DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
PhD. Thesis - Geology
S/NO
1.
NAME
Suh Cheo
Emmanuel
REG. NO
TITLE OF
THESIS
YEAR
ABSTRACT
STRUCTURAL,
GEOCHEMICAL AND
FLUID-ROCK
INTERACTION
STUDIES OF
URANIUM
MINERALISATION IN
N.E NIGERIA:
IMPLICATIONS FOR
URANIUM
METALLOGENESIS
AND EXPLORATION
AUGUST
1997
Several uranium mineralisations occur in N. E. Nigeria.
Four of these, namely: Kanawa, Mika, Ghumchi and
Zona mineralisations have been examined in this study
with a view to characterising the host rocks in terms of
their structures, inherent geochemistry and fluid-rock
interaction alterations. The Kanawa, Mika and Ghumchi
mineralisations are hydrothermal vein-type uranium
occurrences hosted within narrow ductile-brittle shear
zones in weakly metaluminous to peraluminous within
plate late orogenic granitoids. Uraninite, pitchblende,
coffinite and autunite are the main uranium bearingphases. By contrast, the Zona mineralisation is hosted
within Bima Sandstone Formation; is epigenetic in origin
and fault controlled and autunite is the principal uranium
mineral. The fault rocks associated with these
mineralisations are predominantly mylonites, cataclasites
and ultrarnylonites. Principal wall rock alterations are
varied phyllosilicate alterations, sodium metasomatism,
silicification and kaolinitisation/goethite formation. The
granitoid-hosted mineralisations are a result of pervasive
fluid activity at subgreenschist facies temperature (250°C
- 350°C) accompanied by plagioclase alteration to
epidote, chlorite , phengitic micas, sericite and albite.
The Zona anomaly is a product of low temperature
epigenetic groundwater activity. Results of strain and
fabric analysis as well as fluid-rock interactions show
that areas with high strain experienced high fluid/rock
ratios and the 'intensity' of mineralisation is a direct
function of fluid/rock ratio and strain. Uranium was
leached from the granitoids and concentrated in
AREAS OF FURTHER
RESEARCH
A
c aA s d weA er A
d a nA a trsaisA a A ieasA
iar A
eai adA
asA
wrnn a adA drc m eA
A t wisAsiappw ida Adsneed
irA
A a m siaidi aA irA
ed w A
r A
A a sid aa iA reA u
pathway a A ie s A
na dpasdiar sdA lid p A
A asrirt A si aa sand
naw rt r A d dposasA reA
ie A nda A te rw osiA
Ateds sA
d a
subg
sweasiA na dpA
dss n pdi A asA ww ssd oA
A irA t rmaa evidence on
the
source
of
hydrothermal fluid.
psreA ie A
rp A reA
mrpwd awsA
a A
ie A
At wataidiar AreAuis stappAirA
A a m siaidi adA li aa sA
Aa irA
ar A
dwiar s
between eoa rie ndpA
ep aasA d aA mrpwd awseA
Ap daa iAirAie precataidiar A
reA uA d A wrnn a adA
favourable structures. Pb-V-Mo-As-U are useful A A
i rwe r rpriawdprr
pathfinder
elements
for
the
granitoid-hosted data d AdpsrA ww ssd oAirA
mineralisations. For the Zona uranium mineralisation, Awr si da iAie Adi Ai r tAre
uranium is elements for the granitoid-hosted derived thes A na dpasdiar sA d aA
from dissseminated uraniferous granitic debris within the edwapaidi A wrntd asr A caieA
sandstone and mobilised together with Fe-As-Ba- W-CoAcr paclassdiot Aa trsais
Ce into the fractures. In terms of metallogenesis
therefore, uranium is intrinsic to the host rocks and only
concentrated to constitude anomalies by successive
hydrothermal activities. To this end, the N-S structures;
zones of brittle structures intersections; areas of high
strain and high fluid/host rock interactions constituted
favourable sites for uranium exploration. Future
exploration efforts in the subregion stand to benefit from
these findings.
2.
OPELOYE,
SAKA
ADELAYO
PGS/00071
SOME ASPECTS
OF FACIES
ARCHITECTURE,
GEOCHEMISTRY
AND
PALEOENVIRON
MENTS OF
SENONIAN
FORMATIONS IN
THE YOLA ARM,
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH
(NIGERIA)
NOV,
2002
Lower Senonian deposits, derived from
sedimentation of marine inundation of the Upper
Benue Trough are conformably disposed within the
Dadiya syncline where they constitute the terminal
lithic fill of the Yola Arm in form of Sukuliye,
Numanha and Lamja Formations. Fluctuating
embayment of the Tethy's sea, influenced by
tectono-eustatic events led to deposition of
intercalated limestone and shale as well as
sandstone. The shale beds of Sukuliye and Lamja
Formations,
dominated
by
ostracods
Ovocytheridea
sp
and
foraminifera
Ammobaculites sp. Reflect brackish ecospace,
while those of the Numanha Formation, with
assemblage of arenaceous and planktonic
foraminifera (Hedbergella and Heterohelix spp.)
signify the peak of marine influence during active
period of subsidence. Presence of Heterohelix
reussi and Ovocytheridea symmetrica put the age
of the deposits between Upper Turonian and
Coniacian. Low ecologic indices of 1 to 3 Fisher
alpha diversity index and H (s) between 0.69 and
2.26 imply a stressed condition of shallow marine
habitat. Although, the presence of kaolinite among
the clay mineral suites reflects the influence of
continental sediments, relative enhancement of
illite, montmorilonite and chlorite in the Numanha
Formation coupled with low pristane / phytane
ratios of their chromatograms signify the peak of
marine sedimentation in a dysoxic environment.
Texturally the limestone beds of Sukuliye
Formation is micritic, those of Numanha is
enriched in bioclast allochemicals while Lamja
Formation has fine-grained sandstone, which, is
extremely well sorted. The sandstone granulometry
gives 3.23∅ and 0.35∅ graphic mean (Mz) and
standard deviatio (𝛿) respectively. Identified
biolithofacie and their sequences are as follows:
I)
Arenaceous foraminifera / Micritic limestone
facies
ii)
Arenaceous foraminifera / Ostracod micritic limestone facies
ill)
The fire clay-barren interval facies
iv)
Arenaceous foraminifera / Ostracodbiomicrite intramicrite facies
v)
Arenaceous and planktonic foraminifera /
Ostracod - biomicrite facies
vi)
Arenaceous foraminifera / Ostracod biomicrite facies
vii)
Parallel laminated sandstone facies
viii) Arenaceous foraminifera - biosparmicrite
facies.
A complete Transgressive - Regressive cycle of
3.
NTEKIM,
EYO EYO
PGS/99/
403012
GEOCHEMICAL
FRAMEWORK FOR
GYPSUM
MINERALIZATION
IN GUYUK AREA,
NORTH-EASTERN
NIGERIA
JUNE,
2005
third order marine sequence stratigraphy is derived
from the linkage of the facies model.
Geochemical factors that controlled gypsum
mineralization in shale materials in Guyuk area of
North-Eastern Nigeria were studied. Gypsum
bodies in Guyuk occur as lenses within cyclical
litho-beds or as irregularly shaped lumps within
host materials, depicting loci where dolomitization
of Ca-carbonate minerals took place during
diagenetic processes. Using the principle of
geochemical facies, major indicator elements
include Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, Sr and Ni.
Two geochemical models (threshold value and
cation ratio) were adopted and used to determine
the significant elements and their useful contents
for gypsum mineralization. Using the threshold
value model gypsum mineralization requires a
minimum of 25540ppm Ca, l00950ppm Fe,
1310ppm Mn, 210ppm Pb, 370ppm Sr, 360ppm
Cu, 210ppm Zn, 380ppm Ni, 840ppm Co and
1860ppm Cr. Threshold contour maps show that
highly gypsiferous Gunda - Sukuliye - Lamza
districts have highest concentrations of Ca, Fe,
Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr and Pb. Cation ratio model
reveal that Cu/Ca, Zn/Ca, Ni/Ca, Co/Ca and Cr/Ca
ratios best discriminates between mineralised and
unmineralised shale materials. Gypsum - bearing
4.
ABUBAKAR,
MUHAMMA
D BELLO
PGS/2000
2001/4030
34
BIOSTRATIGRAP SEPTE
HY,
MBER,
PALAEOENVIRON 2006
MENT AND
ORGANIC
GEOCHEMISTRY
OF THE
CRETACEOUS
SEQUENCES OF
THE GONGOLA
BASIN, UPPER
BENUE TROUGH,
NIGERIA
shale materials are characterized by low cation/Ca
ratios e.g. Cu(O.7), Zn(O.6), Ni(l), Co(2) and
Cr(5). Combined application of the two
prospecting geochemical models shows that Zn,
Cu, Ni, Co and Cr are diagnostic indicator
elements. They constantly relate to mineralisation.
Their enrichments in the studied shales are
anomalously higher [Cu(l0:l), Zn(4:1), Ni(8:1),
Co(58:1) and Cr(30:1)] relative to natural
unmineralised sediments. Integrating geochemical
control factors on the basis of these mineralisation
models can guide the search for more deposits in
the study area in particular and other sedimentary
basins with similar lithologic units in general.
Studies that include lithofacies, granulometry,
petrography,
quantitative
and
qualitative
foraminiferal,
qualitative
Ostracods
and
palynologic micropalaeontology, and organic
geochemistry were done on the Cretaceous
sequences of the Gongola Basin of the Upper
Benue Trough, Nigeria, to determine the
biostratigraphy,
palaeoenvironment
and
petroleum potential of the sequences. The
foraminifera, Ostracods and palynologic study
confirmed the Upper Cenomanian to Santonian
age of the Pindiga Formation, the Cenomanian
age of the Yolde Formation, and the Albian to
pre-Albian age of the Bima Formation. The hiatus
between the Pindiga and Gombe Formations in
Gombe area suggests post-Santonian age to the
Gombe Formation. Five palynological Zones of
Droseridites senonicus (Coniacian - Santonian),
Cretacaeiporites scabratus (Turonian). Triorites
africaensis (Upper Cenomanian), Afropollis
jardinus (Lower _ Middle Cenomanian) and
Elateroplicites africaensis - Elaterosporitea
klaszii Elaterosporite protensus (Upper Albian)
are identied in the Nasara-1 well. The occurance
of Elaterocolpites castelainii, Elateroplicites
africaencis
–
Elaterosporites
klaszii,
Elaterosporites protensus and Senegalosporites
petrobrasi is reported for the first time from the
Upper Benue Trough, From the lithofacies study,
the Lower Bima, Middle Bima and Upper Bima
Sandstones are proximal alluvial fan to proximal
braided river (Scott River type), deeply
entrenched braided river, and braided river (Platte
River type) deposits respectively. The Yolde,
Pindiga and Gombe Formations Suggest
generally retrogradational barrier island –
lagoonal, coastal - shallow marine- shelf margin,
and fluvially dominated marine delta depositional
environments
respectively.
Foraminiferal
palaeoenvironmental study, however, indicates
anoxic to dysoxic coastal (littoral) - inner shelf outer shelf - ?upper bathyal palaeoenvironments for the
Pindiga Formation. Organic geochemical studies of the
Cretaceous sequences show TOCs that are generally
higher than the minimum threshold (O.5wt %) required
for hydrocarbon generation. Data from Rock-Eval
pyrolysis and biomarker studies indicate both type II
and III organic matter that is immature for the Gombe
Formation and marginally mature for the Yolde
Formation; immature type III to IV for the Pindiga
Formation; and type III with maturity that corresponds
to the onset and perhaps closer to the peak of oil
generation to the Bima Formation. An exception is the
Bima Formation samples from the 4710- 4770ft
(1435.608 - 1453.896m) depth interval within the
Nasara-I which indicate type I. The dominance of C28
regular steranes indicates the presence of lacustrine
depositional environment in the Bima Formation.
5.
BASSEY,
NSIKAK
EDET
PGS/98STRUCTURAL
99/403012 GEOLOGICAL
MAPPING AND
INTERPRETATIO
NS OF LANDSAT
AND
AEROMAGNETIC
DATA OVER
PARTS OF
HAWAL
BASEMENT
COMPLEX,
NORTH EAST
NIGERIA
AUGUS
T, 2006
Analyses of orbital imagery and airborne magnetic
data for regional structural significance over Hawal
Basement Complex reveals a distribution of mega lineament trends with peak values along N-S (10°)
and NE - SW (50°). A multi- graphical study of the
lineament distributions shows that areas of highest
lineament density and intersections are generally
coincident with areas where the metamorphosed
basement is intruded by igneous bodies. Digital
filtering of the airborne magnetic data reveals peak
magnetic lineament trend of 46°, which corresponds
with major intrabasement lineaments in northeast
Nigeria. Spectral analysis gave a depth range of
magnetic source bodies from 1.75 km to 144.9 km.
Major features observed from residual magnetic data
correlated /or are coincident with known petrotectonic features. At least six stages of crustal
development in the area spanning the Precambrian
to Cenozoic have been recognized from field
geological mapping. These have produced
widespread shearing, faulting, folding and foliation
of rocks. Northwesterly foliation is widespread
unlike other basement region of Nigeria. Probably
l. More research
should be conducted
to investigate its
mineralization some
of which have been
found
to
be
structurally
controlled.
2.
Geochronological
investigation on the rocks
of the area should be
done
in
order
to
determine their absolute
ages and their links with
tectonic
episodes
observed.
3.
The use of
GIS
and
remote
sensing to ascertain
the linkage between
6.
SAMAILA,
NUHU
KADAI
PGS/2003
2004/4030
37
RESERVOIR
POTENTIALS OF
THE UPPER BIMA
SANDSTONE IN
THE YOLA AND
LAU-LAMURDE
BASINS, UPPER
BENUE TROUGH
NORTH EASTERN
NIGERIA
AUGUS
T, 2007
because the basement has been largely preserved
from the obliterating effect of the Pan-African
orogeny. Emplacements of igneous bodies are
generally concordant with regional structural
patterns. Field data show some solid mineral
occurrences are structurally controlled, and that the
evolution of the adjoining sedimentary basins has
been significantly influenced by geological
structures like faults, foliation, shear zones etc.
Satellite data interpretation across the Yola Trough
shows that structural, invariable lithological
continuity exists between Hawal basement (across
Yola Rift Basin) and the southerly lying Adamawa
basement. It is hoped that results of this work would
boost exploration efforts of solid minerals in the
area, and help in other geoscientific research for
national development.
The Benue Trough which evolved as a result of the
Early Cretaceous continental rifting and opening of
the South Atlantic Ocean has the Bima Sandstone
as its oldest formation in its uppermost portion (the
Upper Benue Trough). Outcrop and borehole
samples of the Upper Bima Sandstone in the Yola
and the Lamurde-Lau Basins in the Upper Benue
Trough have been used to generate granulometric,
petrographic,
geochemical,
porosity
and
permeability data. Plots of major element
geochemistry and petrographic data suggest that the
sediments were deposited in a passive margin/ and
or Atlantic-type rifted continental margins. Based
on petrographic and geochemical data, the
sediments of the formation were classified as
subarkose. Petrological analyses showed that the
petrogenesis
and
mineralization should
be done
4.
The use of
ground penetration
radar for mapping of
near
surface
fractures prior to
construction
of
major
civil
engineering projects
should be done.
1. Further work should be
done to determine facies,
facies sequences and facies
associations of the Upper
Bima sandstone and/or the
entire Bima Sandstone with
the aim of interpreting the
depositional environments
of the formation.
2. Government should
provide adequate funds or
procure "state of the art"
equipments for the tertiary
institutions so as to
improve the quality of
researches in Nigeria.
sediments of the Upper Bima Sandstone are
texturally and mineralogically immature. They have
graphic mean size, inclusive standard deviation,
inclusive graphic skewness and kurtosis values that
have been interpreted as medium-to coarse-sand,
poorly sorted, fine-skewed and mesokurtic
sediments respectively. Bivariate plots of graphic
mean versus inclusive standard deviation showed
that the Upper Bima Sandstone was deposited in a
fluvial environment. Its average quantitative
permeability and porosity values, determined from
a plot of graphic mean size versus inclusive
standard deviation, are 42,550mD and 33.01%
respectively. Measurement of porosity based on
Archimedes
principles
and
falling
head
permeameter test, however, gave average values of
1l.94% and 13.74% respectively. Permeability of
the formation based on falling head permeameter
test gave an average value of 47.40mD.
Deformation bands, associated with the lineaments
in the Upper Benue Trough, probably acted as
conduit for lateral migration of possible
hydrocarbons generated from the "oil kitchen" in
the younger marine sediments of the Upper Benue
Trough.
7.
MAMMAN,
YUSUF
DABARI
PGS/99FACIES
2000/4030 SEQUENCES,
08
BIOSTRATIGRAP
HY, CLAY
MINERALOGY
AND
PALEOENVIRON
JULY,
2008
An integrated study involving lithofacies analyses,
microfossils (ostracod and foraminifera), clay
mineralogy and trace fossils of the Late Cenomanian
- Turonian sediments in the Yola Arm of the Upper
Benue Trough was undertaken. This was done in
order to understand the facies sequences,
biostratigraphy and depositional paleoenviroments
3. Heavy mineral studies
should be carried out in
order to determine the
provenance of the Upper
Bima Sandstone.
4. Carry out similar work
in the Upper Bima
Sandstone of the Gongola
Arm of the Upper Benue
Trough.
MENTS OF LATE
CENOMANIANTURONIAN
SEDIMENTS IN
THE YOLA ARM,
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH, NORTH
EASTERN
NIGERIA.
of the sediments. Lithofacies and microfossil
analyses show that the Dukul Formation is
informally divided into lower, middle and upper
parts. The lower part comprises bioclastic packstone
and grainstones interbedded with gray shale facies.
The middle part is composed of bioclastic
mudstone/micrite and wackestone interbedded with
black shale facies. The upper part comprises of
mudstone and qray shale facies. The Jessu
Formation comprises of gray shale, mudstone,
siltstone
and
very
fine
to
fine
grained
sandstones
with
trace
fossils
(Thalassinoides, Planolites, and Chondrites) and
amalgamated hummocky cross-beds. Microfossils
(foraminifera and ostracod) analysis show that the
Dukul Formation is dominated by planktonic
foraminifera (Heterohelix moremani; H. reussi, H.
g/obulosa, Hedbergella sp. and Globigerinolloides
sp. with few calcareous (Bolivina sp.) and
moderately
rich
agglutinated
benthics
(Haplaphragmoides, Ammobaculites, Trochammina,
Ammotium, Reophax, Bigenerina and Rhizammina)
with moderate diversity (a- index = 0 - 4). The clay
minerals are dominated by marine clays
illite/montmorillonite (11M) mixed layer, illite (I),
chlorite (Ch) and montmorillonite (M). The Jessu
Formation comprises mostly of agglutinated benthic
foraminifera with very few planktics and low
diversity (a-index = 0 -3). The clay minerals of the
Jessu Formation are dominated by kaolinite. These
characteristics indicate that the Dukul Formation
was deposited in open deep marine (inner shelf to
upper Bathyal zone) under dysoxic and anoxic
8.
OFULUME,
ANUBA
BASIL
PGS/9697/1191
THE GEOLOGY,
GEOCHEMISTRY
AND ECONOMIC
POTENTIALS OF
SOME NIGERIAN
LIMESTONES
AND MARBLE
RESOURCES.
APRIL,
2008
conditions during the maximum transgression in the
Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian times. Jessu
Formation represents a Late Turonian regressive
shallow marine (inner shelf to lower shoreface)
environment with influx of siliciclastic sediments
under low energy condition with wave and storm
influence. The presence of age significant planktonic
foraminifera and ostracods dated the Dukul and
Jessu Formations as Late Cenomanian-Early
Turonian and Middle to late Turonian respectively.
Nigeria is richly endowed with calcium carbonate
resources. They include the Cretaceous (Albian)
platform carbonate of the Calabar flank the
Mfarnosing limestone, the Paleocene shallow marine
Shagamu limestone, and the Upper Cretaceous
Nkalagu limestone. Others are the Gboko limestone
of Asu River Group. The Ashaka limestone - a
Lower Turonian carbonate on the Zambuk ridge, and
the Jakura marble sandwiched between gneiss of the
Basement Complex. Energy dispersive X-ray
fluorescence (EDXRF), XRF, AAS and XRD have
been employed in this work for the chemical and
mineralogical data for geochemical interpretation of
environment of deposition. Suitability of these
limestones for lime manufacture depends primarily
on the chemical purity of the stone and secondarily
on its manufacture - calcination. 'I'o determine the
quality of their lime product the stones were
calcined through a range of temperature (950, 1000,
1050 and 1l00OC) for varied retention times (60, 90,
120 minutes). Technological tests such as loss on
ignition of lime, decrepitation, mechanical strength
and reactivity with water were carried out. The
9.
MAIGARI,
ABUBAKAR
SADIQ
PGS/4030
10
LITHOSTRATIGR DECEM
APHY, FACIES,
BER,
DEPOSITIONAL
2010
ENVIRONMENTS
AND CLAY
MINERALOGY OF
THE MIDDLE
PINDIGA
FORMATION,
GONGOLA BASIN,
UPPER BENUE
TROUGH,
NIGERIA
1050OC/90minutes calcines yielded best quality
product - a compact, soft burned, porous and highly
reactive lime (> 400C rise) desired by lime
manufacturers. Based on these chemical and
structural characteristics we conclude that
Mfamosing and Jakura marble are pure (96%) and
very pure (98.7% CaC03) carbonates respectively
that yield highly reactive lime (> 400C rise). But
while the Jakura lime decrepitates and crumbles into
fines Mfamosing is compact and very adequate for
commercial lime production. Shagamu and Gboko
limestones are of moderate chemical purity (90%
&92% CaC03) respectively; though their limes are
reactive they shall be of limited application. The
Nkalagu and Ashaka limestones are chemically
impure for commercial Lime production. The
commercial limes so produced have wide spectrum
of application.
An integrated study was conducted on the sandy
middle Pindiga members (Dumbulwa, Deban Fulani
and Gulani Members) involving lithostratigraphy,
granulometry, petrography, facies analysis and clay
mineralogy. This is with a view to understanding the
facies assemblages and environments of depositions
of the middle Pindiga members. Ten outcrop
sections were studied within the outcropping belt in
the Gongola Basin which included: Badabdi, Yayaru
Daura, Nguzwa Hills and Chole outcrop sections for
the Dumbulwa Member; Dampami stream,
Sabongarin Zambuk Hill and Borrow Pit sections for
the Deban Fulani Member; and Dogon Zaga, Gulani
and Maliya Hills sections for the Gulani Member.
Field observations reveal that the entire middle
10.
UZOEGBU,
MMADUAB
UCHI UCHE
PGS/2004
2005/4030
42
TECHNOLOGICAL OCTOB
PROPERTIES AND ER,
HYDROCARBON
2010
GENERATIVE
POTENTIAL OF
LATE
CRETACEOUS
Pindiga Members could be divided into upper
(continental-fluvial) unit and the lower (shallow
marine to coastal) unit, with a transitional boundary
separating them from the underlying fully marine
Kanawa Member. Generally, the sandstones and the
granulestones of the three members range: from fine
sand (2.43Փ) to very coarse-granule sizes (-0.19Փ);
from well (0.47Փ) to poorly sorted (1.19Փ); from
strongly fine (3.30) to strongly coarse skewed (-4.90).
Petrographic results indicate that feldspathic arenites
are the dominant rock types of the middle Pindiga
members with subordinate amount of quartz arenites
and lithic arenites. Probability plots indicate tidal,
wave and fluvial processes of sedimentation for the
three members. Majority of the sediments from the
three members indicate recycled orogen as their
main source terrain while few indicate craton
interior and transitional continental (continental
block) sources. Based on facies associations and
facies sequences, barrier island, estuarine and
braided river depositional systems were identified as
the major environments of deposition for the middle
Pindiga members. Kaolinite-montmorillonite-illite
mixtures form the clay mineral assemblage while
quartz, feldspars and heamatite are the non-clay
minerals associated within the entire sediments.
The late Cretaceous Mamu and Nsukka Formations
in the Anambra Basin (SE Nigeria) consist of a
cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty
shales and siltstones interpreted as deltaic deposits.
Sub-bituminous coals within these formations are
distributed in a north-south trending belt from
Enugu-Onyeama to Okaba in the north of the basin.
COAL DEPOSITS
IN THE
ANAMBRA BASIN
OF NIGERIA
Maceral analyses showed that the coals are
dominated by vitrinite/huminite with lesser amounts
of liptinite and inertinite. The HI versus Tmax and
HI versus 01 diagrams were used in classifying the
organic matter in the coals indicating the presence of
Type II, Type III or mixinic Type II/III kerogen.
This shows that the coals contain high liptinite
content. Vitrinite reflectance values (%Ro) of 0.48
to 0.59 and Tmax values between 417 and 432°C
indicate that the coals are thermally immature to
marginally mature with respect to petroleum
generation. Hydrogen Index (HI) values range from
183.09 to 344.53mgHC/gTOC while S1 + S2 yields
values ranging from 117.02 to 242.04mgHC/g rock,
suggesting that the coal have gas and oil-generating
potential. The coal matrix containing a considerable
proportion of long-chain aliphatics in the range C1935 further confirms this observation. The TOC of the
sub-bituminous coals of the studied area ranges from
17.8 to 77.55%, an indication of an excellent source
rock of terrestrially derived organic matter. The
ratios of Pr/Ph, Pr/n-C17, Ph/n-C18 and δ13C gave
values ranging from. 6.0 - 9.6, 6.10 - 73.60, 0.10 3.70 and -26.70 to -25.60% respectively. The nalkane distributions dominated by long chain and
predominance of OEP values ranging from 2.0 to 6.6
further supports the terrestrial nature of the organic
matter. Based on the high liptinite content and the
kerogen type, the coals in the Mamu and Nsukka
Formations have the capability of generating oil and
gas given sufficient maturity. It is here suggested
that unknown volume of liquid hydrocarbons and
gases may have produced as part of an active
11.
HARUNA,
AHMED
ISAH
PGS/4030
09
GEOLOGY AND
PETROCHEMISTR
Y OF GRANITIC
PEGMATITE IN
JEMA’A
PEGMATITE
FIELD, KADUNA
STATE
NOVE
MBER,
2011
Cretaceous petroleum system in the Anambra Basin.
The research work "Geology and Petrochemistry of
Granitic Pegmatites in Jema'a Field" is a systematic
study of the pegmatites in relation to the adjoining
granitoids (biotite muscovite granite, albite granite
and granite aplite) with a view to understanding their
geological and geodynamic evolution and
subsequent economic potential through the behavior
of rare elements. The field work was conducted on a
scale of 1:50, 000. 33 rocks and mineral separates
extracted from pegmatites (feldspars, micas and
tourmaline) were analyzed. The samples were
subdivided into two parts; one part was analyzed
using X-Ray Fluorescence and Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer to generate data on major and minor
elements, while Instrumental Neutron Activation
Analysis was used to generate data on trace
elements. The other part of the samples was made
into thin section for petrographic studies.
Petrochemical and petrographic interpretations
concur on the changes in colour of micas from
brown biotite in granitoids to blue muscovite, to
purplish green mica to purple mica in the pegmatites
corresponding to increase in rare elements (Rb, Cs,
Na, Ta, Nb, Ga) and volatiles (P, H20,F) from the
granitoids into the pegmatites. This constitute a
fractionation trend, the farthest pegmatite dyke from
granite aplite is the most fractionated because it
contains the highest quantity of rare elements
(especially Ta). This is also strongly supported by
fairly consistent increase in Aluminum Saturation
Index (A/CNK), normative corundum, normative
albite, Lost on Ignition (LOI), differentiation Index
Futher research work
should be carried out to
ascertain the economic
potential of the buried
pegmatites using evidence
from the present research
work.
(DI) and corresponding decrease in Ba, Zr and Ti.
The pegmatites contains more fluxes and liquidus
depressing elements (P, H20, F) especially
phosphorus. The granitoids (biotite muscovite
granite, albite granite and granite aplite) are
therefore fertile, peraluminous, siliceous and S-type
and are parental to the pegmatites. The feldspars
display perthitic textures which show incomplete
solid solution and lowering of liquidus. The tectonic
discrimination of the granitoids (biotite muscovite
granite, albite granite and granite aplite) and the
pegmatites show that they were formed within
syncollisional, peraluminous, and active continental
margin. The research found the fractionation as a
metallogenetic process. The genetic model presents
the granitoids; biotite muscovite granite, albite
granite and granite aplite as products of internal
chemical differentiation of a fractionating batholiths
where NaO replaces K2O as the system is cooling.
This is common to most granite-rare-elementspegrnatites systems all over the world. Fractionation
via rare elements accumulations is therefore an
exploration tool.
12.
OBIEFUNA,
GABRIEL
IKE
PGS/2006
2007/4030
55
HYDROGEOCHE
MISTRY AND
GROUNDWATER
QUALITY OF
YOLA AREA
NORTHEASTERN
NIGERIA
APRIL,
2012
The hydrogeocnermstrv and groundwater quality of Yola
area NE Nigeria was investigated with the aim of
determining the processes controlling the water
chemistry and to assess both the quantity and quality of
the groundwater. The results indicate that the studv area
is underlain by the Bima Sandstone Formation which was
classified both mineralogically and geochemically into
greywackes, arkoses and lithic arenites including subgreywackes, arkoses and protoquartzites. Two aquifer
systems namely the upper unconfined aquifer system (at
depth range of 20 to 80 m and average thickness of 39 m)
and the lower aquifer system (at a depth range of 80 to
250 m and average thickness of 14.52 m) was identified
based on hydrolithologic analyses of borehole logs,
geological and hydrogeological mapping. The mean
hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of the aquifer
systems determined from both statistical grain-size and
pumping test methods are 2.54 m/day and 237 m2/day
and 3.81 m/day and 103.51 m/day respectively indicating
aquifer system of moderate to high performance. The
moderate to high hydraulic parameters as well as the
relatively high mean linear groundwater velocity of 53.41
m/yr and 98.50 m/yr for the two aquifer systems revealed
a total groundwater reserve of 5.83 billion cubic meters
of water. The recharge rates of these aquifer systems,
inferred by four methods (Chloride mass balance,
Darcian, Water budget and Hydrograph separation) are
variable but give mean recharge of 44.06 mm/yr and
channel recharge of 247.63 mm/yr. The groundwater was
characterized employing chemical indicators. The
dissolution of halite, gypsum, dolomite and calcite
determines NaT, Mg2T, Ca2T, C1- , SO42- and HC03chemistry while other processes such as evaporation and
ion exchange also influence the water composition.
Surface water and groundwater chemistry data enabled
geographical zones and chemical types to be
differentiated. Chemistry of groundwater suggests that
alkaline earths (Ca + Mg) significantly exceed the alkalis
(Na + K) and weak acids (HC03+ C03) exceed the strong
acids (Cl- + SO4), suggesting the dominance of C03
weathering
followed
by
silicate
weathering.
Hydrogeochemical studies disclosed the Na+ -HC03- and
Na+ - Cl- are the dominant ion types for the shallow
groundwater (< 25 m), Mg2+- C1-, Mg2+-HC03 and Na+C1- for the deep groundwater (>25 m) and Na+- C1- for
the surface water bodies. A high positive correlation (r2 =
0.87) between Na+ and C1- suggests that the salinity of
groundwater is due to intermixing of two or more
groundwater bodies with different hydrochemical
compositions. The result of speciation modelling of
major ions indicated that free Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+
ions are present and consequently bioavailable at 95.83%
to 99.84% at pH ranges of 6.1 to 7.8 of the tested wells.
Iron as free Fe2+ ions was bioavailable at 46.53% to
79.37% of the total iron. The results also indicate that the
concentration of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ at such level
would be available for uptake by plants, animals and
humans. They are slightly acidic to neutral, largely soft,
clean water with fairly low to moderate concentrations of
dissolved solids that fall within the international limits
for drinking domestic and irrigation. The concentration
of iron and nitrate in more than 25% of the water samples
is higher than the maximum acceptable concentration of
0.3 mg/l and 10 mg/l respectively should be treated
before use.
13.
BAHAGO,
FATIMA
ESTHER
HEAVY AND
TRACE METALS
CONCENTRATIO
N IN JOSBUKURU MINING
AREA OF
PLATEAU STATE
AND THEIR
IMPLICATIONS
ON THE
ENVIRONMENT
MAY,
2013
The concentration of heavy and trace metals, As,
Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil, mine
dump, mill tailing and pond water from Jos-Bukuru
cassiterite mining area have been determined with
the specific objectives of evaluating contamination
level in soil and water and Radioactivity in mill
tailing. In all one hundred and thirty six samples
were obtained and analyzed using Inductively
Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometer
(ICP/OES) after digestion with HCL and HN03. The
results revealed metal mean concentrations in the
different media in the following order of
diminishing abundance; Soil; Zn> As> Cr> Mn> Pb
> Ni > Cu> Cd> Co > Fe. Mine dump; Cr> As >
Co> Mn> Ni > Pb> Cu > Fe > Cd> Zn (ND). Mill
tailing; Mn> Zn> Pb > Cr> Cu Co > As >Ni > Fe >
Cd (ND). Pond water; Fe> Mn > Zn > Pb > As > Cu
14.
ZARMA,
ALHAJI
ADAM
PGS/2004
2005/4030
35
SEDIMENTOLOGI
CAL
INVESTIGATION
OF THE BAMA
RIDGE
(HOLOCENE),
BORNU SUB
BASIN, CHAD
BASIN, NIGERIA
JUNE,
2013
> Co > Cr = Ni > Cd. In soil: As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb and
Zn are above WSM, ACGR and clay values, Co, Fe,
Cu are below clay value. In mine dump, metal
concentrations are above WSM, ACGR and clay
values, only Fe has concentration below clay value.
Zn was not detected. In mill tailings, metals have
concentration above WSM, ACGR, and clay value,
Ni has concentration below clay value. Cd was not
detected. In Pond water, As, Co, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn
have concentration above WHO and WRM limits.
Cr, Cu, Ni have concentration below WHO above
WRM. Cd is same concentration with WHO and
above WRM. This is due to both geogenic and
anthropogenic factors.
The work involved field investigations based on
detailed sediment logging and description of
sections and granulometric studies involving pebble
morphometry, sieve analysis and thin section
microscopy. Other investigations include heavy
mineral studies, X-ray diffractometry and
microfossil studies. These were undertaken in order
to identify the different lithofacies therein and
interpret the provenance, depositional environments
and the palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic
settings that prevailed. Eight lithofacies were
recognized in the study area which comprise the
Planar- cross bedded Sandstone lithofacies (A),
Trough- cross bedded Sandstone lithofacies (B),
Bioturbated Trough Cross bedded Sandstone (C),
Massive and Pebbly Sandstone lithofacies (D),
Hummocky Cross bedded lithofacies (E), Silty Clay
lithofacies (F), Grain- supported Granulestone
lithofacies (G) and the Interbedded Mudstone Sandstone lithofacies (H). Palaeocurrent data gave a
vector mean of 2890 from a weakly scattered
distribution. This evidence, supported by
petrographic data, suggests the probability of the
parent rocks located south and southeast of the
depositional basin. The Mandara mountains
composed of granitic and pegmatitic rocks of the
basement complex has been deduced as a possible
contributor, with contributions from Cretaceous and
Tertiary sediments along the southern fringe of the
basin. Quartz is the dominant mineral of the ridge.
The high percentage of feldspar, a maturity index of
3:1 coupled with a low Z.T.R index of the heavy
minerals is indicative of mineralogical immaturity.
Palaeoclimatic studies revealed a semi- arid climatic
condition for the sediments as inferred from a
mineralogical immaturity of as much as 28.67% of
mainly potassium with minor plagioclase feldspar.
Relative abundance of kaolinite peaks portrayed in
x-ray diffractogram of the silty clay facies
corroborates. Interpretation and analysis of the
lithofacies of the Bama Ridge revealed subsets of
lacustrine beach depositional environments, against
which fluvial systems had in parts worked along the
shores of the Mega Lake Chad. Comparative
analyses based on micropaleontology, palynology
and heavy mineral studies indicate an age disparity
between the sediments of the Bama Ridge and the
Chad Formation.
15.
16