0
197.4
30.6
98.9
1,034
Figure 1. Annual averages of air pollutants
Annual average of pollutants (μg/m3)
80
PM10_B1
70
PM10_B2
60
PM10_T
50
PM2.5
40
PM2.5-10
30
NO2_B1
20
NO2_B2
10
0
2008
NO2_T
2009
2010
Year
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; O3: ozone
All pollutants are expressed as μg/m3 with the exception of CO (50*mg/m3)
CO
O3
PALERMO (2006-2009)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2006-2009
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
3T
PM2.5
PM2.5-10
NO2
3T
CO
1B, 1T
SO2
1B, 1T
O3
1B, 1T
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; B: background; T:
traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
95°
Max
PM10 (μg/m3)
1415
35.7
17.1
9.9
17.7
25.4
32.4
41.4
63.4
268.5
NO2 (μg/m3)
1457
43.0
14.3
7.7
21.6
33.0
41.3
52.1
67.8
99.9
(mg/m3)
1401
0.7
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.9
1.7
4.9
O3 (μg/m3)
1413
70.7
17.2
21.7
42.4
58.6
70.3
83.1
98.2
134.2
SO2 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1409
1,458
1,329
1,337
5.4
18.8
63.7
1,010
7.1
6.0
12.2
6
0.1
4.1
16.0
982
0.5
10.0
44.5
1,000
1.5
13.7
55.7
1,007
3.1
18.3
63.5
1,010
6.3
23.9
72.2
1,014
17.4
28.0
82.7
1,020
92.1
39.5
99.0
1,034
CO
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
NO2
CO
O3
SO2 Temp.
PM10 (μg/m3)
1.000
NO2 (μg/m3)
0.382
1.000
CO (mg/m3)
0.357
0.565
1.000
O3 (μg/m3)
-0.205
-0.210
-0.516
SO2 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
0.284
0.224
-0.096
0.111
0.385
-0.123
0.134
0.371
0.082 0.068 1.000
-0.320 0.329 0.352
0.277 -0.407 -0.258
0.251 -0.199 0.135
RH Press.
1.000
1.000
-0.557
-0.061
1.000
0.084
1.000
Figure 1. PM10. Annual averages
Figure 2. NO2. Annual averages
T: traffic
Figure 3. O3. Annual averages
B: background; T: traffic
Figure 5. SO2. Annual averages
Figure 4. CO. Annual averages
PARMA (2008-2010)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2008-2010
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
1B, 1T
PM2.5
1B
PM2.5-10
1B
NO2
1B, 1T
CO
1B
O3
1B
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; O3: ozone; B: background; T: traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
95°
Max
PM10 (μg/m3)
1091
33.7
18.7
1.0
13.0
21.0
29.0
42.5
70.0
133.0
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
1066
21.0
15.8
0.0
6.0
11.0
15.0
26.0
53.0
106.0
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
1062
11.3
8.2
-11.0
0.0
6.0
11.0
15.5
24.0
71.0
NO2 (μg/m3)
1095
38.1
15.6
6.0
16.7
24.8
36.1
49.9
64.8
98.3
CO (mg/m3)
1035
0.88
0.36
0.3
0.45
0.6
0.79
1.13
1.55
2.14
O3 (μg/m3)
1033
1052
1050
1050
68.6
15.3
63.7
1,005
42.9
8.5
19.1
7
3.7
-6.8
21.1
971
7.6
1.5
36.2
992
28.9
8.5
48.0
1,001
70.0
15.2
60.9
1,005
103.5
22.4
80.5
1,009
137.3
27.9
95.9
1,017
183.5
30.7
100.8
1,033
RH
Press.
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM2.5 PM2.5-10 NO2
PM10 (μg/m3)
1.000
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
0.901
1.000
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
0.439
0.057
1.000
NO2 (μg/m3)
0.619
0.617
0.027
1.000
CO (mg/m3)
0.598
0.580
0.048
0.851
-0.391
-0.358
0.261
0.359
-0.446
-0.494
0.332
0.328
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
CO
O3
Temp.
1.000
0.117 -0.731 -0.696 1.000
0.289 -0.751 -0.681 0.859
-0.059 0.440 0.479 -0.740
0.127 0.118 0.172 0.028
1.000
-0.634
1
0.020 -0.134
1.000
Figure 1. Annual averages of air pollutants
Annual average of pollutants (μg/m3)
80
70
PM10_B
60
PM10_T
50
PM25
40
PM25-10
30
NO2_B
20
NO2_T
10
0
2008
CO_B
O3_B
2009
2010
Year
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; O3: ozone
All pollutants are expressed as μg/m3 with the exception of CO (50*mg/m3)
REGGIO EMILIA (2008-2010)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2008-2010
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
2B,1T
PM2.5
1B
PM2.5-10
1B
NO2
2B,1T
CO
1T
O3
1B
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; O3: ozone; B: background; T: traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD Min
5°
25°
50
75°
95°
Max
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
1096
1059
1059
1096
1051
35.2
21.5
10.7
40.6
0.94
20.2
14.5
6.4
15.7
0.44
3.3
1.0
0.0
8.2
0.13
13.0
7.0
3.0
19.3
0.31
21.7
12.0
6.0
28.6
0.6
29.3
17.0
9.0
38.4
0.89
42.7
27.0
13.0
50.3
1.23
77.3
52.0
23.0
68.7
1.77
137.3
93.0
50.0
105.7
2.48
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1000
1095
1095
1095
70.5
14.7
66.1
1,006
45.1
8.6
18.3
8
2.0
-7.5
24.1
972
7.3
1.3
38.8
992
29.4
7.8
50.7
1,001
69.9
14.4
64.8
1,006
106.5
21.9
83.1
1,010
147.6
27.7
94.5
1,018
198.3
30.8
99.1
1,034
RH
Press.
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 PM2.5-10 NO2
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
1.000
0.955
1.000
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
0.764
0.592
1.000
NO2 (μg/m3)
0.651
0.661
0.394
1.000
CO (mg/m3)
0.559
0.538
0.308
0.680
-0.414
-0.404
0.314
0.341
-0.470
-0.487
0.407
0.257
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
CO
O3
Temp.
1.000
-0.116 -0.643 -0.566 1.000
-0.055 -0.700 -0.554 0.854
-0.010 0.357 0.349 -0.721
0.305 0.160 0.246 0.022
1.000
-0.616
1
-0.007 -0.148
1.000
Figure 1. Annual averages of air pollutants
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; O3: ozone
All pollutants are expressed as μg/m3 with the exception of CO (50*mg/m3)
ROME (2006-2010)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2006-2010
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
1R,1B,2T
PM2.5
1R,1B,1T
PM2.5-10
1R,1B,1T
CO8H
1R,3B,2T
NO2
2B,3T
O38H
1R,2B
SO2
1R,2B
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; R: rural; B:
background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Pollutant / Meteo
Days
Mean
SD
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
1,824
1,818
1,816
1,826
1,826
1,825
34.5
19.6
13.2
59.2
1.3
69.2
14.1
10.0
6.9
16.9
0.7
35.2
SO2 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1,457
1,804
1,804
1,804
1.3
15.9
72.3
1,014
0.8
7.0
10.7
7
Min
7.3
0.0
-11.0
11.9
0.2
0.8
5°
Percentiles
25°
50
75°
16.6
7.5
4.0
32.5
0.5
12.1
25.0
12.9
8.5
46.1
0.8
40.4
32.0
17.5
12.5
59.5
1.1
72.3
95°
Max
40.9 62.7 133.3
24.0 39.5 72.6
16.7 24.5 83.0
70.8 88.1 117.3
1.5
2.8
4.3
95.5 123.9 169.2
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.1
1.7
2.8
5.8
-0.1
5.4 10.4 15.4 21.9 27.3 31.0
33.1 52.3 65.4 73.7 80.6 87.4 97.4
982 1,002 1,010 1,014 1,018 1,026 1,039
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM2.5PM10
PM2.5
NO2 CO
O3 SO2 Temp. RH Press.
10
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
CO (mg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
SO2 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure
(hPa)
1.00
0.87
0.68
0.57
0.61
-0.24
0.43
-0.07
0.17
1.00
0.27
0.64
0.68
-0.34
0.39
-0.25
0.20
0.44
0.54
1.00
0.15 1.00
0.18 0.71 1.00
0.08 -0.48 -0.70 1.00
0.29 0.30 0.23 0.11 1.00
0.28 -0.47 -0.55 0.78 0.15
-0.02 0.30 0.44 -0.57 -0.18
0.10
0.34
0.31 -0.04
0.27
1.00
-0.52
1.00
-0.02 -0.12
1.00
Figure 1. PM10. Annual averages
Figure 2. PM2.5. Annual averages
R: rural; B: background; T: traffic
Figure 3. NO2. Annual averages
Figure 4. CO. Annual averages
R: rural; B: background; T: traffic
Figure 5. O3. Annual averages
R: rural; B: background; T: traffic
Figure 6. SO2. Annual averages
THESSALONIKI (2007-2009)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2007-2009
see detail in table 1
daily and hourly values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
1R,2B, 2T
PM2.5
1B,1T
PM2.5-10
1B,1T
NO2
2R,1B,1T,1U
O3
2R,1T,1B
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulphur dioxide; O3: ozone; R: rural; B:
background; SU: Sub-urban; T: traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
25°
50
75°
95°
24.0
14.9
35.3
22.0
44.4
27.7
56.5
34.7
88.2
50.1
164.9
99.3
1.2
6.6
11.3
15.8
22.2
39.0
65.7
15.3
10.4
21.5
32.2
43.6
56.5
69.9
99.9
27.5
7.4
14.6
7
3.1
-1.8
24.0
993
19.7 38.9 56.0 79.2 108.4 141.1
7.8
13.2 18.0 25.6 30.7 36.4
37.0 50.0 63.0 73.0 83.0 91.0
1,006 1,012 1,016 1,020 1,028 1,036
Pollutant / Meteo
Days
Mean
SD
Min
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
1,096
1,096
48.2
29.5
19.6
11.2
10.4
1.9
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
1,096
18.1
10.0
NO2 (μg/m3)
1,037
44.5
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1,077
1,096
1,096
1,082
59.5
19.0
61.6
1,016
5°
Max
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM2.5 PM2.5-10 NO2
PM10 (μg/m3)
1
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
0.95
1.00
PM2.5-10 (μg/m3)
0.93
0.77
1.00
0.62
0.58
0.58
1.00
-0.36
-0.13
0.25
0.21
-0.26
-0.03
0.16
0.20
-0.42
-0.22
0.30
0.19
-0.31
-0.37
0.31
0.23
NO2
(μg/m3)
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
O3
Temp.
RH
Press.
1.00
0.61
-0.65
-0.27
1.00
-0.75
-0.41
1.00
0.17
1.00
Figure 1. PM10. Annual averages
Figure 2. PM2.5. Annual averages
R:rural; B: background; T: traffic
Figure 3. NO2. Annual averages
R: rural; B: background; T: traffic
Figure 4. O3. Annual averages
TORINO (2008-2010)
Study period:
Type of monitors used for air pollutants:
Type of data (hourly/daily):
2006-2010
see detail in table 1
daily values
Table 1. Number and type of monitors used to collect data on air pollutants
Pollutant
Monitors
PM10
2R,1T,1B
PM2.5
2R,1B
NO2
1T,2B
CO
2T,1B
SO2
2T
O3
1B
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: solphur dioxide; O3: ozone; B: background; T:
traffic
Table 2. Overall description of the air pollutants and meteorological parameters
Percentiles
Pollutant / Meteo
Days Mean
SD
Min
5°
25°
50
75°
95°
Max
PM10 (μg/m3)
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
NO2 (μg/m3)
1795
1692
1826
49.74
34.4
59.8
35.14
28.32
25.24
1.01
4
12.74
13.24
6
26.04
24.59
14
41.27
37.5
24
56.1
66
48
74
CO (mg/m3)
1826
1.04
0.8
0.04
0.06
0.4
0.87
1.5
2.55
4.14
SO2 (mg/m3)
1808
6.62
3.93
1.22
2.39
4.06
5.56
7.98
15.13
25.73
O3 (μg/m3)
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
1686
1714
671
1712
68.56
12.69
63.82
1015.38
46.68
8.03
11.48
7.84
121
242
90
190
105.22 197.93
2.13
6.13 23.88 66.63 104.75 148.63 190.88
-10.36 0.39
5.69 12.85 19.67 24.74 28.4
32.55 44.99 55.83 63.4 72.48 82.23 88.97
981 1002.8 1010.6 1015.3 1020 1029.2 1043.6
Table 3. Pearson correlations between air pollutants and meteorological parameters
PM10
PM2.5
NO2
CO
SO2
PM10 (μg/m3)
1.00
PM2.5 (μg/m3)
0.96
1.00
NO2 (μg/m3)
0.75
0.73
1.00
(mg/m3)
0.78
0.77
0.80
1.00
SO2 (mg/m3)
0.75
0.75
0.82
0.86
1.00
O3 (μg/m3)
-0.62
-0.64
0.14
0.36
-0.63
-0.65
0.13
0.36
-0.55
-0.61
-0.11
0.35
-0.77
-0.80
0.05
0.43
-0.67
-0.73
-0.16
0.34
CO
Temperature (°C)
Relative humidity (%)
Barometric pressure (hPa)
Figure 1. Annual averages of air pollutants
O3
Temp.
RH
Press.
1.00
0.87
-0.27
-0.30
1.00
-0.12
-0.30
1.00
-0.08
1.00
PM: particulate matter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; SO2: solphur dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; O3: ozone
All pollutants are expressed as μg/m3 with the exception of CO (50*mg/m3)
Conclusions: The PM10 and NO2 were measured in all the 14 cities, PM2.5 in 12 cities, Pm2.5-10 in 10
cities. SO2 was measured only in 7 cities, while CO2 in 12 cities. The highest concentration of PM10 was
measured in Turin (49.7 µg/m3), followed by Thessaloniki (48.2 µg/m3), and the lowest in Marseille (29.1
µg/m3). Also the Pm2.5 was higher in Turin then the other cities. The highest concentration of NO2 was
measured in Milano (60 µg/m3), followed by Rome (59.2 µg/m3) and Turin (59.8 µg/m3).