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Cushenbury Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
Cushenbury Buckwheat
(Eriogonum ovalifolium var.
vineum)
Legal Status
Photo courtesy of Megan Enright (Dudek).
State: S1.11
California Rare Plant Rank: 1B.12
Federal: Endangered; U.S. Forest Service Sensitive
Critical Habitat: Designated on December 24, 2002 (67 FR 78570–
78610)
Recovery Planning: San Bernardino Mountains Carbonate Plants
Draft Recovery Plan (USFWS 1997)
Notes: No changes in federal listing status recommended by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 2010 (75 FR 28636–28642).
Taxonomy
Cushenbury buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum) was first
classified as Eriogonum vineum by John Kunkel Small in 1898 (67 FR
78570–78610), but Nelson (1911) treated the plant as a variety,
Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum. It is now classified as one of eight
varieties of E. ovalifolium in California distinguished by floral and leaf
characteristics (Jepson Flora Project 2011). In addition, the other three
varieties do not occur in the San Bernardino Mountains, to which
Cushenbury buckwheat is endemic (USFWS 2009). Cushenbury
buckwheat is in the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae) (Jepson Flora
Project 2011). There have been no changes in taxonomic classification
or nomenclature since its listing as endangered in 1994 (USFWS 2009).
Cushenbury buckwheat is a mound-forming perennial herb that is
approximately 15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) in diameter. A full
physical description of the species can be found in the Jepson eFlora
(Jepson Flora Project 2011) and Sanders (2003).
1
2
S1: Critically imperiled; X.1: Very threatened.
1B: Rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere; X.1: Seriously endangered in California.
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Cushenbury Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
Distribution
General
There are a total of 37 occurrences in the California Natural Diversity
Database (CNDDB) (CDFG 2012a). Cushenbury buckwheat is endemic
to a small area of the San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino
County (USFWS 2009). It occurs along the northeastern edge of the San
Bernardino Mountains, northwest, north, and east of Big Bear Lake
from White Mountain southeast to Mineral Mountain on the north side
of Rattlesnake Canyon (Figure SP-P9) (Sanders 2003; USFWS 2009).
Cushenbury buckwheat occurs in Arctic and Cushenbury canyons,
Terrace and Jacoby springs, along Nelson Ridge, and near Onyx Peak
(USFWS 2009). Most populations are on U.S. Forest Service (USFS)
lands, but the distribution does extend slightly onto Bureau of Land
Management (BLM) lands (Sanders 2003). As of 2003, there were an
estimated 239 mapped localities (67 FR 78570–78610). There are
about 1,213 acres of occupied habitat (Olsen 2003). Cushenbury
buckwheat is closely associated with carbonate substrates (apparently
primarily limestone rather than dolomite) on stable slopes with
bedrock outcrops and elevations between about 4,600 and 7,900 feet
above mean sea level (amsl; Sanders 2003; USFWS 2009), although
there are reports from up to 8,100 feet (Sanders 2003).
Distribution and Occurrences within the Plan Area
Historical
Of the six occurrences in the Plan Area, five are considered historical.
One occurrence dates from 1966, and was observed along Highway
18, southeast of Victorville, and is located on BLM or private land. One
occurrence dates from 1979 and was observed between Arrastre
Canyon and Grapevine Canyon, near Rattlesnake Mountain;
ownership unknown. One occurrence dates from 1988, and was
observed on the west slope of Furnace Canyon, on private land. Two
occurrences are not dated and indicate the U.S. Forest Service as the
source. These two occurrences were observed near Blackhawk Mine
and Arctic Canyon Pit; one on BLM land and the other on land of
unknown ownership (CDFG 2012a).
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Cushenbury Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
Recent
There is one recent CNDDB occurrence located on White Mountain north
of North Peak, within the San Bernardino National Forest. The site has
been observed several times from 1992 through 2001 (CDFG 2012a).
Natural History
Habitat Requirements
Cushenbury buckwheat is closely associated with carbonate substrates
on stable slopes with bedrock outcrops and elevations between about
4,600 and 7,900 feet amsl (Sanders 2003; USFWS 2009; CDFG 2012a).
It has never been found away from carbonate substrates and appears to
be more closely associated with limestone than dolomite, but this
preference needs confirmation (Sanders 2003). General vegetation
communities associated with Cushenbury buckwheat are pinyonjuniper woodland, Joshua tree woodland, and Mojavean desert scrub
(CNPS 2011; CDFG 2012a) (see Table 1). Sanders (2003) notes that it
also has been observed in Jeffrey pine-western juniper woodland. It
occurs in open areas on gentle to steep slopes with north or west
aspects, little accumulation of organic material, open canopy cover
(generally less than 15%), and powdery fine soils with rock cover
exceeding 50% (USFWS 2009). Although it may be locally common,
individuals tend to be scattered (Sanders 2003), and only about 25% of
less than 20 occurrence locations known in 1984 supported more than
1,000 individuals (USFWS 2009).
Table1. Habitat Associations for Cushenbury Buckwheat
Habitat
Designation
Primary
habitat
Land Cover Type
Pinyon-juniper woodland,
Joshua tree woodland,
Mojavean desert scrub,
Jeffrey pine-western
juniper woodland
Habitat
Parameters
Carbonate soils
(limestone),
4,600–7,900
feet
Supporting
Information
Gonella and
Neel 1995;
Sanders 2003;
USFWS 1997
Gonella and Neel (1995) compared habitat conditions of carbonate
sites both occupied and unoccupied by Cushenbury buckwheat.
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Cushenbury Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
Carbonate sites occupied by Cushenbury buckwheat, compared with
unoccupied carbonate sites, typically had higher percent calcium
(21.9%) higher outcrop cover (6.7%) (Gonella and Neel 1995).
Generally, plant species composition on carbonate sites does not
distinguish Cushenbury buckwheat occupied and unoccupied sites,
although plant constituents on carbonate sites are distinguishable
from non-carbonate sites in terms of species richness and diversity
(Gonella and Neel 1995). Cushenbury buckwheat–occupied plots did
not support any indicator plant species, but did support five
characteristic shrub species: blackbush (Coleogyne ramosissima),
bigberry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca), rubber rabbitbrush
(Ericameria nauseosa), rose sage (Salvia pachyphylla), and Mojave
yucca (Yucca schidigera) (Gonella and Neel 1995). Occupied sites also
supported four characteristic herb species: desert sandwort
(Eremogone macradenia), brickell bush (Brickellia oblongifolia),
Shockley’s rock-cress (Arabis shockleyi), and Douglas’ phacelia
(Phacelia douglasii). Carbonate sites (both occupied and unoccupied)
generally support three overstory tree species: Utah juniper
(Juniperus osteosperma), singleleaf pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla),
and Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia). Shrub species characteristic of
carbonate sites included Great Basin sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata),
curl-leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), sticky
snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala), hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus
triglochidiatus var. mojavensis), beavertail cactus (Opuntia basilaris
var. basilaris), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata var.
glandulosa), and San Bernardino buckwheat (Eriogonum microthecum
var. corymbosoides). Four grass species were characteristic of
carbonate sites: Fendler’s bluegrass (Poa fendleriana), western
ricegrass
(Achnatherum
hymenoides),
Parish’s
needlegrass
(Achnatherum parishii), and desert needlegrass (Achnatherum
speciosum). Seven herb species were also characteristic of carbonate
sites: beautiful rock-cress (Arabis pulchra), desert paintbrush
(Castilleja angustifolia), tansey mustard (Descurainia pinnata),
southwestern gilia (Gilia austro-occidentalis), slender jewelflower
(Caulanthus major), firecracker penstemon (Penstemon eatonii), and
Fremont’s phacelia (Phacelia fremontii).
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Cushenbury Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
Information about these habitat features provided the basis for
identification of three primary constituent elements for designated
critical habitat (67 FR 78570–78610):
1. Upper and middle members of the Bird Spring Formation and
Bonanza King Formation parent materials that occur on
hillsides at elevations between 4,600 and 7,900 feet amsl
2. Soils with intact, natural surfaces that have not been
substantially altered by land use activities (e.g., graded,
excavated, re-contoured, or otherwise altered by grounddisturbing equipment)
3. Associated plant communities that have areas with an open
canopy cover (generally less than 15% cover) and little
accumulation of organic material (e.g., leaf litter) on the
surface of the soil.
Notably, specific plant community types and component species are
not included in the primary constituent elements.
Reproduction
Cushenbury buckwheat is a long-lived, prostrate to mound-forming
perennial herb (Sanders 2003; CNPS 2011). A study of its
reproduction patterns found it to be outcrossing with high levels of
diversity, low levels of inbreeding among maternal individuals, and
selection against homozygous offspring (Neel et al. 2001). The main
flowering period is May and June, and fruits ripen in about July and
prepare for germination during any summer rains in August and
September (Sanders 2003). There can also be later flowering in
September. It is probably pollinated by small insects and possibly by
generalist flower visitors rather than a specialist (Sanders 2003). A
personal communication to Sanders (2003) by Morita reported that
nearly 100 insect species visited flowers, including potential
pollinators and plant feeders. Insect taxa visiting flowers included
many flies (particularly tachinids), bee-flies (Bombylidae), and
smaller species such as chloropids (Sanders 2003). A reintroduction
study onto a disturbed site by Mistretta and White (2001) showed
about 77% survival from 1991 to 1998 and successful reproduction
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Cushenbury Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
within 6.6 feet of planting areas. Mistretta and White (2001)
suggested that Cushenbury buckwheat does not depend on
specialized pollinators or soil microorganisms due to its success on
the disturbed site, as well as in botanical gardens. Short dispersals
likely are wind-aided, with the dried tepals (a division of the perianth
where the petals and sepals are indistinguishable) acting as wings
(Sanders 2003). Long-distance seed dispersal in Cushenbury
buckwheat has not been directly studied, but buckwheat seeds are
thought to be dispersed by birds; however, there is no evidence of
long-distance dispersal by Cushenbury buckwheat given its restricted
distribution (Sanders 2003). As noted previously, Mistretta and White
(2001) documented progeny within 6.6 feet of planting areas and no
individuals were found more than 98 feet from planting areas.
Ecological Relationships
Other than their association with carbonate soils and some other
habitat features such as canopy, litter, and slope described in Habitat
Requirements, little is known of the life history and ecological
relationships of Cushenbury buckwheat. It may be pollinated by a
variety of small generalist insect pollinators and not dependent on a
specialized pollinator (Mistretta and White 2001; Sanders 2003).
Short-distance dispersal is probably wind-aided but long-distance
dispersal is unknown and may not occur (Sanders 2003). In a
reintroduction study, Mistretta and White (2001) found progeny
within 6.6 feet of planting areas and no individuals were found more
than 98 feet from planting areas.
As described in Habitat Requirements, Cushenbury buckwheat occurs
in areas with low canopy cover. The species Eriogonum ovalifolium is
not well adapted to competing for light due to its low stature, but it
competes well on sites with moisture and nutrient deficiencies, wind,
and winter cold due to its compact “cushion” habit (Sanders 2003).
The dense covering wool on its leaves, which reduces water loss,
indicates that moisture is an important controlling factor for this
species, but light is not. Tall, fast-growing species that may
outcompete Eriogonum ovalifolium for light do not grow well on
limestone sites with nutrient deficiencies and high pH, which
interferes with mineral uptake (Sanders 2003).
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Cushenbury Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
Cushenbury buckwheat does not appear to tolerate high or continuing
levels of anthropogenic or natural disturbance (e.g., washes and
canyon bottoms), but has been observed colonizing abandoned haul
roads (Sanders 2003). Mistretta and White (2001) were able to
successfully reintroduce it to a barren cut slope above a quarry haul
road where no habitat enhancements were made other than irrigation
the first summer and fall after planting and use of the potting soil mix
surrounding the roots of the plantings.
Population Status and Trends
Global: G5T1, Critically Imperiled (NatureServe 2011, status last
updated 2009)
State: S1, Critically Imperiled (CDFG 2012b)
The most recent data for population status and trends of Cushenbury
buckwheat is from the federal 5-year review (USFWS 2009).
The estimated population of Cushenbury buckwheat when it was listed
in 1994 was estimated to be about 13,000 individuals in fewer than 20
locations, with about 25% of the occurrence supporting fewer than
1,000 individuals (USFWS 2009). At the time critical habitat was
designated in 2002, there were 239 site-specific occurrences of
Cushenbury buckwheat (67 FR 78570–78610). However, in the 5-year
review in 2009, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (2009)
indicated that determining population trends was difficult because
what constitutes site-specific occurrences has been subjectively defined
and surveys efforts have likely increased since its listing in 1994.
Threats and Environmental Stressors
The main threat to Cushenbury buckwheat when it was federally listed
in 1994 was mining (USFWS 2009). Other threats at the time included
off-highway vehicle (OHV) use, a hydroelectric project, and a 115kilovolt power line proposed for construction through Cushenbury
Canyon (USFWS 2009). About 75% of occupied habitat was under
threat as a result of being under claim for mining, in private ownership
and subject to mining, or as a result of other disturbances (USFWS
2009). Mining continues to be the primary threat to the species, but
other threats include energy development and OHV use, which can
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Cushenbury Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
result in direct ground disturbance and dust generation (USFWS 2009).
Further, dispersed target shooting, dispersed camping areas, and
fuelwood collection can result in trampling of Cushenbury buckwheat
and impact its habitat through ground disturbance or dust creation
(USFWS 2009). Padgett et al. (2007) conducted a study examining dust
deposition from dolomite mining activities in Holcomb Valley and
potential effects on Cushenbury buckwheat and other listed carbonate
plant species. This study documented lower photosynthetic activity and
less growth for plants growing in the dust deposition zone near the
mine. Fire suppression activities can result in ground disturbance
through fire line construction, retardant and water drops, and
establishment of fire camps (USFWS 2009). Artificial lighting from mine
facilities is also cited as a potential threat due to potential impacts on
the behavior of pollinators or seed dispersers, or by altering
photoperiod responses (USFWS 2009).
The specific potential effects of climate change on Cushenbury
buckwheat are unknown, but if climate change caused a shift to higher
elevations due to warmer and drier conditions, as has occurred with
other plant species on the Santa Rosa Mountains of Southern
California (Kelly and Goulden 2008), this endemic species could be
concentrated in a smaller area and more vulnerable to extinction
(USFWS 2009).
Conservation and Management Activities
The San Bernardino Mountains Carbonate Plants Draft Recovery Plan,
prepared by the USFWS in 1997, addressed Cushenbury buckwheat and
four other federally listed species: Parish’s daisy (Erigeron parishii),
Cushenbury milk-vetch (Astragalus albens), San Bernardino Mountains
bladderpod (Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina), and Cushenbury
oxytheca (Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana) (USFWS 1997). The
Recovery Plan for these species included the following recovery criteria:
1. Sufficient habitat protected in a reserve system for persistence
of existing populations in their ecological context, including the
largest populations and best and manageable habitat
2. Identification of potential buffer zones, although not
necessarily secured, with an estimate of 4,600 acres needed for
habitat connectivity, buffers, and a natural community context
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3. Population monitoring and habitat management to provide for
early detection of population instability in the reserve system
4. Expansion of existing populations or reintroductions to reduce
the chance of extinction due to randomly occurring events.
Based on these recovery criteria, the Recovery Plan identified the
following actions:
1. Protect significant extant populations in a reserve system on
federally owned land, which would include buffer zones and
maintain selection habitat connections.
2. Restore habitat and conduct reintroductions and/or
population enhancements where appropriate and feasible.
3. Identify and implement appropriate management measures.
4. Monitor populations.
5. Conduct limited surveys and taxonomic assessments to find
new populations.
The Recovery Plan identified the USFS, BLM, California Department of
Fish and Game (CDFG), and USFWS as the agencies primarily involved
in the recovery effort (USFWS 1997).
In 2003, the Carbonate Habitat Management Strategy (CHMS) was
developed by the USFS and BLM in collaboration with a Working
Group consisting of mining interests, private landowners, and
conservation groups to address impacts to the five federally listed
plants associated with carbonate habitats (Olsen 2003). The CHMS,
which covers about 160,000 acres (called the Carbonate Habitat
Management Area or CHMA), has three main objectives:
1. Economic: regulatory certainty for mining activities, protection
of the viability of mining, and streamlining and cost reduction
of the permitting process
2. Conservation: maintenance and management of geomorphic
and ecological processes of the landscape and placement of
habitat blocks to maintain the carbonate plants, to avoid
jeopardy (per Section 7 of the federal Endangered Species Act)
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and adverse modification or destruction of critical habitat, to
contribute to recovery, and to avoid future listings
3. Regulatory:
streamlining
of
permitting,
California
Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) review, streamlining of
County implementation of the California Surface Mining
Reclamation Act, and to allow BLM and USFS to comply with
certain court-ordered stipulations stemming from lawsuits
(i.e., Center for Biological Diversity v. BLM and Southwest Center
for Biological Diversity v. Sprague).
The CHMS includes delineation of an Initial Habitat Reserve,
designation of Conservation Units within the CHMA whereby loss and
conservation of habitat values can be objectively measured, and
contribution by federal agencies and mining interests to reserve
assembly through various mechanisms (e.g., dedication of existing
unclaimed federal land, purchase of private lands or lands with mining
claims, land exchanges, or conservation banking) (Olsen 2003).
Upon successful completion, the CHMS would meet or exceed
recovery criteria 1 and 2 listed above (USFWS 2009).
Implementation of the CHMS has been incorporated by the USFS into
the Land Management Plans for the Angeles and San Bernardino
National Forests (USFS 2005) and by the BLM into the West Mojave
Plan (BLM 2005).
The USFWS 5-year review (USFWS 2009) also listed some other
activities conducted by the USFS to reduce threats to Cushenbury
buckwheat, such as OHV use and other activities by the public. The
USFS has closed roads and erected barriers and signage to help limit
OHV use. The USFS also has prohibited fuelwood collection and target
shooting in carbonate plant habitat and has provided fire-fighting
personnel with maps and guidance to reduce impacts to the extent
practicable during fire-suppression activities. The Land Management
Plans for the Angeles and San Bernardino National Forests (USFS
2005) also address impacts to the carbonate plants, including land use
zoning and standards such that new planned activities are neutral or
beneficial to Cushenbury buckwheat.
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Data Characterization
The general distribution of Cushenbury buckwheat probably is fairly
well known based on its close association with carbonate substrates
and increased survey efforts since its federal listing as endangered in
1994. However, its population status in terms of population trends is
not well understood due to subjective mapping of occurrences
between the different survey efforts (USFWS 2009).
Management and Monitoring Considerations
The USFWS (2009) indicates that focused research is needed to
inform management of Cushenbury buckwheat, including information
on pollination ecology, seed dispersal mechanisms, population
dynamics, microclimate effects of vegetation removal/bare areas,
seedbank dynamics, and fire ecology. Preliminary studies indicate that
pollinators are probably generalists and that this species does not
exhibit long-distance dispersal (Mistretta and White 2001; Sanders
2003). It appears capable of recolonizing mildly disturbed areas based
on an anecdotal observation on an abandoned haul road (Sanders
2003) and successful reintroduction to a disturbed site (Mistretta and
White 2001).
Predicted Species Distribution in Plan Area
A proxy model for suitable habitat for Cushenbury buckwheat in the
Plan Area was developed using spatial data for suitable and occupied
habitat in the Carbonate Habitat Management Strategy (Olsen 2003).
There are 66,407 acres of suitable habitat for Cushenbury
buckwheat in the Plan Area. Appendix C includes specific model
parameters and a figure showing the modeled suitable habitat in the
Plan Area.
Literature Cited
67 FR 78570–78610. Final rule: “Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for Five Carbonate
Plants from the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern
California.” December 24, 2002.
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75 FR 28636–28642. Notice of Initiation: “Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife and Plants; Initiation of 5-Year Reviews of 34 Species in
California and Nevada; Availability of 96 Completed 5-Year
Reviews in California and Nevada.” May 21, 2010.
BLM (Bureau of Land Management). 2005. Final Environmental
Impact Report and Statement for the West Mojave Plan. A
Habitat Conservation Plan and California Desert Conservation
Area Plan Amendment. January 2005.
CDFG (California Department of Fish and Game). 2012a. “Eriogonum
ovalifolium var. vineum.” Element Occurrence Query. California
Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB). RareFind, Version 4.0
(Commercial Subscription). Sacramento, California: CDFG,
Biogeographic Data Branch. Accessed February 2012.
http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/mapsanddata.asp.
CDFG. 2012b. Special Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Lichens List.
California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB). January 2012.
Accessed March 2012. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/
cnddb/plants_and_animals.asp.
CNPS (California Native Plant Society). 2011. “Eriogonum ovalifolium
var. vineum.” Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants (online
edition, v8-01a). Sacramento, California: California Native Plant
Society. Accessed May 2011. http://www.cnps.org/inventory.
Gonella, M.P., and M.C. Neel. 1995. “Characterizing Rare Plant Habitat
for Restoration in the San Bernardino National Forest.” In
Proceedings: Wildland Shrub and Arid Land Restoration
Symposium, compiled by B.A. Roundy, E.D. McArthur, J.S. Haley,
and D.K. Mann, 81–93. Gen Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-315. Ogden,
Utah: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station. April 1995.
Jepson Flora Project. 2011. “Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum.” M.
Costea and J.L. Reveal. Jepson eFlora [v. 1.0]. Berkeley,
California: University of California. Accessed May 2011.
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/interchange.html.
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Kelly, A.E., and M.L. Goulden. 2008. “Rapid Shifts in Plant Distribution
with Recent Climate Change.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 105:11823–11826.
Mistretta, O., and S.D. White. 2001. “Introducing Two Federally Listed
Carbonate-Endemic Plants onto a Disturbed Site in the San
Bernardino Mountains, California.” In Southwestern Rare and
Endangered Plants: Proceedings of the Third Conference, J.
Maschinski and L. Holter (eds.), 20–26. Fort Collins, Colorado:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain
Research Station.
Neel, M.C., J. Ross-Ibara, and N.C. Ellstrand. 2001. “Implications of the
Mating Patterns for Conservation of the Endangered Plant
Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum (Polygonaceae).” American
Journal of Botany 88:1214–1222.
Nelson, A. 1911. Contribution from the Rocky Mountain Herbarium.
IX. New Plants from Idaho. Botanical Gazette 52:262.
Olsen, T.G. 2003. Carbonate Habitat Management Strategy. Prepared
for San Bernardino National Forest Association. April 29, 2003.
Accessed May 2011. http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/scfpr/
projects/lmp/docs/carbonate-strategy.pdf.
Padgett, P.E., W.M. Dobrowolski, M.J. Arbaugh, and S.A. Eliason. 2007.
“Patterns of Carbonate Dust Deposition: Implications for Four
Federally Endangered Plant Species.” Madroño 54:275–285.
Sanders, A.C. 2003. “Cushenbury buck-wheat.” Species account
included in Appendix B to Carbonate Habitat Management
Strategy (Olsen 2003), 47–51.
USFS (U.S. Forest Service). 2005. Final Environmental Impact
Statement, Volume 1, Land Management Plans: Angeles National
Forest, Cleveland National Forest, Los Padres National Forest,
San Bernardino National Forest. R5-MB-074-A. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Pacific Southwest Region. Accessed May 2011.
http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb
5166889.pdf.
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Cushenbury Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)
USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1997. San Bernardino Mountains
Carbonate Plants Draft Recovery Plan. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Region 1. September 1997.
USFWS. 2009. Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum (Cushenbury
Buckwheat), 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Carlsbad,
California: Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office. August 13, 2009.
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