DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
Msc. Thesis - Geology
1.
HARUNA,
AHMED
ISAH
GEOLOGY,
GEOCHEMISTRY
AND ORIGIN OF
GYPSUM
MINERALIZATIO
N IN CHAD BASIN
(NORTH
EASTERN
NIGERIA)
APRIL,
1998
A field trip was conducted in order to evaluate the
geology, geochemistry and origin of gypsum
mineralization in Chad Basin part of which is the
research area. The gypsum mineralization covered an
area of about 2247.75 km2 within the Chad Basin and
comprises of five different forms; Detrital, Balatino Laminated, Selenite, SatinSpar, and Alabaster. The
thickness of the gypsum forms increases with depth, and
they are emplaced at various depths. All the gypsum
forms retained traces of former lamination except detrital
gypsum therefore lamination is a primary structure. The
chemical composition of the gypsum forms showed that
they are all high grade (over 70% CaS04.2H2O). The
moisture content could be used to show fractured areas
where circulation of water is easier. Alabaster gypsum is
the heaviest as such more suitable for cement works. The
chemical composition of all the gypsum forms revealed
high trace elements content which could be the product
of the brine mixing phenomenon. The petrographic
studies of the Balatino, Selenite, SatinSpar and Alabaster
gypsum forms revealed that they all recrystallized from
the primary laminations during the early diagenesis. The
recrystallization appeared to be perpendicular to the
primary laminations. There is dissemination of anhydrite
in the matrix of the gypsum forms which shows the effect
of incomplete rehydration after upliftment. The origin of
gypsum mineralization in Chad Basin is both
sedimentary and diagenetic. So, based on high trace
element content and primary lamination, a brine mixing
hypothesis was proposed for the origin of the gypsum
mineralization in the Chad Basin.
2.
ISA,
MUHAMME
D TAHIR
PETROLEUM
SOURCE ROCK
EVALUATION
AND
PALEOENVIRON
MENT OF
ASHAKA
CEMENT
QUARRY
GONGILA
FORMATION,
PART OF
GONGOLA BASIN
OF THE UPPER
BENUE TROUGH,
NORTHEASTNIGERIA.
APRIL,
1998
A geochemical and micropaleontological study of
the argillaceous sequence of Cenomanian-Turonian
Gongila Formation from a quarry site located at the
Ashaka Cement Company part of Gongola Basin of
the Upper Benue Trough was carried out. The main
objective of the study was to clarify the type,
quantity and thermal maturity of the sedimentary
organic matter of the Gongila Formation. The
study involved the analysis of shale samples from
the quarry site at three different locations. Petroleum
source rock characterisation was carried out by a
combination of standard geochemical techniques
including: Rock-Eval pyrolysis, soxhlet extraction
as well as computerised gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry of the saturate fractions of the extract
for the composition and distribution of suitable
hydrocarbon geochemical fossils. The analytical
data revealed the abundance of low to intermediate
organic rich matter of generally less than optimal
maturitystatus
for petroleum
generation. The
presence of monospecific pyritised planktonic
foraminiferal fauna served as an indication of
waning marine influence accompanied by periodic
depletion of oxygen in the seafloor arising from
high influx of terrestrial organic matter. The
dominance of Heterohelix with a reduced test size
and the absence of keel planktonic foraminifera is a
clear indication of shallow marine environment in
the study area.
3.
MAIGARI,
ABUBAKAR
SADIQ
CLAY
MINERALOGY
AND
GEOCHEMISTRY
OF THE KERRIKERRI
FORMATION,
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH, N.E
NIGERIA
APRIL,
1998
The mineralogy and geochemistry of Alkaleri. Dukku,
Gombe, Gombe Abba, Kirfi, and Mainamaji clay
deposits, from the Palaeocene Kerri-Kerri Formation
were studied. In all the samples analysed, the
diffractograms obtained showed that kaolinite was the
dominant clay mineral while chlorite, vermiculite, illite,
and montmorillonite were present only in trace amounts.
Quartz and feldspar were the dominant non- clay
minerals with subordinate amount of mica and goethite.
The avearge chemical composition of all the clay
deposits showed significant amount of SiO2 and A12O3
while Fe2 O3, TiO2, MnO, MgO, CaO, K2O, Na2O and
P2O6 values were relatively low. Comparison with the
mineralogical composition of internationally recognised
kaolinite deposits showed that the Dukku clay has
Further investigations be
carried out on the KerriKerri formation clay
deposits to determine the
accurate reserves of the
deposits as well as other
detailed characteristics for
the purpose of their
development and
exploitation to meet
industrial requirements.
chemical composition similar to that of China and
agricultural clays characterised by moderate silica and
high alumina content with moderate fluxing elements. On
the other hand, the Gombe and Gombe Abba clays
showed chemical characteristics similar to the St. Louis
fire clay characterised by very high silica and moderate
alumina contents, while Alkaleri clays were chemically
similar to agricultural clays with moderate silica and
alumina contents.
4.
MAMMAN,
YUSUF
DABARI
FORAMINIFERAL APRIL,
BIOSTRATIGRAP 1998
HY AND
PALEOECOLOGY
OF THE DUKUL
FORMATION,
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH, NORTHEASTERN
NIGERIA
Lithological and microfaunal (foraminifera and
ostracods) studies of the Dukul formation were carried
out from three 3 outcrop sections around Lakun village,
within the Dadiya syncline, Yola arm of the Upper
Benue Trough, Nigeria. A total of 29 shale samples from
3 outcrop sections were analysed for their microfossils.
Lithological studies showed that the formation comprises
of black shales interbedded within grey marls, mud
stones and biomicritic limestones.
The foraminifera microfaunas from the 3 sections
comprised of 17 species and 10 genera, while the
ostracod microfauna comprises of 7 species and 6
genera. The most predominant foraminiferal microfaunas
from the 3 sections are agglutinated benthics
(Haplophragmoides spp, Trochammina spp. and
Ammobaculites spp). In section 1sample1 (black shale),
over 6000 individuals of monospecific planktonic
foraminifera (99% Heterohelix) were recovered which
represent 99% of the total foraminifera from that section.
Plantonic foraminifera recovered from the 3 sections are
Heterohelix globulosa and Hedbergella spp. The
Ostracod assembleges are Brachycyrhere sapucariensis,
Ovocytheridea apiformis, Ovocytheridea symmetrica,
Cytherella comanchensis, Krithe spp and Cytheropteron
spp. The most predominant ostracod genera are
Cytherella and Ovocytheridea. Foraminifera and
ostracod microfaunas recovered from black shale in
sample I, section 1 showed a pyritizsd test. Preliminary
organic geochemical Studies of the black shales indicated
high Total Organic Carbon (TOC 1.71% wt) with
optimum maturity of Tmax 4360C and HI 35.1. From
foraminifera and ostracods assemblages, the formation is
Lower Turonian in age. The presence of high population
of monospecific planktonics, black laminated pyritized
shale, paucity of benthics and high TOC indicate that the
shale unit at the bottom of section 1 may have been
deposited under anoxic conditions in an open marine
(inner to middle shelf) environment.
5.
ABUBAKAR,
MUHAMMA
D BELLO
PGS/97CENOMANIAN98/403003 TURONIAN
ANOXIC EVENT
AND POTENTIAL
PETROLEUM
SOURCE ROCKS
OF THE UPPER
BENUE TROUGH,
NIGERIA
FEBRU
ARY,
2001
Predominantly
planktonic
foraminiferal-rich
horizons within the Cenomanian - Turonian
boundary, inferred from ammonite, have been
identified in the Cenomanian - Turonian sequences
of
the
Upper
Benue
Trough.
The
planktonic/benthonic ratios in these horizons range
from 0 - 95% with values between 80 - 90% more
frequent. These ratios point to very rapid changes in
water depth between inner shelf to lower bathyal
which is very unlikely. The recovered planktonic
foraminifera
are
non-keeled
morphogroups
represented by heterohelicids, globigerina-like
hedbergellids and few guembelitricids. These are
believed to be shallow water dwellers that tolerated
anoxic conditions. The abundance of non-keeled
planktonic foraminifera in the Cenomanian Turonian sequences of the Upper Benue Trough and
the lack of incipiently keeled forms, therefore
indicate shallow water and/or raise oxygen minimun
zone. The paucity of the benthonic foraminifera in
general and calcareous forms in particular, and the
preponderance of the planktonic taxa are therefore
6.
EKWO,
EDWIN
OCHENI
PGS/97PETROGRAPHY
FEBRU
98/403004 AND RESERVOIR ARY,
POTENTIAL OF
2001
GONGILA
FORMATION
LIMESTONE AT
THE ASHAKA
CEMENT
QUARRY,
GONGOLA BASIN,
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH NORTHEAST, NIGERIA
attributed to oceanic anoxia which correlates well
with the global Cenomanian -Turonian Oceanic
Anoxic Event (CTOAE). In such environments,
bottom water masses are depleted in oxygen and
consequently cannot support the residence of bottom
feeders and benthic scavengers. Organic matter in
sediments deposited in anoxic water is commonly
more abundant, better preserved and more lipid rich,
hence usually better hydrocarbon source rock than
those deposited under oxygenated condition.
The reservoir potentials of the Upper Cenomanian to
Middle Turonian Gongila Formation at the Ashaka
Cement quarry was investigated based on
petrographic study. The formation represents a
transgressive
sequence
with
smaller
lithostratigraphic units made up of basal limestone
and marly limestone, which are overlain by black
shales with thin limestone layers. Petrographic
analyses of the limestone samples indicate
depositional textural variations from fossiliferous
micrite (mudstone) through skeletal wackestone and
packstone with peloids and dolomites in places. Thin
section results indicate that the limestones have
undergone both syndepositional, early and late
diagentic alterations such as micritization,
cementation
and
compaction,
dissolution,
recrystallization and dolomitization. This sequence
of the diagenetic alteration influenced the porosity
as well as the quality and development of the
reservoir facies. Packstone and skeletal wackestone
lithofacies have better reservoir characteristics than
the mudstone lithofacies. The fair to good porosity
estimates in these lithofacies account for the
7.
YANGO,
NELSON
SEBRE
PGS/97DEPOSITIONAL
98/403001 ENVIRONMENTS
AND RESERVOIR
PROPERTIES OF
THE GOMBE
SANDSTONE,
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH, NORTH
EASTERN
NIGERIA
FEBRU
ARY,
2001
8.
EZE,
BONIFACE
CHINERO
PGS/2000 SEDIMENTOLOG
DECEM
Y AND
BER,
2002/4030 PALAEOENVIRON 2002
intermediate to enhanced reservoir characterization.
The Gombe Sandstone is the most top most unit of
the cretaceous sediments in the Gongola arm of the
upper Benue Trough. It is underlain by the marine
Pindiga formation and overlain by the Tertiary
Kerrikerri formation. The Gombe sandstone consists
of mudstones, ironstones, siltstones, shales
sandstones and clays. Field studies and laboratory
analyses were conducted to determine their
provenance, depositional environments and reservoir
properties. Based on the paleoenvironmental
diagnostic
characteristics;
the
lithofacies,
sedimentary structures, ichnofossils and petrology;
an estuarine and deltaic depositional environments
have been recognized. Fluvial (distributary channel)
and paralic (interdistributary channel) environments
have also been identified. The sandstones are fine
(2.40 – 2.80Փ), medium (1.03 – 1.87Փ) and coarse
(0.30 – 0.85Փ) grained, with the fine – grained
dominating. They are poorly (2.60Փ) to moderately
well sorted (0.60Փ); mostly leptokurtic, fine skewed
and bimodal in distribution, thus indicating more
than a single source. The subangularity of some of
the grains, presence of large feldspar grains, and the
preponderance of stable heavy minerals (ZTR)
suggest both igneous/metamorphic and recycled
sediment sources for the Gombe sandstone. The
distributary channel sandstone facies could
constitute the major reservoir of the Gombe
sandstones.
The Early Turonian Dukul Formation in the Yola Basin
consists part of the Late Cenomanian-Turonian marine
sequence in the Dadiya Syncline and comprises shales
interbedded with thin limestones. Petrographic studies of
9.
UZOEGBU,
MMADUAB
UCHI UCHE
15
MENT OF THE
CRETACEOUS
DUKUL
FORMATION IN
THE YOLA ARM
OF THE UPPER
BENUE TROUGH,
NORTH-EAST,
NIGERIA
PGS/2000
2001/4030
24
ORGANIC
GEOCHEMISTRY
AND
PALEOENVIRON
MENT OF
CRETACEOUS
DUKUL
FORMATION,
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH,
NIGERIA
the limestones indicate various lithofacies which grade
from bioclastic- packstone ill the basal units through
bioclastic wackestone-packstone, bioclastic-wackestone
and mudstones upwards. Diagenetic alteration affected
the different lithofacies by differential dissolution of
bioclastic fossil fragments, precipitation of calcite and
dolomite cements, and development of porosity types
such as intercrystalline, moldic and vuggy. These
porosities are economically significant as they have
produced moderate to high quality reserviors. The
lithofacies, physical sedimentary structures and
macrofossil such as bivalves, mulluscs and ostracods
gastropods suggest shallow marine setting on a carbonate
platform. Foraminiferal assemblages recovered were
predominantly of arenaceous benthonic agglutinated
forms: Ammobaculites sp., Haplophragmoides sp, and
Ammotium sp. all of which indicate a shallow marine
anoxic environment. A few non-keeled planktonic
foraminifers such as Heterohelix sp, were recovered
vhich indicate a similar environment. Generally,
sedimentologic and biostratigraphic features of the Dukul
Formation indicate deposition on a low energy, shallow
water carbonates platform in an open marine to lagoonal
environment.
JANUA
RY,
2003
Rock-eval
pyrolysis,
organic
petrographic
techniques and microfaunal studies (foraminifers
and ostracods) of the Dukul Formation were carried
out from 7 outcrop sections around Lakun Village,
within the Dadiya Syncline, Yola arm of the Upper
Benue Trough, Nigeria. The TOC values for the
source rock intervals of the Dukul Formation range
from 0.34 to 0.91%. The average TOC value of
0.56% for the Dukul shales indicates low
concentration of organic matter. The genetic
potentials of all the samples yield less than
10.
TUKUR,
AMADU
PGS/2000
2001/4030
18
HYDROCARBONGENERATIVE
POTENTIAL OF
CRETACEOUS
COALS FROM
THE BENUE
TROUGH
(NIGERIA)
SEPTE
MBER,
2003
2,OOOppm of hydrocarbons indicating poor
potential for generating commercial amount of
hydrocarbons. Rock-eval data indicate the
prevalence of terrestrially derived type III kerogen
implying their potential to generate gas. Tmax
values from the pyrolysis of the shales of the Dukul
Formation range from 429 to 436°C with an average
of 432°C. This value corresponds to maturity level
within the oil window. The foraminiferal
microfaunas from the 7 sections comprise both
planktonic and benthonic taxa which are Heterohelix
sp., Haplophragmoides sp., Ammotium sp., and
Ammobaculites sp. The ostracod assemblages
comprise Brachycytheridea sp., Ovocytheridea sp.,
Cytherella sp., Cythereis sp. and Rostrocytherida sp
., The predominant genera are Cytherella and
Ovocytheridea. From foraminiferal and ostracod
assemblages, the formation is Early Turonian in age.
The presence of large numbers of planktonics,the
paucity of benthics and moderate TOC values
indicate that the share unit at the outcrop sections
may have been deposited under anoxic conditions
in an open marine (inner to middle shelf)
environment.
Rock-Eval pyrolysis has been widely accepted as a
standard method of analyzing sedimentary rocks
especially coals for hydrocarbon prospectiveness.
This method was used to analyse twenty –one coal
samples from the Benue Trough of Nigeria: four
samples from the Mamu Formation; fourteen
samples from the Agwu Formation; two samples
from the Lamja Sandstone and one sample from the
Gombe Sandstone (lower, middle and upper Benue
Trough respectively). The four samples from the
Mamu Formation have an average TOC of 44.03
wt%, an average SI of 2.14 mg/g, an average S2 of
133 mg/g and an average Tmax of 431°C. The
hydrogen indices (HI) are very high, ranging from
266 mgHC/gTOC to 327 mgHC/gTOC. The mean
HI from S2 VS. TOC plot is about 363 (r2=O.9877)
mgHC/gTOC. This figure places these coals into
type II organic matter that can generate oil and gas.
The T max values suggest an on set of oil generation.
The fourteen samples from the Awgu Formation
have an average TOC of 46.23 wt%, SI of 172 mg/g
and Tmax of 4520C. Awgu 1, Awgu 6 and Awgu 7
show exceptionally low HI, low SI and low S2 but
the Tmax values for these samples fall within the
optimal temperature for hydrocarbon generation. HI
for the rest of the samples ranges from 1.20 to 267
mgHC/gTOC. All the samples from the Awgu
Formation have an average HI of 280 mgHC/gTOC
from S2 vs. TOC diagram. But on HI vs. 10plot, the
samples plotted on all the organic matter types'
tracks. The HI value of 182 mgHC/gTOC from S2
vs. TOC plot implies that coals from the Upper
Benue Trough have type III organic matter with gas
and oil source potential. The Tmax of 438°C indicates
that the samples from the Lamja Sandstone are
within early to middle oil window. While the Tmax of
4230C from the sample of the Gombe Sandstone
implies immaturity.
11
KWAYA,
PGS/2000
TUMBA JIBA 2001/4030
22
PETROLEUM
SOURCE ROCK
EVALUATION OF
THE DUKUL
JULY,
2003
Rock Eval pyrolysis data combined with biomarker
studies have been carried out to determine the petroleum
source potential of the Cenomanian - Turonian Dukul
Formation, Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria.
Foraminiferal analysis was also carried out in order to
investigate the various paleoenvironments of the
formation. TOC values range from 0.33 - 0.93wt%, with
average of 0.56wt% indicating moderate content of
organic matter. Thermal maturity (Tmax) ranges from
429 - 436°C, thus indicating transitionally early mature early to peak oil window. Based on Hydrogen indices
(HI), the organic matter of the formation is mainly type
III (HI<250). From the graphs of HI vs 0I and of T max
vs HI it is evident that organic matter of the Dukul
Formation is generally gas-prone. The presence of
agglutinated foraminifers with only a few planktonic taxa
(Heterohelix), indicates a brackish-shallow marine
environment where anoxic conditions prevailed. The
organic matter is of mixed origin (continental and
marine). This is possible, where continental deposits
were deposited in the marine environment through fluvial
systems. The petroleum source potential of the organic
matter of the Cenomanian-Turonian Dukul Formation
can therefore be interpreted to be moderate.
FORMATION
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH,
NORTHEASTERN
NIGERIA.
12.
HARUNA,
ISMAILA
VELA
PGS/2000
2001/4030
28
TRACE METAL
CONTENT IN
NEAR BANK
SEDIMENTS OF
THE DASS AREA,
N.E NIGERIA
APRIL,
2004
A detailed and systematic geochemical investigation
utilising near bank sediments as sample medium was
conducted around Dass. The aim was three fold:
one, to relate the geochemical composition of recent
near bank sediments on a number of catchments to a
broadly defined bedrock lithology and two, to
provide information on trace metal content in near
bank sediments that may reflect their concentration
in the associated waters and thirdly, to provide
baseline data bank for future environmental studies
including possible anomalous heavy metal contents
in near bank sediments which may reflect in
associated surface and underground waters. To
achieve this, a total of 114 coarse and fine near bank
sediments samples were collected over an area of
247km2. The coarse samples were subjected to
13.
YAMBIU,
IDRIS BUBA
PGS/2000
2001/4030
21
DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS,
PETROGRAPHY
AND RESERVOIR
EVALUATION OF
THE CAMPANOMAASTRICHTIAN
GOMBE
SANDSTONE IN
THE GOMBE
AREA, UPPER
BENUE TROUGH,
NORTH EASTERN
NIGERIA.
AUGUS
T, 2004
visual mineral identification while the fine samples
were treated with cold and hot HN03 and analysed
for Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Zn, Au, Mn, Mg, Ca, Fe and
K. Descriptive statistical methods together with
mono- and multi- element geochemical maps were
employed in the interpretation of the resultant
geochemical data. The various interpretative
techniques together point to a granitic Iterrain with
high mineral potentials in the localities along the
western flank of the area. These mineral include:
amethyst, tourmaline, aquamarine and beryl. The
flank also represents a geochemical hot spot for
anomalously high heavy metal content that are due
to metal-rich rocks. Low proportions of the metals in
non-residual phase of the sediments, indicated by the
ratio of hxMe to cxMe, however, suggest low or
normal concentrations in the associated water
columns.
Sandstones (25 samples) from the Gombe Sandstone
were subjected to granulometric analysis. Textural
parameters computed from sieving include: graphic
mean grain size, standard deviation (sorting),
skewness, kurtosis and median. Total averages (Փ) of
these textural parameters are 2.55Փ, 1.17Փ, 0.25Փ,
1.00Փ and 2.25Փ respectively. Bivariate Scatter plots
of mean vs. first percentile, standard deviation vs.
first percentile, standard deviation vs. mean,
standard deviation vs. Skewness and C-M pattern,
suggest a dominance of fluvial processes for the
Gombe Sandstone in the area studied. Petrographic
analysis has defined the Gombe Sandstones to be
quartzwackes- subarkoses, which are both texturally
and compositionally immature. The Gombe
Sandstone is composed of sandstones, siltstones,
mudstones, shales, minor ironstones (ferruginised
siltstones) and minor limestones. Palaeocurrent
analysis shows south southeasterly and north
northeasterly sources, unidirectional (280°) current
system with a unimodal distribution. Some
histograms show bimodality indicating more than
one source area. From environmental synthesis, the
Gombe Sandstones is interpreted to be deposited in
shallow marine, lacustrine delta and fluvial (braided
river) systems. The lacustrine delta system,
however, is influenced mainly by fluvial processes,
as shown by univariate grain size parameters and
bivariate scatter plots. Reservoir evaluation has
indicated that sandstones of the delta front, delta
plain and braided river deposits constitute the most
probable reservoir of the formation. Petrophysical
attributes (porosity and permeability) of the
formation are in the range of 19-25% and 0.1-0.2 D
(l00-200 mD) respectively.
14.
VALDON,
YUNIS
BOGA
PGS/2000
2001/4030
17
SEDIMENTOLOG
Y AND
DEPOSITIONAL
ENVRONMENTS
OF THE KERRI
KERRI
FORMATION IN
THE DUGURI
AREA, GONGOLA
BASIN, N.E
NIGERIA
AUGUS
T, 2004
The present work deals with the sedimentological and
paleoenvironmental studies of the Kerri Kerri Formation
around Duguri and environs. The formation is composed
of flat-lying to gently dipping coarse sandstones,
ferruginised sandstones, siltstones and mudstones based
on the six lithostratigraphic sections studied. The
sandstones which constitute the major part of the
formation are fine to very coarse-grained, moderately to
poorly sorted, mostly of bimodal patterns, negatively
skewed to positively skewed, and vary from platykurtic
to very leptokurtic. The grain size parameters and their
bivariate relations indicate the environment of deposition
of the formation to be fluviatile in origin. The subangular
to angular grain shape shows that the Kerri Kerri
Formation was deposited due to fluvial processes. The
More studies is hereby
recommended in order to
define the various
depositional environments
in he area.
Studies on the kaolinitic
deposits encountered in
the area is necessary to
evaluate its genesis,
quality and commercial
viability.
few sub-rounded grains observed may have come from a
reworked source. The paleocurrent analysis indicates that
these sandstones were deposited by unimodal,
southeasterly-flowing currents.
15.
CHAANDA,
MOHAMME
D
SULEIMAN
PGS/2000
2001/4030
20
ENVIRONMENTA APRIL,
L
2004
GEOCHEMISTRY
OF THE TIN
MINING DISTRICT
OF TILDEN
FULANI, NORTHEASTERN
NIGERIA.
Stream sediment and water samples from wells,
streams and mining ponds were analysed. The
samples were analysed for the elements Cu, Pb, Zn,
and Cd, within the Tilden Fulani Mining District,
with the aim of determining their concentration in
both water and stream sediments to highlight their
impact on the environment, and serve as
reconnaissance work. In all seventy six stream
sediment samples were obtained from the area of
study, air dried, sieved to - 75 μm digested with cold
HN03 acid while 54 water samples were also
obtained, ionized with 1% HN03 and analysed using
the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
The results obtained indicate that of all the elements
analyzed, only Cd was observed to have high
concentration in stream sediments in all parts of the
study area. The high concentration of Cd could be
due to both natural and anthropogenic activities. The
water samples reveal that the metalliferous ions
were within the World Health Organisation standard
except for Fe, Pb and Cd with high concentration
values above the WHO standard. This could be
regarded as a potential source of contamination to
the surrounding water systems, though at the
moment the waters used by residents of this area
may be regarded to be safe. It is therefore
recommended that further work be carried out to
cover the entire area in order to monitor the
concentration level of these elements in the
environment, enforce mining laws to check the
16.
TIMOTHY,
PETER
BATA
PGS/2000
2001/4030
29
PETROGRAPHIC
AND
SEDIMENTOLOGI
C STUDIES OF
THE PALEOGENE
KERRI-KERRI
FORMATION
AROUND
MAINAMAJI,
BAUCHI STATE
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH.
FEBRU
ARY,
2004
17.
ELIJAH,
HAMANDA
EZEKIEL
PGS/2001
2002/4030
35
A STUDY OF
SEPTE
TRACE METALS
MBER,
DISPERSION IN
2005
JOS-BUKURU
MINING DISTRICT
AND IT’S
IMPLICATION ON
THE
ENVIRONMENT
abuse of land use and treat water used for
consumption.
The Palaeogene Kerri-Kerri Formation is composed
of flat-lying to gently dipping basal conglomerates,
grits, sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. The
formation represents the record of Early Cenozoic
sedimentation in the Upper Benue Trough. The
Kerri-Kerri Formation around Mainamaji consists of
three main lithofacies: a mudstone-claystone facies;
a siltstone facies; and a sandstone facies.
Facies/sedimentologic examination revealed that
sands of the Kerri- Kerri Formation around
Mainamaji were deposited in a fluvial setting, at low
river stage when the materials held in suspension
were deposited along with the coarser materials.
This is responsible for the high matrix content of the
formation. Petrographic examination of thin sections
revealed that the Kerri- Kerri Formation is at both
redoxomorphic and locomorphic stages of
diagenesis, as revealed by quartz with silica
overgrowths and authigenic kaolinites as void fillers.
The alteration of feldspars to kaolinite has created a
grain matrix ratio different from that of the original
sediments with a decrease in its textural maturity.
The concentration of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu,
Fe, Pb, and Ni) in soil, stream sediments, mine
dump, water and tailing samples from the Jos Bukuru mining area have been determined with the
specific objectives of evaluating contamination level
in soil and water. In all forty-five (45) samples were
obtained from soil, stream sediments, mine dumps,
water and ore tailing. All samples were collected,
stored in labeled polythene bags and plastic
It is recommended that a
detailed sedimentogic
work be carried out on the
outcrops of the KerriKerri Formation in other
areas, so as to construct a
regional sedimentologic
model and a petrographic
statement.
Further diagenetic history
of the formation should be
further investigated on a
regional base, in order to
fully understand the
genesis of the kaolinite
encountered in the area.
1. Further studies should
be
undertaken
to
thoroughly evaluate the
level of trace metal
contamination in water,
soil, stream sediments and
air of the Jos-Bukuru
mining district.
2. There may be some
containers. Water samples were acidified with HN03
acid to prevent loss of metals. All samples were
analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrometer
(AAS). Ranges of concentrations obtained for the
trace metals examined in the Jos- Bukuru mining
area indicated the following order of dominance;
soil:
Fe>
Pb>
Cu
= Ni > Co > Cr> Cd; stream sediments: Fe> Pb > Ni
> Co> Cr > Cu > Cd; mine dump: Fe> Pb > Ni > Cu
> Co > Cr > Cd; tailings: Pb > Fe > Cu > Co > Ni >
Cr > Cd; and water: Fe> Ni = Co > Pb > Cr > Cu >
Cd. Concentrations of trace metals analyzed for this
study show that the range for soil falls below
average concentration in soils and clay. The
concentration of Co, Pb, and Ni in water fall above
W.H.O recommended water levels. The high
concentrations of these metals in water bodies of the
Jos - Bukuru mining area is believed to be due to
mining and mineral- processing activities in the
study area and these may cause health problems.
Other sources of these metals in the media analyzed
include the bedrock (Granites) but contribution from
this source is considered to be minimal considering
the mineralogy of the rocks.
18.
TANKO,
PGS/2001
GEOCHEMICAL
SEPTE
Geochemical analysis using X-Ray fluorescence
diseases that could be
linked
to
the
concentration of trace
metals investigated in the
study area. Therefore,
further
collaborative
studies with medical
doctors; agriculturists and
other specialists are to be
conducted to find a
correlation between trace
elements
and
epidemiological
abnormalities:
3. Geochemical
informations be supplied
to
farmers
and
communities
since
deficiency can be as
damaging as excess. For
example, soil deficient in
copper (less than 1 ppm)
or vegetation ash (less
than 25 ppm) caused
unhealthy
births
in
animals (Warren 1961).
4.Such studies to be
conducted on vegetables
like Cabbage, Lettuce,
Carrot, farmed on the
Plateau.
YA’U ISHAK
EXPLORATION
2002/4030 FOR MINERALS
37
IN SOME MINING
DISTRICTS
AROUND KEFFI,
NORTH CENTRAL
NIGERIA
(NASARAWA
STATE)
MBER,
2005
spectrometry (XRF) was carried out on 97 samples
collected from mining districts around Keffi area. 58
samples are soils, while 39 are stream sediments (20
samples from River Andu and 19 samples from
Angwan Mayo River). The samples were analyzed
for Sn, Nb, Ta, W, Li, Be, Rb and Zr to determine
the levels of metal abundance in the two sample
media, with the aim of establishing potentials for
mineralization in the area. The results revealed
mostly
normal
background
concentrations
(populations) in most of the samples but the average
concentrations of the trace-elements in the study
area are higher than the average normal
concentrations in soil, provided in (Rose et aI, 1979
and Siegel,1974) which is pointing to possible
potential of mineralization in the study area. The
anomalous concentrations of trace-elements and
indicator-elements around pegmatites in the area
revealed the relationship between the host rocks
(migmatites and schists) and the mineralization
bodies (pegmatites and granitic rocks). The average
concentrations in (ppm) of the main elements
association (Sn, Nb,Ta, W) and indicator elements
(Li, Be, Rb and Zr) around unexploited pegmatites
in Angwan Mayo, Andu and Sabon gida villages are
as follows; Soil samples 58.01 ppmSn, 79.21
ppmNb, 38.67ppmTa, 92.61ppmW, 73.8IppmLi,
2.21ppmBe, 165.89ppmRb and 422.84ppmZr.
Stream sediment samples (River Andu) 60.78 ppm
Sn, 62.28 ppmNb, 49.00 ppm Ta, 89.5 ppm W, 2.92
ppm, 86.78 ppm Li, 3.95 ppm, 3.95 ppm Be,
212.00ppm Rb and 500.55 ppm Zr. Stream sediment
samples (Angwan Mayo River) 93.97 ppm Sn, 60.29
19.
MOHAMME
D, AUDU
DAYA
PGS/2001
2002/4030
38
AN
INVESTIGATION
OF ECONOMIC
POTENTIALS OF
MAGNESITE IN
THE
TSAKASIMTA
AREA,
ADAMAWA
STATE.
20.
SHETTIMA,
BUKAR
PGS/2001 SEDIMENTOLOG
Y AND
2002/4030 RECONSTRUCTIO
SEPTE
MBER,
2005
SEPTE
MBER,
2005
ppm Nb, 48.18 ppm Ta, 92.40 ppm W, 92.37 ppm
Li, 4.35 ppm Be, 198.18 ppm Rb and 487.66 ppm
Zr. These results give an indication that a more
detailed study will lead to the discovery of ore
deposits in the area.
The study area is located in topographic Shani NE
sheet 154NE in Gombi Local Government Area of
Adamawa State. Reconnaissance Survey of the area
was carried out. Detailed geologic map of the
deposit was produced. Forty-five (45) pits were
excavated on a grid pattern of 100m x 100m.
Samples were collected from each pit where
magnesite occurred. The magnesite was probably
formed as a result of continuous alteration of the
ultra basic rocks, (olivine rich basalt and gabbros)
by the action of carbonated hydrothermal fluids.
Chemical analysis of the magnesite samples were
carried out using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method.
The samples were analysed for the percentage
oxides of these elements, Si02, MgO, MnO, Fe203,
A1203, CaO, Ti02 and K20. The result of this analysis
shows that there is marked correlation between Si02
and MgO (where the value of Si02 is high, that of
MgO is low, and vice-versa). The weighted average
chemical value of MgO is 35.80%. This value of
MgO shows that the magnesite is of good quality.
The total mineable reserve of the magnesite has been
estimated to be 523, 179.60 metric tones. The
deposit is very shallow with flat terrain, so that the
whole reserve could be mined by open cast method.
The Yolde Formation is composed of sandstone,
siltstones, mudstones claystones, shales and minor
limestone and under petrographic analysis is defined
21.
DAUDA,
IDRIS FIKA
39
N OF
DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS
OF THE YOLDE
FORMATION IN
THE GONGOLA
ARM OF THE
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH,
NIGERIA.
PGS/1999
2000/4030
13
POSSIBILITIES
FOR
HYDROCARBONTRAPPING
STRUCTURES IN
THE
CRETACEOUS
GONGOLA BASIN
SEPTE
MBER,
2006
to be subarkose to quartzarenite, which texturally
and compositionally range from submature to
mature. From the fining upwards, and coarsening
upwards cycles diagnosed in the lithostratigraphic
sections, fluvial and deltaic distributary and mouth
bars
are
respectively
suggested.
The
sedimentological studies from granulometric
analysis of the textural parameters which include:
graphic mean size, standard deviation (sorting),
skewness and kurtosis, and the total average of these
textural parameters are: 2.21Ø 1.02 Ø, 0.37 and 1.29
respectively. Most of the bivariate plots indicated
dominance of fluvial environments, however, one
indicated dominance of coastal environment. The
probability curve plots is dominated by two sand
populations curves indicating prevalence of
unidirectional currents. Paleocurrent analysis shows
a dominant northeasterly source and minor
northwesterly source, and the Yolde Formation was
interpreted to be deposited in a fluvial (braided
river) to transitional (deltaic, barrier island and
coastal plain of alluviation) environments.
Evaluation of structures resulting from
deformation and stratigraphic relationship,
mainly faults, folds and unconformities exposed
in outcrop sections, was carried out in the Gombe
area of the Gongola Basin, Upper Benue Trough,
with a view to predict possible hydrocarbon
trapping structures at depth. In addition to the
main Gombe fault, field observations show the
existence of two other normal faults, one in the
western part of Gombe environs that seems
syndepositional with Gombe Sandstone and the
other in a tributary of the Arowa stream (Bima
Sandstone). Several strike-slip/shear faults mostly
exposed along river channels with a general NWSE trend are very conspicuous in the field. Two
separate sets were identified, with the younger
sets generally trending 3000 to 3600 cutting the
older sets generally trending 1800 to 2400. Other
structures observed include part of an anticline
with crestal faults in Kware stream, an anticline
in the Arowa stream, an angular/intraformational
unconformity,
channel
fills
with
bar
sedimentation and a minor shale diapir. The
general stratigraphy of the basin, comprising
sandstones and shales horizons that may likely
form the reservoirs and source rocks and seal
facies respectively and the existence of faults,
folds, unconformities and other stratigraphic
features with favourable closures) are factors
making the Gongola Basin worthy of
hydrocarbon exploration.
22.
MELA,
VICTOR
PGS/2001
2002/4030
31
PETROGRAPHY
FEBRU
AND
ARY,
PALAEOENVIRON 2007
MENT OF THE
PINDIGA
FORMATION
(KANAWA
MEMBER) IN THE
GONGOLA BASIN,
NIGERIA
The Upper Cenomanian to Lower Turonian
Pindiga Formation (Kanawa Member) consists of
a shale succession with interbedded limestones.
Petrographics studies of the limestones indicate
various lithofacies which include packstone
(packed
biomicrite)
wackestone
(sparse
biomicrite) and mudstones (micrite). Diagenetic
changes such as neomophism, calcitization,
dissolution and micritization have affected the
different lithofacies, most of these changes have
modified primary sediment textures, original
fabrics and other limestones components.
Petrographic and palaeoenvironment evidence
suggest that these microfacies were deposited in
relatively low energy open marine to quite water
lagoonal
environments.
Foraminiferal
assemblages recovered were predominantly
composed of arenaceous benthonic agglutinated
forms: for example Ammobaculites sp.
Haplaphragmoides sp, and Ammotium sp, all of
which indicate a shallow marine environment. A
few non-keeled planktonic foraminifers such as
Heterohelix, and Guembelitria, were recovered
which indicate a similar environment. Generally,
sedimentologic and biostratigraphic features of
the Kanawa Member indicate deposition on a low
energy, shallow water muddy ramp, which
occasionally and briefly become tolerable for
carbonate- secreting organism.
23.
ALUWONG,
KUSHAI
CALEB
PGS/2004
2005/4030
40
APPLICATION OF
REMOTE
SENSING AND
GIS IN
GEOLOGICAL
MAPPING AND
MINERAL
PROSPECTING OF
TORO AND
ENVIRONS
(BAUCHI STATE)
AUGUS
T, 2008
Remote
sensing
and
Geographic
Information System (GIS) application was
carried out in the Geological Mapping and
Mineral prospecting of Toro and Environs,
Bauchi State. The objectives of this work
were to attempt the utilization of spectral
reflectance properties of surface processes
due to mineralization to map out the
Geological boundaries using Landsat ETM
data. To use the information generated to
produce maps that will be useful as
exploration guide and to also delineate
mineralized boundaries and potential for
ore body occurrences in the area. The study
focused
on
image
processing
and
24.
NNAJI,
CHIGBOGU
EZECHIMEL
U SUNDAY
PGS/2004
2005/4030
46
DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS
OF THE BASAL
MEMBER OF
KERRI-KERRI
FORMATION,
MAY,
2008
digitization
of
existing
images
to
correlation information as well as ground
truthing to confirm results. The geological
map produced indicating the following
rock types; Undifferentiated Basement
Complex, Porphyritic Biotite Granite,
Biotite Granite, Newer Basalts and Dyke
Swamps. Tectonic mapping showed that
structures generally trend NE-SW and NWSE in line with the principal fracture
direction on the Basement Complex. The
rivers and vegetation of Toro and Environs
are generally structurally controlled. The
results revealed the importance of image
processing which was carried out In the
following order; Image Enhancement,
Clustering/Classification,
Supervised
classification,
Image
ratio,
Tectonic
mapping
approach,
Vegetation
(Geobotanical)
and
Digital
Terrain
Modeling. Economic mineral potential
zone of the Toro and Environs include
Dogo Daji, Dutse Moro, Panshanu others
are Juga, Buri, Leru and Jarawan Kogi.
Economic minerals found within Toro and
Environs are Cassiterite, Topaz, Aqua
marine, Zircon, and Columbite.
The Basal Member of Kerri-Kerri Formation around
Misau and Darazo areas is composed of flat-lying to
gently dipping basal conglomerates, sandstones,
siltstones and mudstones. The underlying rocks of
the basement complex (gneisses and granites) are
severely and deeply weathered. The lithofacies in
The diagenetic history of
the formation could be
further investigated on a
regional scale, especially
with a view to
AROUND MISAU
AND DARAZO
AREAS, UPPER
BENUE TROUGH,
NORTH EAST
NIGERIA
25.
OKEGYE,
JOSEPH
IDOHMA
PGS/2004
2005/4030
47
HEAVY METALS
CONCENTRATIO
N IN UDEGE
MBEKI MINING
DISTRICT AND
THEIR
IMPLICATIONS
ON UDEGE
MBEKI
ENVIRONS,
NASARAWA
STATE.
the study area include conglomerate facies;
sandstone facies; siltstone facies; and mudstone
facies. Facies/sedimentologic examination revealed
that the sandstones or the Basal Member of KerriKerri Formation were deposited in a fluvial to
fluvio-lucustrine settings. Most of the analysed
samples belong to the medium to coarse- gained
sandstones, ranging from poorly sorted (1.071.92Ø) to moderately well sorted and moderately
sorted (0.53-0.97Ø); to moderately well sorted and
moderately sorted (0.53-0.97Ø); medium grained
(1.05-1.6 Ø) to coarse- grained (0.20-0.95 Ø)
sandstones; mesokurtic (0.94-1.07) to leptokurtic
(1.12-1.30); and positively skewed (0.15-026 Ø)
to very positively skewed (0.36-1.22 Ø).
2008
Geochemical survey was carried out in Udege
Mbeki Mining District, Nasarawa State. The
objectives of the study were to asses the levels of
surface and ground water and soil contamination
by heavy metals in the three media sampled water, soil and mine dumps, to produce
geochemical information of the area and the likely
effects of the study heavy metals with remedies; to
also identify possible sources of contamination.
Forty (40) samples were collected. The samples
were digested with nitric acid (HN03) and
analysed by atomic spectrometer (AAS). The
study focused on seven heavy metals; Cd, Cr, Co,
Cu, Fe, Pb and Ni. The result of the samples
revealed that the metal average concentration of
the different media are in the following order;
water;
Fe>Co>Pb>Cu>Cr
Cd>Ni,
Soil;
understanding fully, the
genesis of the greyish
colouration, arguably
characteristics of the study
area.
Fe>Pb>Co>Cu>Cd>Ni>Cr and Mine dumps
Fe>Pb>Cu>Co>Ni>Cd>Cr. In water, Cd, Co, Fe
and Pb are above World Health Organization
(WHO), World River Mean (WRM) and limits for
Salmonid fish in fresh water (LSFW). The
concentration of Ni in water is slightly higher
while Cr and Cu in water are lower than WHO
tolerable limits. The concentration of Cr, Cu and
Ni in water are also higher than WRM. The
concentration of Cu and NI are higher than
permissible limits for (LSFW) while Cr in water
met the exact concentration for LSFW, this is due
to both geogenic and anthropogenic factors.
26.
UCHEBO,
ANTHONY
UGOCHUKW
U
PGS/2004
2005/4030
38
DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS
AND
PETROGRAPHY
OF LAMJA
SANDSTONE,
YOLA BASIN
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH,
NORTHEASTERN
NIGERIA.
DECEM
BER,
2010
The Lamja Sandstone is the topmost unit of the
Cretaceous sediments in the Yola Basin of the Upper
Benue Trough of northeastern Nigeria. The
formation conformably overlies the Numanha Shale.
The exposures of the formation occur on the eastern
and southern fringes of the Tertiary Lunguda Basalt
Plateau which unconformably overlies it. Field
studies and laboratory analyses were conducted to
determine its depositional environments. The Lamja
Sandstone consists of shale, coal, siltstone,
sandstone, sandy limsestone and carbonaceous
sandstone while the dominant sedimentary structures
are parallel lamination. Petrographic studies show
that the sandstone samples are poorly-moderately
sorted, very fine-fine grained and sub-angular-subrounded; it is not only immature but also contains
more than 15% of detrital clay matrix (lithicwacke).
Granolumetric data show a graphic mean size of
2.82 ø (Fine grained sandstone), mean standard
The palynological studies
should be carried out in
order
to
determine
biofacies sequence and
palaeoenvironment
of
deposition for the unit.
The
sedimentological
model of the formation
should also be formulated.
27.
ABDULLAHI
, ADAMU
MOHAMME
D
PGS/2004
2005/4030
43
GEOLOGY AND
PETROCHEMISTR
Y OF GWONGWON
PEGMATITE
FIELD WAMBA,
NASARAWA
STATE
MARC
H, 2011.
deviation of 1.62 ø (poorly sorted) while the
skewness values are positively fine skewed and
kurtosis showing an average value of 0.860
(mesokurtic). Bivariate plots standard deviation
verse skewness, standarded deviation verse mean
and standard deviation verse first percentile for
sample studied fell within the river environment.
The sample of the cumulative probability curves
plotted for the most of the samples are
characteristics of fluvial log - probability plots and
seems to be diagnostic for fluvial environment.
Based on the results of the analyses, it is suggested
that the depositional environments of the Lamja
Sandstone ranges from perhaps deltaic environment
(fan delta) to shallow marine.
Twenty four rock samples were collected from the
Gwon-Gwon pegmatite field at Wamba, Nasarawa
State. They include six samples of granites, eleven
samples of pegmatites and seven samples of
undifferentiated
migmatities.
Representative
samples from each group were selected and divided
into two parts. One part was used to make thinsections for petrographic studies, while the second
group was used for geochemical analysis.
Petrographic studies show that there is consistent
enrichment in colour (within the rock mass) of
muscovite from blue to greenish colour which is also
persistent with increase in quantity of rare metals.
This could be an indication of fractionation. The
petrographic studies also show the presence of two
mica (muscovite and Biotite) in the granitoids which
suggest that it is a two mica granitoid. Geochemical
analysis on the second group of the selected samples
Thorough
isotopegeochemistry
should be carried out on
individual granites and
pegmatite samples which
will be used in dating;
confirming
the
link
between the patent granite
and the pegmatites, and
also it will give a possible
genesis of mineralization.
was carried out using the X-Ray Fluorescence
(XRF) Spectrometry method. The samples were
analyzed for their major elements, minor elements
and trace elements. The results placed the granites as
fertile types of granites which are silicic (Quartzrich) and peraluminous (AL/CNK> 1.1) suggesting
an S- type origin.It results in the crystallization of
Al-rich minerals like Muscovite. The development
of the rare-metal pegmatite of Gwon-Gwon is
probably related to granite magmatism. The ternary
plots deduced a probable genetic link between the
granitoids and the pegmatites with incomplete
fractionation which could be due to incomplete
partial melting or poor sourcing of materials during
the partial melting. The clustering of the samples of
rocks and pegmatite on the plot also suggests that
fractionation was precisely partial. The paucily of
rare elements in the migmatite preclude it from
being the origin of the pegmatites because there is
no evidence of fractionation of the migmatite. The
rate of weathering in the study area was not
intensive because the pegmatite and granites are
underexposed. Tin-ore (Cassiterite) was won only
from partial weathering of the granitic rocks and by
blasting the pegmatite for the in-situ cavity fillings
within the buried pegmatites.
28.
29.
30.