AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS
KEY POINTS

The number and weight of ATS (excluding MDMA) detections at the Australian border
increased in 2012–13 and are the highest on record.

The number and weight of MDMA detections at the Australian border increased this
reporting period, with the 4 139 detections in 2012–13 the highest number on record.

Drug profiling data indicates that the majority of analysed methylamphetamine seizures
are primarily manufactured from ephedrine / pseudoephedrine.

The number and weight of national ATS seizures increased in 2012–13 and are the
highest on record.

The number of national ATS arrests continued to increase, with the 22 189 arrests in
2012–13 the highest on record.
MAIN FORMS
Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) stimulate the central nervous system and speed up
messages travelling between the brain and the rest of the body. Made in illegal clandestine
laboratories (commonly referred to as ‘clan labs’), ATS pose a serious health risk to users
due to their unknown content and purity. Drugs within the ATS group include amphetamine,
methylamphetamine and phenethylamines (ADF 2013a; APAIC 2009). A list of common ATS
used in Australia is outlined in Table 1.
TABLE 1: ATS used in Australia
Method of
administration
Oral, intranasal,
injection, anala
Drug type
Common names
Forms
Amphetamine
Speed, whiz, uppers,
goey, louee, dexies,
pep pills
White, yellow,
pink or brown
powder, paste
Dexamphetamineb
(amphetamine dextro isomer in a
pharmaceutical preparation)
Dexies, D-amp, dex
White, round
tablets that can
have the marking
‘D5’
Oral, intranasal,
injections, anala
Methylamphetamine (general term,
frequently ‘cut’ or diluted form of
methylamphetamine hydrochloride
salt)
Meth, speed, whiz,
fast, uppers, goey,
louee, Lou Reedc,
rabbitc, tailc, pep pills;
in paste form can be
referred to as base,
pure or wax; in liquid
form can be referred
to as ox blood,
leopard’s blood, red
speed or liquid red
White, yellow or
brown powder,
paste, tablets or a
red liquid
Oral, intranasal,
injection, anala
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
12
Method of
administration
Smoking, intranasal,
injection
Drug type
Common names
Forms
Methylamphetamine hydrochloride
(crystalline form - ‘uncut’, undiluted)
Small crystal particle
size known as
‘crystal’– larger
particle sizes known
as ‘ice’; other terms
include meth, d-meth,
glass, crystal, batu,
shabu (from the
Philippines)
Crystalline—
resembles
crushed ice,
particle size
variable
3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA)
XTC, X, ecstasy,
Adam, M&M, eccy, E,
go, Scooby snacks,
hug, beans
Tablet, powder,
capsule,
geltab (rare)
Oral, intranasal,
smoking, injecting
3,4methylenedioxyethylamphetamine
(MDEA)
Eve
Tablet
Oral
3,4methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
Love bug, crystal, P,
window pane
Tablet
Oral
N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2butanamine (MBDB)
Eden
Tablet
Oral
Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA)d
Death, Dr Death,
Mitsubishi double
Tablet, powder
Oral, intranasal,
injecting (rare)
Paramethoxymethylamphetamine
(PMMA)
PMMA
Tablet
Oral
4-bromo-2,5dimethoxyphenethylamine
Nexus, 2-CB, bromo,
TWOs
Tablet (Nexus),
blotting paper,
powder
Oral, intranasal
4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
(DOB)
DOB, 4-bromo-DMA,
bromo
Tablet, blotting
paper
Oral
2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine
(DOM)
DOM, STP
Tablet, blotting
paper
Oral
4-methylthioamphetamine
(4-MTA)
Flatliner, golden
eagle
Tablet
Oral
In tablet form, the drug can be inserted into the anus or the vagina to avoid irritation to the user’s stomach, which commonly
occurs when taken orally (also known as ‘shafting’ or ‘shelving’).
b.
Dexamphetamine (also known as dextroamphetamine sulphate) is sold in tablet form in Australia for Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, in accordance with state and territory laws. It is also used illicitly.
c.
Terminology noted in Queensland.
d.
PMA has stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.
a.
The most common forms of amphetamine are powder and tablets or capsules.
Methylamphetamine has four common forms—tablet, crystal, base (also referred to as
paste) and powder (also referred to as speed)—with powder the most common form used in
Australia. Crystal methylamphetamine, often referred to as ‘ice’, is a highly purified form that
is crystalline in appearance.1 Ice is generally heated and the vapours inhaled. It may also be
injected after being dissolved in water (ADF 2013b; AIC 2011).
1
While the crystal form of methylamphetamine is typically of higher purity, appearance alone is not a reliable
indicator of purity as purity levels may be influenced by a number of factors, including the adulterants used.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
13
Due to slight structural differences, methylamphetamine produces a stronger nervous
system response than amphetamine. Short-term effects of amphetamine and
methylamphetamine use may include sweating, headaches, insomnia, anxiety and paranoia.
High doses can result in blurred vision, hallucinations, tremors and stroke. Long-term use
may result in severe dental problems, reduced immunity, high blood pressure, depression,
impaired memory and concentration, deficits in motor skills, aggressive or violent behaviour,
anxiety, cardiovascular problems and kidney failure (ADF 2013b; CAMH 2012;
Jenner 2012).
Phenethylamines refer to a class of substances with psychoactive and stimulant effects
which include 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA),
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and other similar substances. This report focuses
on MDMA, which has a chemical structure similar to that of amphetamine. MDMA is a
synthetic stimulant and is commonly referred to as ‘ecstasy’2 (EMCDDA 2013; NIDA 2012).
MDMA is most commonly sold in tablet form, featuring a characteristic impression or logo.
Other forms include capsule, powder and crystal. MDMA is most commonly ingested,
although it can also be snorted, inhaled or injected. Drugs purported to be MDMA may
contain other substituted amphetamine derivatives, such as MDEA, MDA or a combination of
synthetic hallucinogens and stimulants. As such, health risks associated with MDMA use are
increased as the effects of tablets sold as MDMA are unpredictable and vary due to the
unknown content (DoHA 2010; EMCDDA 2013; NIDA 2012).
Having stimulant and hallucinogenic effects, MDMA has a wide-range of physical and
psychological health impacts. Short-term effects of MDMA use may include anxiety, panic
attacks, increased blood pressure and convulsions. Long-term use may lead to long-lasting
confusion, depression and memory and cognitive impairment (DoHA 2010; NSW
Health 2012).
2
Ecstasy refers to tablets sold as MDMA, but which may contain a range of other substances and little to no
MDMA.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
14
INTERNATIONAL TRENDS
The ATS market continues to evolve and grow. Globally, it remains the second most widely
used illicit drug after cannabis. In 2012, the World Customs Organization reported an
increase in border detections of ATS in North America, Western Europe and the Middle
East, with large quantities also detected in the Asia-Pacific region. During 2012, customs
agencies reported a global increase in the number and weight of methylamphetamine and
MDMA detections. The largest methylamphetamine border detections by weight were
reported by customs agencies in Asia-Pacific, Western Europe and North America
(WCO 2013).
Several South-East Asian countries have entrenched synthetic drug markets, with a number
of them reporting the ongoing detection of ATS clandestine laboratories. In 2013, the United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reported that methylamphetamine seizures in
East and South-East Asia reached record levels in 2012. In Indonesia alone, the
methylamphetamine market reportedly generates approximately US$1 billion in revenue
each year (UNODC 2013b; UNODC 2013c).
According to UNODC reporting, in December 2012 the Indonesian National Police
intercepted a Malaysian-led drug trafficking organisation and seized over 250 kilograms of
crystalline methylamphetamine with an estimated market value of US$39 million
(UNODC 2013b). The size of the ATS market in South-East Asia makes it an attractive
target for international organised crime groups. West African and Iranian crime groups are
active in moving ATS into South-East Asia, supplying significant quantities of
methylamphetamine and MDMA, both for domestic consumption and transhipment to other
international markets. According to open source reporting, Chinese and West African drug
traffickers are using Cambodian international airports to move illicit drugs out of Cambodia
(Phnom Penh Post 2013a). In August 2012, Cambodian Police seized more than 1 kilogram
of MDMA and approximately 85 000 tablets of methylamphetamine that were being trafficked
through Cambodia to Thailand (Phnom Penh Post 2013b).
Iran is a growing source of methylamphetamine destined for both domestic and international
markets. Iran-based methylamphetamine trafficking networks have become leading
domestic market suppliers, in addition to supplying user markets across the Middle East and
Asia-Pacific region. The Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
(BINLEA) reported that while Iranian seizures of opium and heroin have remained stable,
seizures of methylamphetamine are increasing, with 2012 figures reportedly increasing
elevenfold from 2008 to 2011 (BINLEA 2013a).
North America remains both a transit and a source region for methylamphetamine.
According to open source reporting, in July 2012 Canada’s Ontario Police detected
three drug laboratories and seized 120 kilograms of methylamphetamine,
110 483 methylamphetamine tablets, 14 kilograms of methylamphetamine powder and
CA$81 000 cash representing one of the largest drug seizures in Canadian history
(Criger 2013).
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
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According to BINLEA reporting, Mexico continues to produce large quantities of
methylamphetamine, with an increasing number of clandestine laboratories detected. In
2012, the Government of Mexico seized over 30 tonnes of methylamphetamine and
dismantled 267 methylamphetamine laboratories, compared with 227 in 2011
(BINLEA 2013b). According to open source reporting, the Mexican Navy seized
614 kilograms of methylamphetamine and 72 203 psychotropic tablets in operations
targeting organised crime groups between 1 December 2012 and 31 July 2013 (Mexico
City Milenio 2013). Mexico remains the primary source for methylamphetamine in the United
States of America (US), with media reporting indicating that more than 80 per cent of the
methylamphetamine seized in the US is manufactured in Mexico (Replogle 2013).
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
16
DOMESTIC TRENDS
AUSTRALIAN BORDER SITUATION
The Australian Customs and Border Protection Service continues to detect amphetamine
and methylamphetamine at the border. Apart from a number of large detections in sea
cargo, the majority of detections in 2012–13 were in the postal stream, for amounts ranging
from less than 1 gram to 9 kilograms.
In 2012–13, both the number and weight of ATS (excluding MDMA) detections at the
Australian border increased and are the highest on record (see Figure 1). The number of
ATS (excluding MDMA) detections increased 85.6 per cent this reporting period, from
1 077 in 2011–12 to 1 999 in 2012–13. The total weight of ATS (excluding MDMA)
detections increased by 515.8 per cent, from 347.3 kilograms in 2011–12 to
2 138.5 kilograms in 2012–13.
FIGURE 1: Number and weight of ATS (excluding MDMA) detections at the Australian border,
2003–04 to 2012–13 (Source: Australian Customs and Border Protection Service)
Weight (kg)
Number
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
0
2003–04
0
Number
Weight
2500
The increase in the weight of detected ATS (excluding MDMA) in 2012–13 is largely due to
3 large detections in sea cargo, which have a combined weight of 1 254.8 kilograms. By
comparison, the top 3 detections during 2011–12 had a combined weight of 187.2 kilograms.
Of the 1 999 detections of ATS (excluding MDMA) in 2012–13, 112 were over 1 kilogram
(5.6 per cent). These detections were predominantly of crystal methylamphetamine and
methylamphetamine liquid.
The number of MDMA detections increased by 329.4 per cent this reporting period, from
964 in 2011–12 to 4 139 in 2012–13, the highest number on record. The total weight of
MDMA detections increased by 1 143.3 per cent, from 12.0 kilograms in 2011–12 to
149.2 kilograms in 2012–13, the largest weight detected since 2007–08 (see Figure 2).
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
17
FIGURE 2: Number and weight of MDMA detections at the Australian border, 2003–04 to 2012–13
(Source: Australian Customs and Border Protection Service)
Weight
Number
6000
4500
4000
5000
4000
3000
2500
3000
2000
2000
Number
Weight (kg)
3500
1500
1000
1000
500
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
0
2003–04
0
SIGNIFICANT BORDER DETECTIONS
Significant border detections of ATS (excluding MDMA) in 2012–13 include:

585 kilograms of crystal methylamphetamine detected in February 2013, declared as
metabisulphite, via sea cargo from China to Sydney

363.8 kilograms3 of liquid methylamphetamine detected in April 2013, suspended in
96 bottles of carpet cleaning products, via sea cargo from China to Melbourne

306 kilograms of crystal methylamphetamine detected in July 2012, concealed in
3 200 terracotta pots, via sea cargo from Thailand to Sydney

75 kilograms of crystal methylamphetamine detected in May 2013, concealed in sofas
and chairs, via sea cargo from China to Sydney

72.9 kilograms4 of liquid methylamphetamine detected in May 2013, concealed and
suspended in shampoo and conditioner, via sea cargo from China to Sydney.
The 5 detections listed above have a combined weight of 1 402.7 kilograms and account for
65.1 per cent of the total weight of ATS (excluding MDMA) detected at the Australian border
in 2012–13.
The final weight of the liquid seizure is in kilograms as it represents the drugs’ final weight after being extracted
from the suspension liquid and dried.
4 Ibid
3
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
18
Significant border detections of MDMA in 2012–13 include:

117 kilograms of MDMA detected in January 2013, extracted from a suspension in olive
oil, via sea cargo from Spain to Sydney

397 grams of MDMA powder detected in May 2013, concealed between the pages of a
magazine, via air cargo from Germany to Brisbane

268 grams of MDMA tablets detected in September 2012, concealed in candles, via
international mail from Germany to Sydney

265 grams of MDMA crystals detected in April 2013, concealed in an external hard disc,
via international mail from Germany to Sydney.
The 4 detections listed above have a combined weight of 117.9 kilograms and account for
79 per cent of the total weight of MDMA detected at the Australian border in 2012–13.
IMPORTATION METHODS
The postal stream continues to account for the majority of ATS (excluding MDMA) detections
by number, accounting for 86.1 per cent of detections in 2012–13 (see Figure 3). Detections
of ATS (excluding MDMA) in parcel post this reporting period were in crystal and powder
form.
FIGURE 3: Number of ATS (excluding MDMA) detections at the Australian border, as a proportion of total
detections, by method of importation, 2012–13 (Source: Australian Customs and Border Protection
Service)
Air cargo (9.5%)
Air passenger/crew (3.6%)
Parcel post (86.1%)
Sea cargo (0.8%)
Two sea cargo detections made between February and April 2013 accounted for
approximately 44 per cent of the total weight of ATS (excluding MDMA) detected this
reporting period. Despite being the prominent method of importation by number, the weight
of parcel post detections remains low, accounting for 5.9 per cent of the weight of detections
in 2012–13 (see Figure 4).
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
19
FIGURE 4: Weight of ATS (excluding MDMA) detections at the Australian border, as a proportion of total
weight, by method of importation, 2012–13 (Source: Australian Customs and Border Protection Service)
Air cargo (10.3%)
Air passenger/crew (3.7%)
Parcel post (5.9%)
Sea cargo (80.1%)
Over the last decade, parcel post has accounted for over 80 per cent of the number of
MDMA border detections. In 2012–13, parcel post accounted for 99.9 per cent of the number
of MDMA detections at the Australian border, the highest percentage reported in the last
decade (see Figure 5).
FIGURE 5: Number of MDMA detections at the Australian border, as a proportion of total detections, by
method of importation, 2012–13 (Source: Australian Customs and Border Protection Service)
Air cargo (0.1%)
Air passenger/crew (<0.1%)
Parcel post (99.9%)
Sea cargo (<0.1%)
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
20
MDMA parcel post detections weighed an average of 0.76 grams this reporting period, with
the number of importations through this stream accounting for 21.1 per cent of the weight of
border detections in 2012–13. Sea cargo detections accounted for 78.4 per cent of the total
weight of MDMA detected at the border this reporting period. A single detection of MDMA
this reporting period weighed 117 kilograms and accounted for 78.4 per cent of the total
weight of MDMA detected at the Australian border in 2012–13 (see Figure 6).
FIGURE 6: Weight of MDMA detections at the Australian border, as a proportion of total weight, by
method of importation, 2012–13 (Source: Australian Customs and Border Protection Service)
Air cargo (0.4%)
Air passenger/crew (0.1%)
Parcel post (21.1%)
Sea cargo (78.4%)
EMBARKATION POINTS
In 2012–13, a total of 49 countries were identified as embarkation points for ATS (excluding
MDMA) detected at the Australian border, compared with 112 countries in 2011–12. China
was the most significant embarkation point by weight this reporting period, accounting for
8 detections in the sea cargo stream, weighing a total of 1 224.6 kilograms. Prominent
embarkation points by number and weight in 2012–13 were Thailand (43 detections,
weighing a total of 313.9 kilograms), Hong Kong (96 detections, weighing a total of
224.1 kilograms) and Canada (520 detections, weighing a total of 74.3 kilograms). The
combined total of these 3 embarkation points accounted for 42.5 per cent of the total number
and 88.7 per cent of the total weight of ATS (excluding MDMA) detections at the Australian
border in 2012–13.
In 2012–13, a total of 33 countries were identified as embarkation points for MDMA detected
at the Australian border, compared with 13 countries in 2011–12. By number, the
Netherlands was the prominent embarkation point for MDMA, with 2 017 detections. By
weight, Spain was the prominent embarkation point for MDMA detections at the Australian
border, with 117 kilograms in 2012–13. Of the 33 embarkation points for MDMA in 2012–13,
only 6 countries reported a total detection weight of more than 1 kilogram. These were
Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium and Canada. These
6 embarkation points accounted for 96.3 per cent of the total number and 98.3 per cent of
the total weight of MDMA detections at the Australian border in 2012–13.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
21
DRUG PROFILING
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) Forensic Drug Intelligence (FDI) team operates forensic
drug profiling capability through the National Measurement Institute (NMI) which enables the
identification of the synthetic route of synthesis for samples of methylamphetamine and
MDMA submitted from seizures made at the Australian border. The capability also allows for
comparisons within and between seizures to identify distinct batches of drugs or potentially
demonstrate links between groups involved in illicit drug manufacture or trafficking. However,
only certain drug types are examined and not every seizure of drugs is analysed or profiled.5
Between 2010 and 2013, analysed samples of methylamphetamine seized at the border
have been primarily manufactured from ephedrine/pseudoephedrine (Eph/PSE). During
2012, 721 samples of methylamphetamine were submitted from 126 seizures, representing
a total bulk weight of 1 172 kilograms. This is significantly higher than the 507 samples
submitted from 99 seizures in 2011, which had a total bulk weight of 681 kilograms. This
trend has continued, with the 99 seizures submitted for analysis in the first six months of
2013 representing a total bulk weight of 1 640 kilograms of methylamphetamine. In 2011,
phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) was used in the production of approximately 236 kilograms (62.8
per cent) of the drug. In 2010, Eph/PSE was used in the production of approximately 83
kilograms (48.5per cent) of the total bulk weight, while Phenyl–2–propanone (P2P) was used
in the production of approximately 3 kilograms (1.8 per cent) (see Table 2 and 3).
TABLE 2: Synthetic route of manufacture of methylamphetamine samples as a proportion of analysed
AFP border seizures classified by precursor, 2010–June 2013
Synthetic Route
Year
Eph/PSE %
P2P %
Mixed/Unclassified %
Jan–Jun 2013
74.6
25.4
–
2012
71.8
19.1
9.1
2011
56.8
13.6
29.6
2010
80.4
5.9
13.7
Source: Australian Federal Police, Forensic Drug Intelligence, 2013
TABLE 3: Synthetic route of manufacture of methylamphetamine samples as a proportion of total bulk
weight of analysed AFP border seizures, 2010–June 2013
Synthetic Route
Year
Eph/PSE %
P2P %
Mixed/Unclassified %
Jan–Jun 2013
83.8
16.2
–
2012
72.2
8.0
–
2011
35.6
62.8
1.6
2010
48.5
1.8
49.7
Source: Australian Federal Police, Forensic Drug Intelligence, 2013
The Enhanced National Intelligence Picture on Illicit Drugs (ENIPID) project extends the
routine drug profiling capabilities of law enforcement from seizures at the border to also
5
For all reporting years, the data represents a snapshot across the applicable reporting period. These figures
cannot reflect seizures that have not been submitted for forensic examination due to prioritisation of law
enforcement resources or those that have passed through the border undetected. Certain seizures/samples,
such as those containing swabs or trace material, have been omitted from the analysis as they are not amenable
to chemical profiling.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
22
include state and territory seizures involving heroin, methylamphetamine, MDMA, and more
recently cocaine6. This enables detection of similarities between supply routes into different
jurisdictions; links between different criminal groups; as well as comparison of trends
between jurisdictions, including importations seized and profiled from the border.
The period between 2010 and 2013, saw methylamphetamine ENIPID samples primarily
manufactured from ephedrine/pseudoephedrine (Eph/PSE) using phosphorus/iodine (P/I)
routes, with quantities also made through the Emde method, reductive amination or Leuckart
reaction using P2P. In 2011, 2012 and 2013, approximately 68 per cent, 86 per cent and
55 per cent respectively of profiled ENIPID samples contained methylamphetamine
manufactured from Eph/PSE, with approximately 3 per cent, 5 per cent and 17 per cent
respectively made through the reductive amination or Leuckart reaction, using P2P. This
prevalence is also reflected in the number of seizures involving the respective precursors.
This data suggests that domestically seized samples are slowly moving away from Eph/PSE
based methods and towards those using P2P. This increase was also reflected in the
number of cases involving P2P based routes (see Table 4 and 5).
TABLE 4: Synthetic route of manufacture of methylamphetamine ENIPID samples as a proportion of
analysed jurisdictional samples, classified by precursor, 2011–2013
Synthetic Route
Year
Jurisdiction
Total %
Eph/PSE %
P2P %
Mixed/ Unclassified %
36.4
5.9
8.8
51.1
NT
3.0
–
1.0
4.0
TAS
2.5
0.5
–
3.0
VIC
–
0.5
–
0.5
WA
13.3
9.9
18.2
41.4
55.2
16.8
28.0
100
ACT
4.7
–
–
4.7
NSW
38.2
0.6
6.2
45.0
NT
7.9
–
0.3
8.2
TAS
0.6
–
–
0.6
WA
34.4
4.4
2.7
41.5
85.8
5.0
9.2
100
13.7
0.9
2.4
17.0
NT
5.7
0.5
–
6.2
TAS
2.4
–
–
2.4
WA
46.0
1.9
26.5
74.4
67.8
3.3
28.9
100
NSW
2013
Total
2012
Total
NSW
2011
Total
Note: This data set represents a total of 754 methylamphetamine samples. Due to a lack of available data, 60
samples were classified based on the sample collection date in place of the sample seizure date.
Source: Australian Federal Police, Forensic Drug Intelligence, 2013
6
Profiling of cocaine samples under the ENIPID project commenced in late 2013 and therefore falls outside the
reporting period.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
23
TABLE 5: Synthetic route of manufacture of methylamphetamine ENIPID samples as a proportion of
analysed jurisdictional cases, classified by precursor, 2011–2013
Synthetic Route
Year
Jurisdiction
Total %
Mixed/ Unclassified %
Eph/PSE %
P2P %
44.7
6.1
12.3
63.1
NT
3.5
–
1.8
5.3
TAS
2.7
–
0.9
3.6
VIC
–
0.9
–
0.9
WA
6.1
3.5
17.5
27.1
57.0
10.5
32.5
100
ACT
3.5
–
–
3.5
NSW
41.3
0.5
5.5
47.3
NT
11.4
–
0.5
11.9
TAS
1.0
–
–
1.0
WA
26.8
5.0
4.5
36.3
84.0
5.5
10.5
100
13.5
1.8
4.5
19.8
NT
8.1
1.0
–
9.1
TAS
4.5
–
–
4.5
WA
32.4
2.7
31.5
66.6
58.5
5.5
36.0
100
NSW
2013
Total
2012
Total
NSW
2011
Total
Note: This data set represents a total of 754 methylamphetamine samples (426 cases). Due to a lack of available
data, 60 samples were classified based on the sample collection date in place of the sample seizure date.
Source: Australian Federal Police, Forensic Drug Intelligence, 2013
Of the 2010 and 2011 MDMA AFP border seizures amenable to profiling, the dominant
synthetic route of manufacture was observed to be the reductive amination – borohydride
method, however, due to the relatively small number of seizures during these periods (15 in
both 2010 and 2011) there are limitations to how far this data can be extrapolated with
respect to the broader market. Throughout 2012 and the first six months of 2013, a
significant increase in the number of MDMA seizures was observed, which also
corresponded with a shift towards MDMA manufactured through the reductive
amination –platinum hydrogenation method (see Table 6).
TABLE 6: Synthetic route of manufacture of AFP MDMA border seizure samples as a proportion of
analysed seizures, 2010–June 2013
Reductive Amination
Year
Mixed/
Unclassified %
Unclassified %
Borohydride %
Platinum
Hydrogenation %
Aluminium
Amalgam %
9.7
9.7
67.7
–
12.9
2012
14.0
8.0
70.0
–
8.0
2011
–
58.3
16.7
8.3
16.6
2010
–
66.7
22.2
–
11.1
Jan-Jun 2013
Source: Australian Federal Police, Forensic Drug Intelligence, 2013
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
24
MDMA produced via the reductive amination – borohydride method comprised the highest
proportion of the bulk weight profiled from 2010 to 2012. In 2012, three seizures all produced
by this method accounted for approximately 96 per cent of the total bulk weight profiled for
the period. The 2013 reporting period saw the largest seizure of MDMA since 2007,
weighing approximately 117 kilograms. While profiling data on this seizure was not available
at the time of writing, of the seizures that were profiled in the first six months of 2013, the
reductive amination – platinum hydrogenation method was used to manufacture the highest
proportion of the total bulk weight, a shift from previous reporting periods (see Table 7).
TABLE 7: Synthetic route of manufacture of AFP MDMA border seizure samples as a proportion of
analysed bulk weight, 2010–June 2013
Reductive Amination
Year
Mixed/
Unclassified %
Unclassified %
Borohydride %
Platinum
Hydrogenation %
Aluminium
Amalgam %
Jan-Jun 2013
3.2
1.9
94.9
–
–
2012
0.9
96.7
2.4
–
–
2011
–
70.6
26.6
2.0
0.8
2010
–
99.9
0.1
–
<0.1
Source: Australian Federal Police, Forensic Drug Intelligence, 2013
MDMA produced via reductive amination – platinum hydrogenation was the most common
synthetic route observed in ENIPID samples between 2011 and June 2013. This is the
reverse of what was observed at the border during 2011, however the number of samples
from both the ENIPID project and the border was quite small, therefore the extent to which
these represent trends in the broader market may be limited. While MDMA produced via the
reductive amination – aluminium amalgam method has only been observed in two border
samples in 2011, this method has been observed consistently—although in low
proportions—throughout ENIPID MDMA samples (see Table 8 and 9).
TABLE 8: Synthetic route of manufacture of MDMA ENIPID samples as a proportion of analysed
jurisdictional samples, 2011–June 2013
Year
Jan – Jun
2013
2012
2011
Jurisdiction
NSW
NT
WA
Total
ACT
NSW
NT
WA
Total
NSW
NT
WA
Total
Unclassified %
14.6
2.4
2.4
19.4
–
10.7
–
5.4
16.1
15.4
15.4
–
30.8
Reductive Amination
Aluminium
Borohydride %
Amalgam %
12.2
–
–
–
–
26.8
12.2
26.8
2.7
1.3
14.7
16.0
–
1.3
–
9.3
17.4
27.9
–
–
–
–
30.8
7.6
30.8
7.6
Platinum
Hydrogenation %
36.6
–
5.0
41.6
1.3
24.0
1.3
12.0
38.6
15.4
15.4
–
30.8
Total %
63.4
2.4
34.2
100
5.3
65.4
2.6
26.7
100
30.8
30.8
38.4
100
Note: This data set represents a total of 129 MDMA samples. Due to a lack of available data, 37 samples were
classified based on the sample collection date in place of the sample seizure date.
Source: Australian Federal Police, Forensic Drug Intelligence, 2013
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
25
TABLE 9: Synthetic route of manufacture of MDMA ENIPID samples as a proportion of analysed
jurisdictional cases, 2011–June 2013
Reductive Amination
Year
Jurisdiction
NSW
Jan-Jun
2013
NT
Borohydride %
Platinum
Hydrogenation %
Mixed %
Total
%
16.7
13.3
–
40.1
3.3
73.4
3.3
–
–
–
–
3.3
3.3
–
13.3
6.7
–-
23.3
13.3
13.3
46.8
3.3
100
–
1.9
–
–
1.9
3.8
9.6
13.5
15.4
21.2
9.6
69.3
NT
–
–
1.9
1.9
–
3.8
WA
1.9
–
9.6
11.6
–
23.1
Total
11.5
15.4
26.9
34.7
11.5
100
NSW
25.0
–
–
25.0
–
50.0
ACT
NSW
2011
Aluminium
Amalgam %
23.3
WA
Total
2012
Unclassified
%
NT
–
–
–
12.5
12.5
25.0
WA
–
12.5
12.5
–
–
25.0
25.0
12.5
12.5
37.5
12.5
100
Total
Note: This data set represents a total of 129 MDMA samples (90 cases). Due to a lack of available data, 37
samples were classified based on the sample collection date in place of the sample seizure date.
Source: Australian Federal Police, Forensic Drug Intelligence, 2013
See the Clandestine Laboratories and Precursors chapter for information regarding the route
of ATS manufacture identified in detected domestic clandestine laboratories.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
26
DOMESTIC MARKET INDICATORS
Of the 757 clandestine laboratories detected in 2012–13, the majority were identified as
producing ATS (excluding MDMA). The number of MDMA laboratories detected this
reporting period increased, from 2 in 2011–12 to 7 in 2012–13 (see Clandestine laboratories
and precursors chapter).
According to the 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS), 7.0 per cent of
the Australian population aged 14 years or older reported using amphetamine/
methylamphetamine at least once in their lifetime. In the same 2010 survey, 2.1 per cent
reported recent7 amphetamine/methylamphetamine use (AIHW 2011).
In a 2012 national study of regular injecting drug users, the proportion of respondents
reporting the recent8 use of any form of methylamphetamine increased, from 66 per cent in
2011 to 68 per cent in 2012. Recent methylamphetamine users within this regular injecting
drug user population reported using methylamphetamine a median of 22 days in the six
months preceding interview, the highest reported since 2007. Early findings from the 2013
study indicate the proportion of respondents reporting recent use of methylamphetamine
decreased to 66 per cent, with the reported median days of methylamphetamine use in the
six months preceding interview increasing to 24 days.
Within this user population, the proportion of respondents reporting recent crystal
methylamphetamine use increased, from 45 per cent in 2011 to 54 per cent in 2012. Early
findings from the 2013 study indicate the proportion of respondents reporting recent crystal
methylamphetamine use increased to 55 per cent. The proportion of respondents reporting
the recent use of methylamphetamine powder (speed) decreased, from 44 per cent in 2011
to 40 per cent in 2012, with early findings of the 2013 study indicating this has decreased to
34 per cent. The proportion of respondents reporting the recent use of base decreased from
21 per cent in 2011 to 18 per cent in 2012. Early findings of the 2013 study indicate this has
decreased to 13 per cent (see Figure 7) (NDARC 2013; Stafford & Burns 2013).
In the NDSHS, ‘recent use’ refers to reported use in the 12 months preceding interview.
The term ‘recent use’ in the regular injecting drug user and regular ecstasy user studies refers to reported use in
the six months preceding interview.
7
8
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
27
FIGURE 7: Proportion of a regular injecting drug user population reporting recent use of speed, base and
crystal/ice compared to median days of use of any form of methylamphetamine, 2004 to 2013
(Source: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre)
Speed
Base
Ice
100
180
90
160
80
140
70
120
60
100
50
80
40
60
30
20
40
10
20
0
Median days use (max = 180)
Recent use (%)
Median days use
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013a
a. Note: Reported figures for 2013 are preliminary.
In the same 2012 study, the proportion of respondents reporting methylamphetamine as
their drug of choice increased, from 20 per cent in 2011 to 21 per cent in 2012. For any form
of methylamphetamine, injection (65 per cent) was the most common method of
administration, followed by smoking at 19 per cent and swallowing at 8 per cent (Stafford &
Burns 2013).
The prevalence of ecstasy use in the regular injecting drug user population decreased, from
14 per cent in 2011 to 12 per cent in 2012. Swallowing was the most common method of
administration reported within this user population (Stafford & Burns 2013).9
In a 2012 national study of regular ecstasy users, the proportion of respondents reporting
recent use of one or more forms of methylamphetamine increased, from 60 per cent in 2011
to 61 per cent in 2012, the highest reported since 2008. Powder (speed) remains the most
common form of methylamphetamine used, followed by crystal and base. For any form of
methylamphetamine, swallowing (76 per cent) was the most common method of
administration, followed by smoking at 46 per cent and snorting at 28 per cent.
Recent users of any form of methylamphetamine within this drug user population reported
using methylamphetamine a median of 6 days in the six months preceding interview, which
has remained stable since 2011. Early findings from the 2013 study indicate the proportion
of respondents reporting recent use of any form of methylamphetamine decreased to
50 per cent, with the reported median days of methylamphetamine use in the six months
preceding interview decreasing to 4 days (see Figure 8) (NDARC 2013;
Sindicich & Burns 2013).
9
The IDRS is not designed to monitor trends in ecstasy and related drug use as the frequency and prevalence of
use in people who inject drugs is low.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
28
FIGURE 8: Proportion of a regular ecstasy user population reporting the recent use of speed, base and
crystal/ice compared to median days of use of any form of methylamphetamine, 2004 to 2013
(Source: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre)
Speed
Base
Ice
100
180
90
160
80
140
70
120
60
100
50
80
40
60
30
20
40
10
20
0
Median days use (max = 180)
Recent use (%)
Median days use
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013a
a. Note: Reported figures for 2013 are preliminary.
In the regular ecstasy user population, the proportion of respondents reporting
methylamphetamine powder as their drug of choice decreased, from 5 per cent in 2011 to
4 per cent in 2012, followed by crystal methylamphetamine at 3 per cent and base at
<1 per cent. In the same 2012 study, the proportion of respondents who reported ecstasy as
their drug of choice increased, from 27 per cent in 2011 to 32 per cent in 2012, however it
remains lower than the 52 per cent reported in 2003. Early findings from the 2013 study
indicate the proportion of respondents who reported ecstasy as their drug of choice
increased to 33 per cent in 2013, the third lowest percentage reported in the last decade10
(NDARC 2013; Sindicich & Burns 2013).
Tablets remain the most common form of ecstasy used by the regular ecstasy user
population. The proportion of users reporting tablets as the most common form of ecstasy
used in the six months preceding interview decreased, from 97 per cent in 2011 to
95 per cent in 2012. The proportion of respondents reporting the use of ecstasy powder
decreased from 26 per cent in 2011 to 25 per cent in 2012, while the reported use of ecstasy
capsules remained stable at 53 per cent in 2012 (Black et al. 2008; Dunn et al. 2007;
Sindicich et al. 2009; Sindicich & Burns 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013).
10
In response to the difficulties experienced by smaller states and territories in recruiting regular ecstasy users, the
recruitment criteria was broadened in 2012 to include recent use of any psychostimulants. As such, caution should
be exercised when comparing to previous reporting periods.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
29
Research on drug use among police detainees in Australia incorporates a self-report survey
and voluntary urinalysis. The self-report survey is based on the combined reporting of
amphetamine and methylamphetamine use in the 12 months preceding interview and is
referred to as amphetamines use. In 2012–13, the proportion of detainees testing positive11
for amphetamine12 increased from 24.9 per cent in 2011–12 to 27.3 per cent in 2012–13, the
highest reported since 2006–07, but lower than figures reported between 2003–04 and
2006–07. The proportion of detainees testing positive for methylamphetamine also
increased, from 23.4 per cent in 2011–12 to 25.9 per cent in 2012–13.13 The proportion of
detainees testing positive for amphetamines is higher than the proportion of detainees
testing positive for heroin, cocaine, opiates, benzodiazepines and MDMA. Drug Use
Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) statistics indicate a high proportion of detainees testing
positive for amphetamines over the past decade, with the self-reported use of amphetamines
increasing from 37.4 per cent in 2011–12 to 39.7 per cent in 2012–13 (see Figure 9).
FIGURE 9: National proportion of detainees testing positivea for amphetamine/methylamphetamine
compared with self-reported use, 2003–04 to 2012–13b (Source: Australian Institute of Criminology)
Amphetamine urinalysis
Methylamphetamine urinalysis
Self reporting
50
Proportion (%)
40
30
20
10
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
2003–04
0
a. Urine was collected in only two sites during the fourth quarter of 2012.
b. Figures reported for 2012–13 reflect data collected in the third and fourth quarter of 2012 only.
In regards to MDMA use, the proportion of detainees testing positive for MDMA increased,
from 0.8 per cent in 2011–12 to 1.36 per cent in 2012–13, the highest percentage reported
since 2008–09. Self-reported use of MDMA increased from 11.06 per cent in 2011–12 to
13.39 per cent in 2012–13, the highest percentage reported since 2009–10 (see Figure 10).
11
Amphetamines and their metabolites can be detected in urine on average 2 to 14 days after use (Makkai 2000).
Results for all amphetamine types including MDMA, methylamphetamine.
13 It should be noted that following administration, methylamphetamine is metabolised into amphetamine, which
could account for the high proportion of positive amphetamine results in urine testing.
12
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
30
FIGURE 10: National proportion of detainees testing positivea for MDMA compared with self-reported
use, 2003–04 to 2012–13b (Source: Australian Institute of Criminology)
Urinalysis
Self reporting
25
Proportion (%)
20
15
10
5
a.
b.
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
2003–04
0
Urine was collected in one site only during the fourth quarter of 2012.
Figures reported for 2012–13 reflects data collected in the third and fourth quarter of 2012 only.
PRICE
Nationally, the price of a gram of amphetamine remained stable in 2012–13, ranging
between $150 and $800. The Northern Territory reported the highest price for a gram of
amphetamine this reporting period, which ranged between $600 and $800.
In Australia, the price for non-crystal methylamphetamine is generally lower than crystal
methylamphetamine. There has been no change in the national price range for a gram of
non-crystal methylamphetamine, which ranged between $70 and $900 in 2012–13. New
South Wales and Victoria were the only two states to report the price of a kilogram of
non-crystal methylamphetamine this reporting period. The prices remained stable compared
to the previous reporting period in these two states, in New South Wales the price ranged
between $70 000 and $110 000, and in Victoria the price ranged between $100 000 and
$120 000.
Nationally, the price for a gram of crystal methylamphetamine in 2011–12 ranged between
$300 and $2 000, compared with between $400 and $1 600 in 2012–13. The Northern
Territory reported the highest price for a gram of crystal methylamphetamine this reporting
period, ranging between $1 200 and $1 600. New South Wales and Victoria were the only
two states to report the price for one kilogram of crystal methylamphetamine. The prices
remained relatively stable, ranging between $200 000 and $320 000 in 2012–13, compared
with $200 000 and $330 000 in 2011–12.
Nationally, the price range for a single MDMA tablet remained relatively stable, ranging
between $20 and $50. New South Wales and Queensland reported the greatest price range
for a single tablet, which ranged between $20 and $50 this reporting period.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
31
PURITY
Figure 11 illustrates the annual median purity of amphetamine14 over the last decade. Since
2003–04, the median purity of analysed amphetamine samples has fluctuated greatly,
ranging between 0.4 per cent and 45.2 per cent. In 2012–13, the annual median purity
ranged between 3.2 per cent in Queensland and 71.2 per cent in the Australian Capital
Territory. New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia all reported a decrease in annual
median purity this reporting period.
FIGURE 11: Annual median purity of amphetamine samples, 2003–04 to 2012–13
NSW
VIC
QLD
SA
WA
ACT
100
90
80
Purity (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
2003–04
0
Figure 12 illustrates the median purity of analysed amphetamine samples on a quarterly
basis in 2012–13. This reporting period, the quarterly median purity of amphetamine ranged
from 0.3 per cent in Western Australia to 73.5 per cent in the Australian Capital Territory.
14
Amphetamine is a manufacturing by-product of some commonly used methods of methylamphetamine
production. This can result in two separate purity figures for a single drug sample—one as methylamphetamine
with considerable purity and another as amphetamine of low purity.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
32
FIGURE 12: Quarterly median purity of amphetamine samples, 2012–13
NSW
VIC
QLD
SA
WA
ACT
100
90
80
Purity (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
q2 2013
q1 2013
q4 2012
q3 2012
0
Figure 13 illustrates the annual median purity of methylamphetamine over the last decade.
Since 2003–04, the median purity of analysed methylamphetamine samples has ranged
from 4.4 per cent to 76.1 per cent. In 2012–13, every state and territory reported an increase
in the median purity of methylamphetamine. Victoria reported the highest annual median
purity of 76.1 per cent this reporting period, the highest median purity reported in the last
decade.
FIGURE 13: Annual median purity of methylamphetamine samples, 2003–04 to 2012–13
NSW
VIC
QLD
SA
WA
TAS
ACT
100
90
80
Purity (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
2003–04
0
Figure 14 illustrates the median purity of analysed methylamphetamine samples on a
quarterly basis in 2012–13. During this reporting period, the median purity of
methylamphetamine samples ranged from 6.2 per cent in Tasmania to 78.8 per cent in
Victoria. Tasmania reported the greatest fluctuation in quarterly median purity this reporting
period, ranging from a low of 6.2 per cent in the third quarter of 2012 to 64.1 per cent in the
first quarter of 2013.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
33
FIGURE 14: Quarterly median purity of methylamphetamine samples, 2012–13
NSW
VIC
QLD
SA
WA
TAS
100
90
80
Purity (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
q2 2013
q1 2013
q4 2012
q3 2012
0
Figure 15 illustrates the annual median purity of phenethylamine samples over the last
decade, the majority of which relate to MDMA. Since 2003–04, the annual median purity of
analysed phenethylamine samples ranged from 6.8 per cent to 82.7 per cent. In 2012–13,
the annual median purity of phenethylamine samples ranged from 14.3 per cent in
South Australia to 82.7 per cent in the Australian Capital Territory. Although minimal,
Queensland and South Australia reported a decrease in the median purity of
phenethylamine samples in 2012–13.
FIGURE 15: Annual median purity of phenethylamine samples, 2003–04 to 2012–13
NSW
VIC
QLD
SA
WA
TAS
ACT
100
90
80
Purity (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
2003–04
0
Figure 16 illustrates the median purity of analysed phenethylamine samples on a quarterly
basis during 2012–13, the majority of which relate to MDMA. During this reporting period, the
median purity of phenethylamine samples ranged from 12.9 per cent in South Australia to
82.7 per cent in the Australian Capital Territory.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
34
FIGURE 16: Quarterly median purity of phenethylamine samples, 2012–13
NSW
VIC
QLD
SA
WA
ACT
100
90
80
Purity (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
q2 2013
q1 2013
q4 2012
q3 2012
0
AVAILABILITY
In a 2012 national study of regular injecting drug users, of the respondents able to comment
on the availability of methylamphetamine powder (speed), 89 per cent reported
methylamphetamine as being easy or very easy to obtain, an increase from 80 per cent in
2011. Early findings from the 2013 study indicate this has decreased to 84 per cent. In the
same study, 79 per cent of respondents reported base as easy or very easy to obtain, an
increase from 74 per cent in 2011. Early findings from the 2013 study indicate that this has
increased to 80 per cent. The proportion of respondents reporting ice as easy or very easy to
obtain increased from 83 per cent in 2011 to 84 per cent in 2012, with early findings from the
2013 study indicating that this has increased to 88 per cent (Stafford & Burns 2013).
In a 2012 national study of regular ecstasy users, of the respondents able to comment on
the availability of methylamphetamine powder (speed), 75 per cent reported powder as
being easy or very easy to obtain, a decrease from the 87 per cent reported in 2011. Early
findings from the 2013 study indicate this has increased to 78 per cent. In the same 2012
study, 68 per cent of respondents reported base as easy or very easy to obtain, an increase
from 61 per cent in 2011. Early findings from the 2013 study indicate this has increased to
95 per cent. The proportion of respondents reporting ice as easy or very easy to obtain
increased from 86 per cent in 2011 to 90 per cent in 2012, with early findings from the 2013
study indicating this has decreased to 88 per cent (NDARC 2013; Sindicich & Burns 2013).
In the same 2012 study, of the respondents able to comment on the availability of ecstasy,
89 per cent reported ecstasy as easy or very easy to obtain, an increase from the
78 per cent reported in 2011. Early findings from the 2013 study indicate this has decreased
to 86 per cent (NDARC 2013; Sindicich & Burns 2013).15
15
In response to the difficulties experienced by smaller states and territories in recruiting regular ecstasy users, the
recruitment criteria was broadened in 2012 to include recent use of any psychostimulants. As such, caution should
be exercised when comparing to previous reporting periods.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
35
SEIZURES AND ARRESTS
Since 2009–10, both the number and weight of national ATS seizures have continued to
increase, with the number and weight of national ATS seizures in 2012–13 the highest on
record (see Figure 17).
FIGURE 17: National ATS seizures, by number and weight, 2003–04 to 2012–13
Weight
Number
7000
25000
6000
4000
15000
3000
10000
Number
Weight (kg)
20000
5000
2000
5000
1000
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
0
2003–04
0
The number of national ATS seizures increased by 38.6 per cent this reporting period, from
15 191 in 2011–12 to 21 056 in 2012–13. The weight of national ATS seizures increased by
310.4 per cent, from 1 572.6 kilograms in 2011–12 to 6 453.7 kilograms in 2012–13.
New South Wales continues to account for the greatest proportion of the number and weight
of national ATS seizures, accounting for 41.6 per cent and 68.2 per cent respectively in
2012–13. Victoria reported the greatest percentage increase in the number of ATS seizures
this reporting period, while New South Wales reported the greatest percentage increase in
the weight of ATS seized (see Table 10).
TABLE 10: Number, weight and percentage change of national ATS seizures, 2011–12 and 2012–13
Number
Weight (grams)
State/Territorya
2011–12
New South Wales
5 772
8 762
51.8
882 916
4 403 788
398.8
Victoria
1 394
2 422
73.7
580 063
1 850 879
219.1
Queensland
3 350
4 172
24.5
41 266
58 053
40.7
539
346
-35.8
14 155
53 359
277.0
152.5
South Australia
Western Australia
2012–13
% change
2011–12
2012–13
% change
3 401
4 580
34.7
29 578
74 688
Tasmania
258
241
-6.6
4 683
5 199
11.0
Northern Territory
328
350
6.7
19 450
7 032
-63.8
Australian Capital Territory
149
183
22.8
517
738
Total
15 191
21 056
38.6
1 572 628
6 453 736
a. The term amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) encompasses drugs included under both the amphetamines and
phenethylamines groupings. For further details see the Statistics chapter.
b. Includes seizures by state/territory police and the AFP for which a valid seizure weight was recorded.
42.7
310.4
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
36
Figure 18 illustrates the number of national ATS arrests since 2003–04. Over the last
decade, ATS arrests have increased 131.3 per cent, from 9 593 in 2003–04 to 22 189 in
2012–13, the highest number of ATS arrests on record. In 2012–13, consumer offences
accounted for 75.0 per cent of national ATS arrests. However, South Australia reported more
ATS provider than consumer arrests in this reporting period.
FIGURE 18: Number of national ATS arrests, 2003–04 to 2012–13
Total
Consumer
Provider
25000
Number
20000
15000
10000
5000
2012–13
2011–12
2010–11
2009–10
2008–09
2007–08
2006–07
2005–06
2004–05
2003–04
0
The number of national ATS arrests increased by 31.9 per cent, from 16 828 in 2011–12 to
22 189 in 2012–13. Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory reported a decrease in
ATS arrests, while the Northern Territory reported the greatest percentage increase. Victoria
accounted for the greatest number of national ATS arrests, followed by New South Wales
and Queensland. These three states account for 79.4 per cent of national ATS arrests in
2012–13 (see Table 11).
TABLE 11: Number and percentage change of national ATS arrests, 2011–12 and 2012–13
Arrests
State/Territoryab
2011–12
2012–13
% change
New South Wales
4 451
5 905
32.7
Victoria
4 494
6 762
50.5
Queensland
4 188
4 941
18.0
South Australia
1 049
1 312
25.1
Western Australia
2 347
2 870
22.3
161
125
-22.4
14
169
1 107.1
124
105
-15.3
Tasmania
Northern Territory
Australian Capital Territory
Total
16 828
22 189
a. The term amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) encompasses drugs included under both the amphetamines and
phenethylamines groupings. For further details see the Statistics chapter.
b. The arrest data for each state and territory includes Australian Federal Police data.
31.9
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
37
NATIONAL IMPACT
During the past decade, the Australian drug market has seen a shift towards the use of
synthetic substances such as ATS. Historically, the domestic methylamphetamine market
has primarily been supplied by domestic manufacture, facilitated by the domestic diversion
and importation of precursor chemicals. In addition to domestic production, the Australian
ATS market is supplemented to an unknown extent by the importation of finished product.
Between 2010 and 2013, analysed samples of methylamphetamine seized at the border
have been primarily manufactured from ephedrine/pseudoephedrine. Over this period, there
has been an increase in the proportion of samples identified as being manufactured from
phenyl-2-propanone (P2P). The predominance of methylamphetamine manufactured from
ephedrine/pseudoephedrine and an increase in the samples manufactured from P2P is also
reflected in methylamphetamine profiled as part of the ENIPID project. Between 2010 and
2013, analysed samples of MDMA seized at the border have indicated a shift from MDMA
manufactured through the borohydride method towards MDMA manufactured using the
platinum hydrogenation method. MDMA samples profiled as part of the ENIPID project since
2011 indicate the ongoing prominence of MDMA manufactured using the platinum
hydrogenation method. Due to the relatively small number of seizures during these periods
(particularly in 2010 and 2011) there are limitations to how far this data can be extrapolated
with respect to the broader market.
In 2012–13, while the number of ATS (excluding MDMA) precursors detected at the
Australian border continued to increase, the weight of related detections decreased. Despite
this decrease, over 1.7 tonnes of ATS (excluding MDMA) precursors were detected at the
Australian border this reporting period, the majority of which related to pseudoephedrine and
ephedrine detections. There were 12 detections of MDMA precursors at the Australian
border in 2012–13, the highest number of detections reported in the last decade. Of these,
7 related to safrole detections, which accounted for almost 100 per cent of the total weight of
MDMA precursors detected at the Australian border this reporting period (see Clandestine
laboratories and precursors chapter).
In 2012–13, both the number and weight of ATS (excluding MDMA) detections at the
Australian border increased and are the highest on record. The number of detections
increased from 1 077 in 2011–12 to 1 999 in 2012–13, while the weight increased
515.8 per cent, from 347.3 kilograms in 2011–12 to 2 138.5 kilograms in 2012–13. Parcel
post continues to account for the greatest proportion of the number of ATS (excluding
MDMA) detections at the Australian border, while sea cargo accounted for the greatest
proportion of the weight of detections this reporting period. The number of embarkation
points identified for ATS (excluding MDMA) decreased by 56.3 per cent this reporting period,
from 112 countries 2011–12 to 49 countries in 2012–13. In 2012–13, Canada was the
prominent embarkation point for ATS (excluding MDMA) detections by number, while China
was the prominent embarkation point by weight.
In 2012–13, both the number and weight of MDMA detections at the Australian border
increased, with the number of detections the highest on record. While the weight of MDMA
border detections also increased, from 12 kilograms in 2011–12 to 149.2 kilograms in
2012–13, it remains low compared to weights detected earlier in the decade. Parcel post
continues to account for the greatest proportion of the number of MDMA detections at the
Australian border, while sea cargo accounted for the greatest proportion of the weight of
detections this reporting period. The number of embarkation points identified for MDMA
increased by 153.8 per cent this reporting period, from 13 countries 2011–12 to 33 countries
in 2012–13. The Netherlands was the prominent embarkation point by number for MDMA
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
38
detections at the Australian border in 2012–13, while Spain was the prominent embarkation
point by weight.
Of the 757 clandestine laboratories detected nationally this reporting period, 544 were
producing ATS (excluding MDMA), a decrease from the 552 laboratories detected in 2011–
12. While the number of laboratories identified as producing MDMA increased, from 2 in
2011–12 to 7 in 2012–13, it remains lower than the 16 detected in 2010–11 (see
Clandestine laboratories and precursors chapter).
ATS remain the second most widely used illicit drug in Australia and continue to account for
a significant proportion of illicit drug seizures and arrests. Both the number and weight of
national ATS seizures increased in 2012–13 and are the highest on record. The number of
national ATS seizures increased, from 15 191 in 2011–12 to 21 056 in 2012–13, while the
weight of ATS seized increased from 1 572.6 kilograms in 2011–12 to 6 453.7 kilograms in
2012–13. New South Wales continues to account for the greatest proportion of national
seizures, accounting for 41.6 per cent of the number and 68.2 per cent of the weight of
seizures this reporting period. The number of national ATS arrests continued to increase in
2012–13, with the 22 189 arrests this reporting period the highest number on record. New
South Wales, Victoria and Queensland continue to account for the greatest proportion of
national ATS arrests, accounting for 79.4 per cent of arrests in 2012–13. Consumer arrests
continue to account for the greatest proportion of national ATS arrests, however, in 2012–13
South Australia reported more ATS provider arrests than consumer arrests.
Illicit Drug Data Report 2012–13
39
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