Electronic Supplementary Material
Lorenzini and Zapparoli “Occurrence and infection of Cladosporium, Fusarium, Epicoccum and
Aureobasidium in withered rotten grapes during post-harvest dehydration”.
Table 1 Colony morphology of Cladosporium isolates from withered grapes on PDA after 14 days at 25°C
in the darkness.
Phenoypte
1
2
isolates1
Color (center/side)2
front
reverse
Margin
Texture, mycelium
Shape
A
4 (C51)
O-Gr/O
dG/Gr
W
felty
round
B
4 (C27)
O-Gr/O-Gr
dG/Gr
W
felty
round
C
3 (C26)
O/O
dG/Gr
W
felty
round
D
5 (C20a)
O-Gr/O-Gr
dG/dG
W
felty
round
E
3 (C100)
pO/O
dG/dG
W
felty-powdery, lumps
round
F
5 (C43)
O/O
dG/dG
W
felty-powdery
round
G
4 (C1)
O-Gr/O-Gr
dG/dG
W
felty-powdery
round
H
5 (C11a)
O-Gr/O-Gr
dG/dG
W
felty-powdery
round
number of isolates for each phenotype; between brackets representative strain used for molecular analysis
G=green; Gr= grey; O=olivaceous W= white; d=dark; p=pale
1
Table 2 Colony morphology of Fusarium strains from withered grapes on PDA after 7 days at 25°C
in the darkness.
Phenoypte
1
2
isolates1
Color (center/side)2
front
reverse
Margin
Texture, mycelium
Shape
A
1 (F4b)
pP/W
pP/pP
W
woolly, aerial
round
B
3 (F18)
W/W
Yh/Yh
W
woolly, aerial
round
C
4 (F101)
Wh/Wh
Wh/Wh
Wh
felty
round
D
3 (F14)
pY/pY
WY/WY
Wh
wolly, aerial
round
E
4 (F3)
pP/pP
pP/pP
W
woolly
round
F
3 (F13)
W/W
W/W
pY
woolly
irregular
G
1 (F102)
pP/WY
WY/WY
WY
felty
irregular
H
2 (F33)
W/W
W/W
Yh
felty-wolly
irregular
I
1 (F5)
W/W
W/W
Yh
wolly
irregular
number of isolates for each phenotype; between brackets representative strain used for molecular analysis
P=purple; W=white; Wh=whitish; Y= yellow; Yh= Yellowish; p=pale
2
Table 3 Colony morphology of Epicoccum strains from withered grapes on MEA after 7 days at
25°C in the darkness.
Phenoypte
Isolates1
Color (center/side)2
front
reverse
Margin
Texture, mycelium
Shape
A
9 (E5b)
O-B/O-Y
R-O/O-Y
W
wolly-felty
irregular
B
8 (E26)
B-Br/Br-Y
Br/O-Y
W
powdery-felty
irregular
C
2 (E104)
Wh/pR
W
woolly
roundr
D
4 (E8a)
Wh-O/O
R/O-Y
W
woolly
irregular
E
5 (E25)
W/W
Br-Y/Y
W
felty
round
F
3 (E24)
R-O/O-Y
R/O-Y
Y
woolly, aerial
irregular
G
3 (E35)
O/O
O/O
W
woolly
irregular
1
2
pR-Y/Y-pBr
number of isolates for each phenotype; between brackets representative strain used for molecular analysis
B=black; Br=brown; O=orange; R=red; Y= yellow; Wh=whitish; d=drak; p=pale
3
Table 4 Colony morphology of Aureobasidium strains from withered grapes on MEA after 14 days
at 25°C in the darkness.
Phenoypte
A
Isolates1
Color (center/side)2
front
reverse
Ph/Ph
Ph
Margin
9 (Au7)
Texture, mycelium
smooth, thick, feathery with olive-brown pigmented
Ph, regular
hyphae
B
12 (Au22)
Ph/Ph
Ph
Ph, regular
smooth, thick, feathery
C
19 (Au3)
Ph/Wh
Ph
Ph, regular
smooth, feathery
D
4 (Au19)
Wh/Wh
Wh
Ph, filiform
smooth
E
14 (Au10)
Ph/Ph
Ph
Ph, filiform
smooth
1
2
number of isolates for each phenotype; between brackets representative strain used for molecular analysis
Ph=pinkish; Wh=whitish
4
Fig. 1 Molecular phylogeny of 68 taxa of Cladosporium spp. and in bold, eight isolates (C1, C11a,
C20a, C26, C27, C43, C51 and C100) presented by a neighbourjoining (NJ) combined tree inferred
from the data set containing ITS and ACT sequences. The tree was rooted to the sequence of
Cercospora beticola CBS 116456. The numbers labelled at each node indicate the bootstrap (BS)
percentage (N=1000): BS value from the NJ analysis/BS value from the maximum parsimony (MP)
analysis. Branch lengths are proportional to the numbers of nucleotide substitutions and are
measured by the scale bar (0.02% of sequence divergence). The accession numbers used in this
analysis have been listened by Bensch et al (2012), while accession numbers of ITS and ACT gene
sequences are KT276983 – KT276990 and KT276991 – KT276995, respectively.
5
C. funiculosum CBS122129
34 C. cladosporioides CBS112388
C. colocasiae CBS386.84
21
83
C. tenuissimum CBS125995
C. subuliforme CBS126500
C. angustisporum CBS125983
27
Casperulatum CBS126340
32
C. gamsianum CBS125989
13
C. australiense CBS125984
C100
12 63 C11a
C. verrucocladosporioides CBS126363
C. perangustum CBS125996
C. acalyphae CBS125982
46
C. basiinflatum CBS822.84
C. inversicolor CBS401.80
34
C. silenes CBS109082
C. scabrellum CBS126358
C. phyllophilum CBS125992
41
C. varians CBS126362
C. paracladosporioides CBS171.5
C. delicatulum CBS126344
C. lycoperdinum CBS574.78C
C. rectoides CBS125994
C. xylophilum CBS125997
C. myrtacearum CBS126350
C. cucumerinum CBS171.52
C. chubutense CBS124457
37
C. pini-ponderosae CBS124456
C. phaenocomae CBS128769
21 C. colombiae CBS274.80B
8
C. pseudocladosporioides CBS125993
C. exasperatum CBS125986
33
43 C. exile CBS125987
15
C. globisporum CBS812.96
C. flabelliforme CBS126345
97 C. langeronii CBS189.54
7
C. psychrotolerans CBS119412
18
24
C. phyllactiniicola CBS126355
C. iranicum CBS126346
C. spinulosum CBS119907
29
C. arthropodii CBS124043
C. macrocarpum CBS121623
66
C. herbaroides CBS121626
60
74
C. herbarum CBS121621
C. variabile CBS121635
13
C. sinuosum CBS121629
17
29 C. ossifragi CBS842.91
C. tenellum CBS121634
37
C. pseudiridis CBS116463
43
C. echinulatum CBS123191
26
23
C. allii CBS101.81
C. iridis CBS138.40
C. phlei CBS358.69
94 C43
C. ramotenellum CBS121628
52
30
19
29
43
C. subinflatum CBS121630
C. soldanellae CPC13153
C. allicinum CBS121624
C. subtilissimum CBS113754
C.antarcticum CBS690.92
32
C. grevilleae CBS114271
C. hillianum CBS125988
12
96 C. chalastosporoides CBS125985
55
C. salinae CBS119413
C. aphidis CPC13204
71
C. fusiforme CBS119414
C. sphaerospermum CBS193.54
95
89
C. velox CBS119417
C. halotolerans CBS119416
C1
63
99
C20a
C. dominicanum CBS119415
Cercorspora beticola CBS116456
0.02
6
Fig. 2 Molecular phylogeny of Fusarium spp. presented by a neighbourjoining (NJ) tree of each
complex inferred from the data set containing ITS sequences. The numbers labelled at each node
indicate the bootstrap (BS) percentage (N= 1000): BS value from the NJ analysis/BS value from the
maximum parsimony (MP) analysis. Branch lengths are proportional to the numbers of nucleotide
substitutions and are measured by the scale bar. a Phylogeny of 28 taxa of FGSC and in bold, the
F4b isolate; the tree was rooted to the sequence of F. presudograminearum (NRRL28062) and
Fusarium sp. (NRRL29380 and NRRL29298). b Phylogeny of 30 taxa of FFSC and in bold, two
isolates (F3 and F14); the tree was rooted to the sequence of F. inflexum (NRRL20433) and F.
oxysporum (NRRL22902). c Phylogeny of 60 taxa of FIESC and in bold, five isolates (F5, F13, F18,
F33 and F101); the tree was rooted to the sequence of F. concolor (NRRL13459). d Phylogeny of
48 taxa of FOC and in bold, the F102 isolate; the tree was rooted to the sequences of F. redolens
(NRRL25123) and F. hostae (NRRL29889).
7
Fig 2a
89 F. ussurianum NRRL45833 (FJ240300)
F. ussurianum NRRL45665 (FJ240305)
F. asiaticum NRRL6101 (AF212450)
F. asiaticum NRRL28720 (AF212453)
F. vorsoii NRRL38208 (DQ459746)
26
Fusarium sp. NRRL34461 (DQ459740)
F. vorsoii NRRL37605 (DQ459745)
F. acaciae-mearnsii NRRL26755 (AF212449)
62
F. aethiopicum NRRL46738 (FJ240299)
F. aethiopicum NRRL46710 (FJ240295)
F. nepalense NRRL54222 (KM889631)
98
24
F. nepalense NRRL54221 (KM889630)
F. boothii NRRL29020 (AF212443)
65
F. boothii NRRL29105 (AF212446)
F. gerlachii NRRL38380 (DQ459743)
F. meridionale NRRL29010 (AF212437)
F. gerlachii NRRL36905 (DQ459742)
65
F. louisianense NRRL54196 (KM889632)
F. cortaderiae NRRL31185 (AY452962)
F. brasilicum NRRL31281 (AY452964)
65
F. mesoamericanum NRRL25797 (AF212441)
55
F. mesoamericanum NRRL29148 (AF212442)
96
66
12
F. graminearum NRRL38395 (DQ459734)
F. graminearum NRRL28439 (AF212460)
53
F. graminearum NRRL28063 (AF212458)
42 F4b (KT276998)
F. austroamericanum NRRL28718 (AF212440)
F. lunulusporum NRRL13393 (AF212467)
99
F. culmorum NRRL25475 (AF212463)
F. pseudograminearum NRRL28062 (AF212468)
99
Fusarium sp. NRRL29380 (AY452959)
67 Fusarium sp. NRRL29298 (DQ459748)
0.005
8
Fig 2b
F3 (KT276997)
99
F. verticilloides NRRL22172 (AF160262)
100
17
F. musae NRRL25059 (FN552086)
F. napiforme NRRL13604 (AF160266)
11
16
F14 (KT276996)
78
F. ramigenum NRRL25208 (AF160267)
F. lactis NRRL25200 (AF160272)
F. pseudonygamai NRRL13592 (AF160263)
F. pseudoanthophilum NRRL25206 (AF160264)
12
36
99
7
F. brevicatenulatum NRRL25446 (AF160265)
F. pseudocircinatum NRRL22946 (AF160271)
F. nygamai NRRL13488 (AF160273)
28
60
9
F. thapsinum NRRL22045 (AF160270)
F. sacchari NRRL13999 (AF160278)
F. acutatum NRRL13308 (AF160276)
26
F. phyllophilum NRRL13617 (AF160274)
60
98
F. udum NRRL22949 (AF160275)
F. dlaminii NRRL13164 (AF160277)
F. concentricum NRRL25181 (AF160282)
32
F. fractiflexum NRRL28852 (AF160288)
47
F. fujikuroi NRRL13566 (AF160279)
93
F. proliferatum NRRL22944 (AF160280)
97
73
F. globosum NRRL26131 (AF160285)
F. denticulatum NRRL25302 (AF160269)
51
26
31
F. bactridioides NRRL20476 (AF160290)
F. circinatum NRRL25331 (AF160295)
F. succisae NRRL13613 (AF160291)
99
23
21
21
15
F. bulbicola NRRL13618 (AF160294)
F. subglutinans NRRL22016 (AF160289)
F. guttiforme NRRL22945 (AF160297)
F. anthophilum NRRL13602 (AF160292)
F. begoniae NRRL25300 (AF160293)
F. inflexum NRRL20433 (AF008479)
100
0.005
9
F. oxysporum NRRL22902 (AF160312)
Fig 2c
77
Incarnatum clade
87
30
20
F13 (KT27702)
F33 (KT27700)
F. equiseti NRRL32871 (GQ505619)
F. equiseti NRRL45997 (GQ505672)
83
97
F5 (KT27701)
F. equiseti NRRL45995 (GQ505670)
F. equiseti NRRL25795 (GQ505597)
F. equiseti NRRL34035 (GQ505637)
F. equiseti NRRL3020 (GQ505586)
10
F. equiseti NRRL26419 (GQ505599)
98
100
29
F. equiseti NRRL20697 (GQ505594)
F. equiseti NRRL43636 (GQ505663)
99 F. equiseti NRRL43638 (GQ505665)
F. equiseti NRRL45998 (GQ505673)
60
65
F. equiseti NRRL5537 (GQ505588)
20
F. equiseti NRRL32997 (GQ505624)
F101 (KT27703)
66 F18 (KT27704)
29
100
F. equiseti NRRL36392 (GQ505650)
F. equiseti NRRL36269 (GQ505645)
F. equiseti NRRL6548 (GQ505589)
F. equiseti NRRL36372 (GQ505649)
54
25
F. equiseti NRRL43635 (GQ505662)
F. equiseti NRRL26922 (GQ505601)
44
85
50
F. equiseti NRRL13402 (GQ505592)
F. equiseti NRRL29134 (GQ505605)
F. equiseti NRRL34034 (GQ505636)
23 F. equiseti NRRL43640 (GQ505667)
51 F. equiseti NRRL34039 (GQ505639)
83
F. equiseti NRRL36401 (GQ505651)
70 F. equiseti NRRL36448 (GQ505652 )
23
59 F. equiseti NRRL28029 (GQ505602)
F. equiseti NRRL36318 (GQ505646)
F. equiseti NRRL20423 (GQ505593)
44
94
F. equiseti NRRL36123 (GQ505643)
F. concolor NRRL13459 (GQ505674)
0.01
10
Fig 2d
F. oxysporum var. conglutinans NRRL53158 (FJ985443)
F102 (KT276999)
64 F. oxysporum var. callistephi NRRL22536 (DQ837679)
F. oxysporum var. asparagi NRRL28404 (AF246880)
F. oxysporum var. radicis-lycopersici NRRL26033 (AF008507)
F. oxysporum var. batatas NRRL26409 (AY337717)
63
F. oxysporum var. tuberosi NRRL22555 (AF008511)
64
F. oxysporum var. lycopersici NRRL26383 (AF008501)
F. oxysporum var. cepae NRRL38481 (FJ985399)
F. oxysporum var. lycopersici NRRL26203 (AF008501)
F. oxysporum var. lactucae BMP1375 (DQ837673)
F. oxysporum var. lactucae HL1 (DQ837668)
F. oxysporum var. rhois NRRL26227 (DQ837683)
61
F. oxysporum var. matthiolae NRRL22545 (DQ837682)
65
F. oxysporum var. heliotropii NRRL26412 (DQ837685)
F. oxysporum var. albedinis NRRL26622 (DQ837688)
F. oxysporum var. tulipae NRRL28974 (AF246891)
F. oxysporum var. phaseoli NRRL26445 (DQ837686)
F. oxysporum var. fabae NRRL26411 (DQ837684)
59
F. oxysporum var. opuntiarum NRRL28934 (DQ837689)
64 F. oxysporum var. opuntiarum NRRL28363 (AF246852)
F. oxysporum var. gladioli NRRL28918 (AF246874)
F. oxysporum var. medicaginis NRRL22546 (DQ837690)
F. oxysporum var. dianthi NRRL28401 (AF246859)
F. oxysporum var. melonis NRRL26406 (AF008504)
96 F. oxysporum var. lycopersici NRRL34936 (AY527620)
79
F. oxysporum var. lini NRRL29094 (AF246892)
57 F. oxysporum var. melongenae NRRL38320 (FJ985382)
F. oxysporum var. vasinfectum NRRL25420 (AF008512)
83 F. oxysporum var. cubense NRRL25367 (AF008486)
F. oxysporum var. melonis NRRL26178 (AF008503)
65
78
63
60
F. oxysporum var. cucumerinum NRRL38591 (FJ985379)
F. oxysporum NRRL25356 (AF008480)
F. oxysporum var. lilii NRRL26442 (AY527623)
F. oxysporum var. fragariae NRRL26438 (FJ985295)
F. oxysporum var. spinaciae NRRL26871 (DQ837687)
F. oxysporum var. ciceris NRRL32158 (FJ538245)
38
F. oxysporum var. melongenae NRRL26444 (FJ985297)
F. oxysporum var. conglutinans NRRL36364 (FJ985350)
98
F. oxysporum var. glycines NRRL25598 (AF008496)
F. oxysporum var. cubense NRRL26022 (AF008491)
F. oxysporum var. canariensis NRRL26035 (AF008485)
93 F. oxysporum var. cubense NRRL25603 (AF008487)
68 F. oxysporum var. perniciosum NRRL22550 (AF008506)
69
F. oxysporum var. aechmeae NRRL22533 (AY527622)
98
99
F. oxysporum var. batatas NRRL25594 (AY337717)
F. commune NRRL22903 (HM057341)
Fusarium sp. NRRL25184 (AF008514)
F. miscanthi NRRL26231 (AF324331)
F. redolens NRRL25123 (JF740748)
F. hostae NRRL29889 (AY329034)
99
0.01
11
Fig. 3 Molecular phylogeny of 22 taxa of the Dydimellaceae and in bold, seven isolates (E5b, E8a,
E24, E25, E26, E35, and E104) presented by a neighbourjoining (NJ) tree inferred from the data set
containing ITS sequences. The tree was rooted to the sequence of Phoma radicina CBS 102875.
The numbers labelled at each node indicate the bootstrap (BS) percentage (N= 1000): BS value
from the NJ analysis/BS value from the maximum parsimony (MP) analysis. Branch lengths are
proportional to the numbers of nucleotide substitutions and are measured by the scale bar (0.02% of
sequence divergence).
D. exigua CBS183.55 (GU237794)
55
27
A. pinodes CBS374.84 (JF810523)
P. zeae-maydis CBS588.69 (FJ427086)
22
A. quercinus CBS633.92 (AF035778)
13
P. glomerata CBS528.66 (FJ427013)
76
L. australis CBS317.83 (GU237829)
4
D. coloradensis CBS138.25 (GU237784)
68
E. sorghi CBS627.68 (FJ427072)
83 M. olivacea CBS442.83 (GU237865)
56
20
P. herbarum CBS12569 (AY293803)
A. pisi CBS122785 (GU237763)
67
87
D. fabae CBS524.77 (GU237880)
E. pimprinum CBS246.60 (FJ427049)
E25 (KT276980)
85
87
49
E35 (KT276982)
E. nigrum CBS318.83 (GU014946)
E26 (KT276976)
99
E8a (KT276977)
68
E. nigrum CBS161.73 (GU014950)
76
E5b (KT276978)
41
E104 (KT276979)
35
E24 (KT276981)
C. erysiphoides CBS148.94 (GU237785)
63
P. cucurbitacearum (AY293804)
P. complanata CBS268.92 (FJ515608)
64
P. exigua var. exigua CBS101150 (GU237715)
31
P. exigua var. exigua CBS431.74 (FJ427001)
99
D. ulmi CBS172.34 (GU237789)
A. hordei var. hordei CBS544.74 (GU237887)
P. radicina CBS102875 (KF251173)
0.02
12
Fig. 4 Molecular phylogeny of 15 taxa of Aureobasidium spp. and in bold, five isolates (Au3, Au7,
Au10, Au19 and Au22) presented by a neighbourjoining (NJ) tree inferred from the data set
containing ITS sequences. The numbers labeled at each node indicate the bootstrap (BS) percentage
(N= 1000): BS value from the NJ analysis/BS value from the maximum parsimony (MP) analysis.
Branch lengths are proportional to the numbers of nucleotide substitutions and are measured by the
scale bar (0.01%) of sequence divergence.
Au7 (KT276972)
A. proteae CPC13701 (JN712490)
Au10 (KT276973)
79 Au22 (KT276975)
Au19 (KT276974)
95
59
Au3 (KT276971)
A. pullulans CBS584.75 (FJ50906)
A. pullulans CBS146.30 (FJ150902)
K. lini CBS125.21 (FJ150897)
A. namibiae CBS147.97 (FJ15875)
A. leucospermi CPC15081 (JN712487)
67
37
A. subglaciale EXF-2491 (FJ150894)
A. melanogenum CBS110374 (FJ150888)
99
A. melanogenum EXF-3385 (FJ150878)
73
S. mahoniae CBS388.92 (FJ150872)
K. caulivora CBS242.64 (FJ150871)
55
100
K. microsticta CBS114.64 (FJ150873)
A. thailandense NRRL58543 (JX462675)
P. smilacis CBS873.71 (AJ244257)
D. pithyophila CBS215.50 (FJ157883)
100
0.01
13